War artist

The Third of May 1808 1814, by Francisco Goya

A war artist depicts some aspect of war through art. The art might be a pictorial record, or it might commemorate how war shapes lives.^[1] War artists explore the visual and sensory dimensions of war, often absent in written histories or other accounts of warfare.^[2]

Definition and context

A war artist in German-occupied France in 1941

A war artist creates a visual account of the impact of war by showing how men and women are waiting, preparing, fighting, suffering, celebrating,^[3] or destroyed, as in Vasily Vereshchagin's 1871 painting, The Apotheosis of War.

The works produced by war artists illustrate and record many aspects of war and the individual's experience of war, whether allied or enemy, service or civilian, military or political, social or cultural. The role of the artist and his work is to embrace the causes, course, and consequences of conflict, and has an essentially educational purpose.^[4]

Artists record military activities in ways that cameras and the written word cannot. Their art collects and distills the experiences of the men and women who endured it.^[5] The artists and their artwork affect how subsequent generations view military conflicts. For example, Australian war artists who grew up between the two world wars were influenced by the artwork which depicted the First World War, and there was a precedent and format for them to follow.^[6]

Official war artists have been appointed by governments for information or propaganda purposes and to record events on the battlefield,^[7] but there are many other types of war artists. These can include combatants who are artists and choose to record their experiences, non-combatants who are witnesses of war, and prisoners of war who may voluntarily record the conditions or be appointed war artists by senior officers.

In New Zealand, the title of appointed "war artist" changed to "army artist" after the two world wars.^[8] In the United States, the term "combat artist" has come to be used to mean the same thing.^[9][10]

Gassed, 1918, by John Singer Sargent. Oil on canvas, 231 x 611.1cm (91 x 240.5in). Collection of the Imperial War Museum, London

Some examples and their background

• William Simpson was an artist-correspondent who sent artwork to London from the front during the Crimean War.^[11]
• Alfred Waud was an American civil war pictorial newspaper illustrator.
• Ogata Gekkō and Tsuguharu Foujita created woodblock prints for Japanese publications.
• Ronald Searle recorded life in Japanese POW camps.^[12][13]
• Emmanuel Leutze's 1851 studio painting of Washington Crossing the Delaware is historically incorrect, and Leutze was born decades after the event his painting depicts, but this work has become an icon of popular culture.

American

Thomas Lea's The 2000 Yard Stare published in 1945

Michael Fay is an official US Marine war artist, one of only three whose work depicts the battlefronts in Iraq and Afghanistan (2007).

The American panorama created by artists whose work focuses on war began with a visual account of the American Revolutionary War. The war artist or combat artist captures instantaneous action and conflates earlier moments of the same scene within one compelling image. Artists are unlike the objective camera lens, which records only a single instant and no more.^[14]

In 1917 the American military designated American official war artists who were sent to Europe to record the activities of the American Expeditionary Forces.^[15]

In World War II, the Navy Combat Art Program ensured that active-duty artists developed a record of all phases of the war and all major naval operations.^[14]

The official war artist continued to be supported in some military engagements. Teams of soldier-artists during the Vietnam War created pictorial accounts and interpretations for the annals of army military history.^[16] In 1992 the Army Staff Artist Program was attached to the United States Army Center of Military History as a permanent part of the Museum Division's Collections Branch.^[15]

The majority of combat artists of the 1970s were selected by George Gray, chairman of NACAL, Navy Air Cooperation and Liaison committee. Some of their paintings will be selected for the Navy Combat Art Museum in the capital by Charles Lawrence, director. In January 1978 the U.S. Navy chose a seascape specialist team: they asked Patricia Yaps and Wayne Dean, both of Milford, Connecticut, to capture air-sea rescue missions off of Key West while they were based at the nearby Naval Air Station Key West. They were among 78 artists selected that year to create works of art depicting Navy subjects.^[17][18][19]

Selected artists

A select list of representative American artists includes:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Revolutionary War Ralph Earl Emanuel Leutze William B.T. Trego John Trumbull Civil War Don Troiani Alonzo Chappel Edwin Forbes Gilbert Gaul Winslow Homer Thomas Nast Keith Rocco[20] Julian Scott Xanthus Russell Smith Alfred Waud William Waud

Spanish-American War Howard Chandler Christy Newspaper William Glackens Newspaper Henry Reuterdahl Newspaper Walter Russell Newspaper World War I William James Aylward[21] Walter Jack Duncan[21] Harvey Thomas Dunn[21] Kerr Eby Marines George Matthews Harding[21] Wallace Morgan[21] Ernest Clifford Peixotto[22] John Singer Sargent J. Andre Smith[22] Henry Tonks [22] Harry Everett Townsend, Army[22] Claggett Wilson Army

