Shore Road, Belfast
The Shore Road is a major arterial route and area of housing and commerce that runs through north Belfast and Newtownabbey in Northern Ireland. It forms part of the A2 road, a traffic route which links Belfast to the County Antrim coast.
History
The Shore Road is one of Belfast's oldest roads and is mentioned in the first census of the city – taken in 1757 – as being home to a colony of "Papists". At the time the Shore Road name was applied to a larger area, including what is today known as York Street.[1] The York Street-York Road and lower Shore Road experienced growth during the Industrial Revolution as a number of factories were located in the area. One of the main factories on York Street was Gallaher's Tobacco factory.[2] It is no longer in operation and the building has been demolished. One of these few industrial buildings still standing is the Jennymount Mill, off the York Road. The building, renamed the Lanyon Building after its architect Charles Lanyon, was reopened as an Office block in 2002.[3] According to Irish journalist Susan McKay, the area was the scene of fierce sectarian rioting throughout the nineteenth century until it was eventually established as a bulwark of working-class Protestantism.[4] The areas further up the Shore Road towards Newtownabbey are for the most part more recent than these areas, with some housing developments such as Shore Crescent and the Rathcoole estate dating to the 1960s and later. Many residents of the overcrowded area at the bottom of the road were moved up to these new estates.[5] Much of the housing throughout the road has been redeveloped and regenerated.
The Troubles
Like much of Belfast, the Shore Road saw a number of paramilitary attacks during the Troubles. Paramilitaries from both the Ulster loyalist and Irish republican sides were both active on the Shore Road, both in terms of recruiting members and in carrying out attacks.
Ulster Volunteer Force
The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) was active locally from early in the Troubles. They placed a bomb in Conway's Bar, Greencastle on 29 March 1974 with two Catholic civilians, James Mitchell and Joseph Donnelly, killed in the explosion.[6] The UVF carried out a bomb and gun attack on the same bar a year later on 13 March 1975 resulting