World War II Standish Backus, 1910–1989 McClelland Barclay, 1891–1942[23] George Biddle, 1885–1973 Aaron Bohrod, 1907–1992[24] Howard Brodie, 1915–2010[25][26] Jack Coggins, 1914–2006[24] Raymond Creekmore, 1905–1984 James Dietz Olin Dows[27] Edward Dugmore, 1915–1996[24] William Franklin Draper, 1912–2003[28][29] Nathan Glick Army Air Force Mitchel Jamieson, 1915–1976 Thomas Lea, 1907-2001 Ludwig Mactarian, 1908-1955 John Cullen Murphy, 1919–2004[24] Edward Reep, 1918–2013   [25][30] Henry Varnum Poor, 1887–1970 Dwight Shepler (died 1974) Mitchell Siporin, 1910–1976 Taro Yashima Yasuo Kuniyoshi

Vietnam era

Soldier Artist Participants in the U. S. Army Vietnam Combat Artists Program

Landing Zone by John O. Wehrle, CAT I, 1966, Courtesy of the National Museum of the United States Army

• CAT I, 15 Aug – 15 Dec 1966, Roger A. Blum (Stillwell, KS), Robert C. Knight (Newark, NJ), Ronald E. Pepin (East Hartford, CT), Paul Rickert (Philadelphia, PA), Felix R. Sanchez (Fort Madison, IA), John O. Wehrle (Dallas, TX), and supervisor, Frank M. Sherman
• CAT II, 15 Oct 1966 – 15 Feb 1967, Augustine G. Acuna (Monterey, CA), Alexander A. Bogdanovich (Chicago, IL), Theodore E. Drendel (Naperville, IL), David M. Lavender (Houston, TX), Gary W. Porter (El Cajon, CA), and supervisor, Carolyn M. O'Brien
• CAT III, 16 Feb – 17 June 1967, Michael R. Crook (Sierra Madre, CA), Dennis O. McGee (Castro Valley, CA), Robert T. Myers (White Sands Missile Range, NM), Kenneth J. Scowcroft (Manassas, VA), Stephen H. Sheldon (Los Angeles, CA), and supervisor, C. Bruce Smyser
• CAT IV, 15 Aug – 31 Dec 1967, Samuel E. Alexander (Philadelphia, MS), Daniel T. Lopez (Fresno, CA), Burdell Moody (Mesa, AZ), James R. Pollock (Pollock, SD), Ronald A. Wilson (Alhambra, CA), and technical supervisor, Frank M. Thomas
• CAT V, 1 Nov 1967 – 15 March 1968, Warren W. Buchanan (Kansas City, MO), Philip V. Garner (Dearborn, MI), Phillip W. Jones (Greensboro, NC), Don R. Schol (Denton, TX), John R. Strong (Kanehoe, HI), and technical supervisor, Frank M. Thomas
• CAT VI, 1 Feb – 15 June 1968, Robert T. Coleman (Grand Rapids, MI), David N. Fairrington (Oakland, CA), John D. Kurtz IV (Wilmington, DE), Kenneth T. McDaniel (Paris, TN), Michael P. Pala (Bridgeport, CT)
• CAT VII, 15 Aug – 31 Dec 1968, Brian H. Clark (Huntington, NY), William E. Flaherty Jr. (Louisville, KY), William C. Harrington (Terre Haute, IN), Barry W. Johnston (Huntsville, AL), Stephen H. Randall (Des Moines, IA), and supervisor, Fitzallen N. Yow
• CAT VIII, 1 Feb – 15 June 1969, Edward J. Bowen (Carona Del Mar, CA), James R. Drake (Colorado Springs, CO), Roman Rakowsky (Cleveland, OH), Victory V. Reynolds (Idaho Falls, ID), Thomas B. Schubert (Chicago, IL), and supervisor, Fred B. Engel
• CAT IX, 1 Sept 1969 – 14 Jan 1970, David E. Graves (Lawrence, KS), James S. Hardy (Coronado, CA), William R. Hoettels (San Antonio, TX), Bruce N. Rigby (Dekalb, IL), Craig L. Stewart (Laurel, MD), and supervisor, Edward C. Williams

Recent conflicts

• Kristopher Battles, Iraq and Afghanistan^[9]
• Henry Casselli^[31]
• Michael D. Fay, Iraq and Afghanistan^[9]
• Robert W. Bates, Afghanistan^[32][33]
• Victor Juhasz, Afghanistan^[34]

Australian

Australians and New Zealanders at Klerksdorp 24 March 1901 by Charles Hammond

War artists have depicted all the conflicts in which Australians have been called to combat. The Australian tradition of "official war artists" started with the First World War. Artists were granted permission to accompany the Australian Imperial Force to record the activities of its soldiers. During the Second World War, the Australian War Museum, later called the Australian War Memorial, engaged artists. At the same time, the Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, and Royal Australian Air Force appointed official war artist-soldiers from within their ranks.^[35] These embedded war artists have depicted the activities of Australian forces in Korea, Vietnam, East Timor, Afghanistan, and Iraq.

The ranks of non-soldier artists like George Gittoes continue to create artwork which becomes a commentary on Australia's military actions in war.^[36]

Selected artists

A select list of representative Australian artists includes:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Second Boer War William Dargie CBE, 1912–2003[37] First World War George Bell, 1878–1966[38] Charles Bryant, 1883–1937[38] Will Dyson, 1880–1938[38] A. Henry Fullwood, 1863–1930[38] George Lambert ARA, 1873–1930[38] Fred Leist, 1878–1945[38] John Longstaff, 1862–1941[38] Louis Frederick McCubbin, 1890–1952[39] Harold Septimus Power, 1877–1951[38] James Quinn, 1869–1951[38] Arthur Streeton, 1867–1943[38]

Second World War Stella Bowen, 1893–1947[40] Norma Bull, 1906-1980[41] Colin Colahan, 1897–1987[42] William Dargie CBE, 1912–2003[40] William Dobell OBE, 1899–1970[43] Russell Drysdale AC, 1912–1981[44] Richard Eurich, OBE, RA, 1903–1992[45] Murray Griffin, 1903–1992[40] Nora Heysen AM, 1911–2003[40] Frank Hodgkinson AM, 1919–2001[40] Nora Heysen AM, 1911–2003[40] Alan Moore, 1914-2015[40] Sydney Nolan OM, AC, 1917–1992.[46] William Edwin Pidgeon, 1909–1981 Grace Cossington Smith AO, 1892–1984[47]

Recent conflicts Rick Amor, b. 1948, Peacekeeping in East Timor.[48] Conway Bown, b. 1966, Australian Army War Artist[49] Peter Churcher, b. 1964, War on Terrorism.[48] George Gittoes AM, b. 1949.[36] Shaun Gladwell, b. 1972, War in Afghanistan.[48] Ivor Hele, 1912–1993, Korean War[48] Ken McFadyen, 1939–1997, Vietnam War[48] Lewis Miller, b. 1959, War in Iraq.[48] Frank Norton, 1916–1983, Korean War[48] Wendy Sharpe, b. 1960, Peacekeeping in East Timor[48]

Austrian

The Fall of Nelson, Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805 by Denis Dighton, c. 1825

The Last Stand at Isandlwana, 1879 by Charles Edwin Fripp in 1885. Collection of the National Army Museum of South Africa

• Alfred Basel
• Roman Zenzinger

British

British participation in foreign wars has been the subject of paintings and other works created by Britain's war artists. Artwork like the 1688 painting,The Fleet at Sea by Willem van de Velde the Younger depict the Royal Navy in readiness for battle. The Ministry of Defence art collection includes many paintings showing battle scenes, particularly naval battles.^[50] Military art and portraiture has evolved along with other aspects of war. The British official war artists of the First World War created a unique account of that conflict. The British War Artists Scheme expanded the number of official artists and enlarged the scope of their activities during the Second War.^[51]

Significant themes in the chronicle of twentieth-century wars have been developed by non-military, non-official, civilian artists. For example, society portraitist Arabella Dorman's paintings of wounded Iraq War veterans inspired her to spend two weeks with three regiments in different frontline areas: the Green Jackets at Basra Palace, the Queen's Own Gurkhas at Shaibah Logistics Base ten miles south-west of Basra, and the Queen's Royal Lancers in the Maysaan desert. In the field, Dorman drew quick charcoal portraits of the men she met. Returning to England, the sketches she made helped her use art to "evoke the emotions and psychological impact of war," rather than depicting the "physical horror" of war.^[52]

Selected artists

A select list of representative British artists includes:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Napoleonic Wars Denis Dighton, 1792–1827[53] Robert Ker Porter, 1777–1842[54] John Christian Schetky,1778–1874[50] Crimean War Jerry Barrett, 1824–1906[55] Oswald Brierly, 1817–1894[56] William Simpson 1823–1899[57] Boer Wars John Henry Frederick Bacon, 1868–1914[58] René Bull, 1872–1942 Charles Edwin Fripp, 1854–1906[59] Godfrey Douglas Giles, 1857–1941[60] Ernest Prater, 1864–1950[61] Melton Prior, 1845–1910[62] Frederic Villiers, 1851–1922 William Barnes Wollen, 1857–1936 First World War Muirhead Bone, 1888–1953.[63] Sydney Carline, 1888-1929. Colin Gill, 1892-1940. Eric Kennington RA, 1888–1960.[64] John Hodgson Lobley RA, 1878–1954.[65][66] Olive Mudie-Cooke, 1890-1925. John Nash CBE RA, 1893–1977.[67] Paul Nash, 1889-1946.[68] C.R.W. Nevinson, 1889-1946.[69] Sir William Orpen KBE RA RHA, 1878–1931.[70] Sir Stanley Spencer RA, 1891–1959.[71]

Second World War George Worsley Adamson RE, 1913–2005[72] Edward Ardizzone CBE RA, 1900–1979[73] Richard Eurich RA, 1903–1992[74] Edward Bawden RA, 1903–1989[75] Henry Carr RA, 1894–1970[76] Jack Bridger Chalker, 1918–2014 Leslie Cole, 1910-1976 Charles Cundall, 1890-1971, Anthony Gross, 1905-1984[77][78] Bernard Hailstone, 1910–1987[63] Thomas Hennell, 1903–1945[63] Eliot Hodgkin, 1905–1987[79] Laura Knight DBE RA, 1877–1970[80] (Thomas) John Mansbridge, 1901-1981.[81] Philip Meninsky, 1919–2007.[82] James Morris, 1908—1989 Ashley George Old, 1913–2001[83] Cuthbert Orde, 1888–1968[84] John Piper, 1903–1992 Roland Vivian Pitchforth, 1911–1999[63] Eric Ravilious, 1903–1942[85] Albert Richards, 1919–1945[86] Henry Rushbury, KCVO RA 1898–1968 Stella Schmolle, 1908-1975 Ronald Searle CBE RDI, 1920–    [12] Ruskin Spear RA, 1911–1990[87] Sir Stanley Spencer RA, 1891–1959.[88] Graham Sutherland OM, 1903–1980[89] Carel Weight CBE RA, 1908–1997[90] John Worsley, 1919–2000

Recent conflicts Richard Johnson, b. 1966 Derek Eland, b. 1961 (Afghanistan, 2011)[91] Peter Howson, b. 1958[92][93] John Keane, b. 1954[92][94] Linda Kitson, b. 1945 (Falklands, 1982)[92][95][96] Xavier Pick, b. 1972 (Iraq with British and US Forces, 2009-2011) Steve Mumford, b. 1960 (Iraq with US Forces) Paul Seawright, b 1965 (Afghanistan) Imperial War Museum Commission Portrait of POW "Dusty" Rhodes. A three-minute sketch by Ashley George Old painted in Thailand

Belgian

First World War

• Alfred Bastien, 1873—1955^[97]

Canadian

Canadian Forestry Corps' Gas Attack, Lievin (1918) by Canadian war artist A. Y. Jackson

Representative works by Canada's artists whose work illustrates and records war are gathered into the extensive collection of the Canadian War Museum. A few First World War paintings were exhibited in the Canadian Senate Chamber, and artists studied these works as a way of preparing to create new artworks in the conflict in Europe which expanded after 1939.^[98]

“

"The war art commissions brought intense focus to the observation of Canada's role in international conflict... A driving need for a strong national identity urged First and Second World War artists toward symbolism. While these vivid images are of a now distant past, they continue to communicate their messages to us, and so never lose their relevance."[99]

”

In the Second World War, Canada expanded its official art program;^[98] Canadian war artists were a kind of journalist who lived the lives of soldiers.^[99] The work of non-official civilian artists also became part of the record of this period. Canada supported Canadian official war artists in both the First World War and the Second World War; no official artists were designated during the Korean War.^[100]

Among Canada's embedded artist-journalist teams was Richard Johnson, who was sent by the National Post to Afghanistan in 2007 and 2011; his drawings of Canadian troops were published and posted online as part of the series "Kandahar Journal".^[101]

Selected artists

A select list of representative Canadian artists includes:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

First World War

• John William Beatty, 1869–1941^[99]
• Alexander Young Jackson CC CMG, 1882–1974^[99]
• Arthur Lismer CC, 1885–1969^[99]
  

  Capt. Will Ogilvie, Official army war artist, with some of his paintings, 9 February 1944
• Frederick Varley, 1881–1969^[99]
• Mabel May, 1877-1971^[102]

Second World War

• Eric Aldwinckle, 1909-1980^[103]
• Donald Kenneth Anderson, 1920–2009^[104]
• Alan Brockman Beddoe OC OBE HFHS FHSC, 1893–1975^[105]
• Molly Lamb Bobak CM ONB, 1922–    ^[106]
• Paraskeva Clark^[107]
• David Alexander Colville PC CC ONS, 1920–2013^[108]
• Charles Fraser Comfort OC, 1900–1994^[109]
• Lawren P. Harris, 1910-1994
• William Abernethy Ogilvie CM MBE, 1901–1989
• George Campbell Tinning RCA, 1910-1996^[110]
• Jack Shadbolt OC OBC, 1909–1998^[99]

Recent conflicts

• Richard Johnson, b. 1966
• Edward Zuber, b. 1932    ^[111]

Chinese

• Li Hua
• Feng Zikai

Dutch

• Pieter Snayers
• Philips Wouwerman

French

French war art poster by Henri Dangon, 1916. Lithograph by Imp. H. Chachoin, Paris

During the First World War, the work of artists depicting aspects of the military conflict were put on display in official war art exhibitions.^[112] In 1916 the Ministry of Beaux-Arts and the Ministry of War sponsored the Salon des Armées to show the work of the artists who had been mobilized. This one exhibition realized 60,000 francs. The proceeds supported needy artists at home and the disabled.^[112]

• Hippolyte Bellangé
• Nicolas Toussaint Charlet
• Edouard Detaille
• Antoine-Jean Gros
• Constantin Guys
• Eugène Louis Lami
• Louis-François, Baron Lejeune
• Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier
• Alphonse-Marie de Neuville
• Paul Philippoteaux
• Paul Alexandre Protais
• Denis Auguste Marie Raffet
• Carle Vernet
• Horace Vernet
• Antoine Watteau
• Adolphe Yvon

German

• Emmanuel Leutze
• Adolf Menzel

Franco-Prussian War

• Georg Bleibtreu
• Wilhelm Camphausen
• Emil Hünten
• Carl Röchling
• Anton von Werner

First World War

• Luitpold Adam^[113]
• Otto Dix
• Theodor Rocholl

Second World War

• Luitpold Adam^[114]
• Heinrich Amersdorffer^[115]
• Conrad Hommel^[116]
• Alfred Hierl^[116]

Recent conflicts

• Frauke Eigen, b. 1969^[117][118]

Japanese

• Kubota Beisen, 1852–1906^[119]
• Toyohara Chikanobu, 1838–1912^[120]
• Tsuguharu Foujita, 1886–1968^[121]
• Ogata Gekkō, 1859–1920^[122]
• Toshihide Migita, 1862–1925^[123]
• Utagawa Yoshiiku, 1833–1904^[124]

Korean

• Kim Seong-hwan, 1932–    ^[125]

New Zealand

War artists have been appointed by the government to supplement the record of New Zealand’s military history.^[126] The title of "war artist" changed to "army artist" when Ion Brown was appointed after the two world wars.^[127]

Conservators at the National Art Gallery considered the collection to be of historic rather than artistic worth; few were displayed.^[128] New Zealand's National Collection of War Art encompasses the work of artists who were working on commission for the Government as official war artists, while others created artworks for their own reasons.^[129]

Selected artists

A select list of representative New Zealand artists includes:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

First World War

Bellevue Ridge, 1918 by New Zealand official war artist George Edmund Butler

• George Edmund Butler^[130]
• Nugent Herman^[127]

Second World War

• James Boswell, 1906–1971^[131]
• Russell Clark, 1905–1966^[132]
• John McIndoe, 1898–1995;^[133]
• Peter McIntyre OBE, 1910–1995^[134]

Recent conflicts

• Graham Braddock^[127]
• Ion Brown,^[135] Bosnia and Croatia^[127]
• Matthew Gauldie,^[136] Solomon Islands and Afghanistan^[137]

Russian

The Apotheosis of War by Vasily Vereshchagin

The Defence of Sevastopol by Aleksandr Deyneka

• Mikhail Avilov
• Nikolai Baskakov
• Lev Chegorovsky
• Vladimir Chekalov
• Aleksandr Deyneka
• Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky
• Rudolf Frentz
• Nikolay Karazin
• Aleksey Kivshenko
• Victor Korovin
• Alexander Kotzebue
• Lev Lagorio
• Viktor Poltavets
• Franz Roubaud
• Nikolai Samokish
• Alexander Sauerweid
• Nikolay Sauerweid
• Vasily Vereshchagin
• Bogdan Willewalde

South African

• Neville Lewis (World War II)

Spanish

• Francisco de Goya, eg, The Disasters of War, The Third of May 1808, 1810s
• Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937.
• Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau 1964^[138]

See also

• Norman Wilkinson (artist)
• War photography

Notes

1. Imperial War Museum (IWM), header phrase, "war shapes lives"
2. Australian War Memorial (AWM): Australian official war artists
3. Canadian War Museum (CWM), "Australia, Britain, and Canada in the Second World War," 2005.
4. "About the Imperial War Museum". Iwm.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
5. U.S. Naval Historical Center (NHHC), "World War II Navy Art: A Vision of History,", 2001
6. Reid, John B. (1977). Australian Artists at War, Vol. 2, p. 5.
7. National Archives (UK), "'The Art of War,' Learn About the Art."
8. Gauldie, Matt. "History of the NZ Army Artist"
9. "With Sketchpads and Guns, Semper Fi";
10. "Marine Art,". Nytimes.com. 2010-07-14. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
11. Harrington, Peter. "The First True War Artist," MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, Vol. 9, No. 1, Autumn 1996, pp. 100–109.
12. Steve Bell (2010-03-09). "Ronald Searle: a life in pictures,". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
13. Grove, Valerie. "Aged 90, Ronald Searle recalls the bad girls of St Trinian's,"The Times (London). February 20, 2010.
14. "Navy Combat Art Program". History.navy.mil. 1966-09-15. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
15. United States Army Center of Military History (CMH), Army Art Program History.
16. Pollock. "U.S. Army Vietnam Combat Art Program". Pie.midco.net. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
17. Oline Cogdill, Official Combat Artists; They 'Capture' the Navy, People Today, March 11, 1978
18. Andree Hickok, 2 Combat artists capture life and death on canvas, The Sunday Post Closeup F-1, July 2, 1978
19. Virginia Adams, Navy Draft Patricia YAps as combat artist, The News-Times, July 10, 1978
20. Rocco, Keith et al. (2004). The Soldier's View: The Civil War Art of Keith Rocco.
21. "artists, p. 1". History.army.mil. 1918-07-10. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
22. "artists, p. 2". History.army.mil. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
23. "McClelland Barclay, Naval Art Collection". History.navy.mil. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
24. Brown University Library, American war artists
25. "''They Drew Fire: Combat Artists of World War II,''". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
26. Howard Brodie. 1st broadcast, May 2000.
27. "Olin Dows". History.army.mil. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
28. "William Franklin Draper, Naval Art Collection". History.navy.mil. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
29. "William Draper". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
30. Edward Reep 1st broadcast, May 2000.
31. Perricelli, Lynne Moss. "Drawing: Henry Casselli: Drawing From the Inside Out," American Artist. 7 Mar 2008.
32. http://www.wfae.org/post/combat-artist-rob-bates
33. http://rbportraits.squarespace.com/blog/2013/1/1/sketching-the-drawdown-part-6.html
34. http://www.drawger.com/victorjuhasz/?article_id=13499
35. Wilkins, Lola. "Interpreting the war: Australia's Second World War art." CWM, 2005.
36. Strauss, David Levi. "George Gittoes with David Levi Strauss," The Brooklyn Rail (New York). July 8, 2010; Order of Australia, George Gittoes, AM, excerpt of citation, "For service to art and international relations as an artist and photographer portraying the effects on the environment of war, international disasters and heavy industry".
37. AWM: Australia and the Boer War, 1899–1902; The incident for which Captain Howse was awarded the VC in Vredefort, July 1900 by William Dargie (1968, oil on paper on board, 25.5 x 35.5 cm), AWM ART29246
38. "World War I, official artists". Awm.gov.au. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
39. Gray, Anne. (1986). "McCubbin, Louis Frederick (1890–1952)," Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 10, pp. 243–244; excerpt, "Appointed an official war artist under the Australian Records Section scheme to the 3rd Division, he visited scenes of battles with Wallace Anderson and Charles Web Gilbert after the war to collect data for proposed dioramas.
40. "Second World War, official artists". Awm.gov.au. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
41. Gill Clarke (2008). The Women's Land Army A Portrait. Sansom & Company. ISBN 978-1-904537-87-8.
42. Colahan, Colin – Australian War Memorial; An article and images of Colahan's war art compiled by Garry Kinnane., Journal of the Australian War Memorial, retrieved 2011-08-31
43. "William Dobell" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
44. "Russell Drysdale" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
45. Richard Eurich, The Official Website of Richard Eurich R.A., retrieved 2011-08-11
46. "Sydney Nolan" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
47. "Grace Cossington Smith" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
48. "Conflicts 1945 to today, official artists". Awm.gov.au. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
49. Defence, Dept of. Media Release "The Creation of the Army's Official Art Collection"
50. Ministry of Defence (MoD), Battles
51. Tolson, Roger. "A Common Cause: Britain's War Artists Scheme." CWM, 2005.
52. Harrison, David. "War artist Arabella Dorman paints Iraq," Telegraph (London). May 2, 2009.
53. National Maritime Museum (NMM), The Fall of Nelson, Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805 by Denis Dighton, c. 1825.
54. National Portrait Gallery(NPG), Robert Ker Porter
55. National Portrait Gallery, Expansion and Empire
56. Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB), Brierly, Sir Oswald Walters (1817–1894)
57. Library of Congress (LOC), Simpson, William, 1823–1899
58. "Bacon, 1868–1914". Artnet.com. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
59. Charles Edwin Fripp; excerpt, "Fripp also held a commission in the Artists Rifles for 13 years ...."
60. British Sporting Artists Trust (BSAT), Godfrey Douglas Giles
61. WorldCat Identities: Prater, Ernest
62. Brighton and Hove Museums, Melton Prior; Lee, Sidney. (2006). Dictionary of National Biography (DNB), Second Supplement, Vol. 3, p. 136., p. 136, at Google Books
63. "War artists". Mod.uk. 2007-03-14. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
64. Imperial War Museum. "Gassed and Wounded [Art.IWM ART 4744]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 16 April 2013.; also a war artist in the Second World War.
65. "John Hodgson Lobley, 1878–1954". BBC in partnership with The Public Catalogue Foundation.
66. "Witness – Highlights of First World War Art" (PDF). Imperial War Museum.
67. Imperial War Museum. "'Over The Top'. 1st Artists' Rifles at Marcoing, 30th December 1917 [Art.IWM ART 1656]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 16 April 2013.; also a war artist in World War II.
68. Imperial War Museum. "The Menin Road [Art.IWM ART 2242]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 16 April 2013.; also a war artist in World War II.
69. Imperial War Museum. "Paths of Glory [Art.IWM ART 518]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
70. Imperial War Museum. "Harvest, 1918 [Art.IWM ART 4663]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 16 April 2013.; also a war artist in World War II.
71. Imperial War Museum. "Travoys Arriving with Wounded at a Dressing-Station at Smol, Macedonia, September 1916, 1919 [Art.IWM ART 2268]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 12 Nov 2013.; also a war artist in World War II.
72. IWM Collections
73. "WarMuseum.ca - Art and War - British artist - Edward Ardizzone" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
74. http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/richard-eurich-1071
75. "Edward Bawden" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
76. "Henry Carr" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
77. Thomas, Ronan; West End at War: Anthony Gross. Retrieved 24 April 2013
78. Tate: Anthony Gross - Artist biography. Retrieved 24 April 2013
79. "Eliot Hodgkin". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
80. "Laura Knight" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
81. http://www.iwmprints.org.uk/image/803584/mansbridge-john-an-air-gunner-in-a-gun-turret-sergeant-g-holmes-d-f-m
82. "Philip Meninsky". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
83. Portrait by Old at Imperial War Museum
84. http://navigator.rafmuseum.org/results.do?view=detail&db=person&mode=1&id=8456
85. "Ministry of Defence | About Defence | What we do | Defence Estate and Environment | MOD Art Collection | Ministry of Defence Art Collection". Mod.uk. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
86. "Albert Richards (1919–1945)". Collection.britishcouncil.org. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
87. "Ruskin Spear" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
88. Imperial War Museum. "Shipbuilding on the Clyde: Bending the Keel Plate, 1943 [Art.IWM ART LD 3106]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 12 Nov 2013.; also a war artist in World War I.
89. "Graham Sutherland" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
90. "Carel Weight" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
91. Derek Eland (1 September 2011). "Helmand". derekeland.com. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
92. "Contemporary War Artists: Introduction". Imperial War Museum.
93. "Contemporary War Artists: Peter Howson: Bosnia". Imperial War Museum. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
94. "Contemporary War Artists: John Keane: The Gulf War". Imperial War Museum. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
95. "Women at war: The female British artists who were written out of history". London: Independent. 8 April 2011.
96. "Falklands War 1982, Linda Kitson's artistic record". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
97. "Alfred Bastien" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
98. Brandon, Laura. "'Doing Justice to History:' Canada's Second World War Official Art Program." CWM, 2005.
99. Art Gallery of Ontario, "Canvas of War: Masterpieces from the Canadian War Museum," October 2001 – January 2002.
100. "North Korea: The Forgotten War," CBC News (Canadian Broadcasting Company). July 18, 2003.
101. Johnson, Richard. "Kandahar Journal | National Post". nationalpost.com. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
103. "Eric Aldwinckle - Nothing Uninteresting". ericaldwinckle.info. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
104. "Donald Kenneth Anderson, RCAF: Official War Artist". Stephenmccanse.com. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
105. Library and Archives Canada (LAC), Alan Brockman Beddoe
106. "Molly Lamb Bobak". Epe.lac-bac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
108. "David Alexander Colville". Epe.lac-bac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
109. "Charles Fraser Comfort". Epe.lac-bac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
110. Library and Archives Canada (LAC),
111. The Art of War," Canadian Army Journal, Vol. 12.3. Winter 2010. pp. 102–103.
112. Library of Congress (LOC), Salon des Armées, réservé aux artistes du front. Au profit des oeuvres de guerre. Jardin des Tuileries by Henri Dangon, color film slide; summary description
113. McCloskey, Barbara. (2005). Artists of World War II, p. 50.
114. McCloskey, p. 50; Yenne, William P. German War Art, 1939–1945.
115. Klee, Ernst: The Cultural Encyclopedia of the Third Reich - before and after 1945, S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt 2007, S. 15, reprinted 2009. ISBN 3596171539
116. German Official War Artists, citing German War Art 1939–45 by William Yenne.
117. "Contemporary Conflist >> Women War Artists". Imperial War Museum London.
118. "Women War Artists: Focus on Frauke Eigen". Imperial War Museum channel on YouTube.
119. Diósy, Arthur. (1900). The New Far East, p. xv., p. xv, at Google Books
120. Okamoto, Shumpei. (1983). Impressions of the Front: Woodcuts of the Sino Japanese War, 1894–95, pp. 21, 27.
121. Nussbaum, "Fujita Tsuguharu" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 200; McCloskey, p. 117.
122. Nussbaum, "Ogata Gekkō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 737.
123. Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). "Migita Toshihide" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 628.
124. Complutense University of Madrid, Biblioteca Histórica Marqués de Valdecilla. Exposición "Flores de Edo: samuráis, artistas y geishas" 4 November 2004 – 10 January 2005.
125. Salmon, Andrew. "A Cartoonist at War: 'Gobau's' Korea, 1950," The Asia-Pacific Journal, July 13, 2009; "A teenage cartoonist’s diary of horrors," JoongAng Ilbo. July 10, 1010.
126. Archives New Zealand (Archives NZ), War Art.
127. New Zealand Army (NZ Army), NZ Army Artist, Matt Gauldie.
128. "What is War Art". Warart.archives.govt.nz. 1918-09-22. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
129. "War Art, Artist biographies". Warart.archives.govt.nz. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
130. "George Edmund Butler". Warart.archives.govt.nz. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
131. "James Boswell". Warart.archives.govt.nz. 1944-05-15. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
132. "Russell Clark". Warart.archives.govt.nz. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
133. "John McIndoe". Warart.archives.govt.nz. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
134. "Peter McIntyre's war art online''". Warart.archives.govt.nz. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
135. "Artist Profile". Ion Brown. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
136. "NZ Army - NZ Army Artist". Army.mil.nz. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
137. Fisher, David. "Feature: Capturing the Moment," New Zealand Listener (June 28 – July 4, 2008) Vol. 214, No. 3555.
138. es:Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau

References

• McCloskey, Barbara. (2005). Artists of World War II. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313321535; OCLC 475496457
• Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
• Okamoto, Shumpei and Donald Keene. (1983). Impressions of the Front: Woodcuts of the Sino Japanese War, 1894–95. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art. OCLC 179964815

Further reading

• Brandon, Laura. (2008). Art and War. New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781845112370; OCLC 225345535
• Cork, Richard. (1994). A Bitter Truth: Avant-garde Art and the Great War. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300057041; OCLC 185692286
• Foot, Michael Richard Daniel. (1990). Art and War: Twentieth Century Warfare as Depicted by War Artists. London: Headline. ISBN 9780747202868; OCLC 21407670
• Gallatin, Albert Eugene. (1919). Art and the Great War. New York: E.P. Dutton. OCLC 422817
• Hodgson, Pat (1977). The War Illustrators. London: Osprey. OCLC 462210052
• Johnson, Peter (1978). Front-Line Artists. London: Cassell. ISBN 9780304300112; OCLC 4412441
• Jones, James (1975). WW II: a Chronicle of Soldiering. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. 1617592
• Lanker, Brian and Nicole Newnham. (2000). They Drew Fire: Combat Artists of World War II. New York: TV Books. ISBN 9781575000855; OCLC 43245885

Australia

• Reid, John B. (1977). Australian Artists at War: Compiled from the Australian War Memorial Collection. Volume 1. 1885–1925; Vol. 2 1940–1970. South Melbourne, Victoria: Sun Books. ISBN 9780725102548; OCLC 4035199

Canada

• Oliver, Dean Frederick, and Laura Brandon (2000). Canvas of War: Painting the Canadian Experience, 1914 to 1945. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 9781550547726; OCLC 43283109
• Tippett, Maria. (1984). Art at the Service of War: Canada, Art, and the Great War. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802025418; OCLC 13858984

Germany

• Gilkey, Gordon. War Art of the Third Reich. Bennington, Vermont: International Graphics Corporation, 1982). ISBN 9780865560185; OCLC 223704492
• Weber, John Paul. (1979). The German War Artists. Columbia, South Carolina: Cerberus. ISBN 9780933590007; OCLC 5727293

New Zealand

• Haworth, Jennifer. (2007). The Art of War: New Zealand War Artists in the Field 1939–1945. Christchurch, New Zealand: Hazard Press. ISBN 9781877393242; OCLC 174078159

South Africa

• Carter, Albert Charles Robinson. (1900). The Work of War Artists in South Africa. London: "The Art Journal" Office. OCLC 25938498

United Kingdom

• Gough, Paul. (2010). A Terrible Beauty: British Artists in the First World War. Bristol: Sansom and Company. ISBN 9781906593001; OCLC 559763485
• Harries, Meirion and Suzie Harries. (1983). The War Artists: British Official War Art of the Twentieth Century. London: Michael Joseph. ISBN 9780718123147; OCLC 9888782
• Harrington, Peter. (1983). British Artists and War: The Face of Battle in Paintings and Prints, 1700–1914. London: Greenhill. ISBN 9781853671579; OCLC 28708501
• Haycock, David Boyd. (2009). A Crisis of Brilliance: Five Young British Artists and the Great War. London: Old Street Publishing. ISBN 9781905847846; OCLC 318876179
• Hichberger, J.W.M. (1988). Images of the Army: The Military in British Art 1815–1914. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719025754; OCLC 17295891
• Sillars, Stuart (1987). Art and Survival in First World War Britain. New York: St. Martins Press. ISBN 9780312005443; OCLC 14932245
• Holme, Charles. (1918). The War Depicted by Distinguished British Artists. London: The Studio. OCLC 5081170

United States

• Cornebise, Alfred. (1991). Art from the trenches: America's Uniformed Artists in World War I. College Station: Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 9780890963494; OCLC 22892632
• Harrington, Peter, and Frederic A. Sharf. (1988). A Splendid Little War; The Spanish–American War, 1898; The Artists' Perspective. London: Greenhill. ISBN 9781853673160; OCLC 260112479

External links

• Mémorial de Caen, 1914–1918 war, Artists of the First World War
• Ministry of Defence (MoD), MoD art collection, war artists
• National Archives (UK), The Art of War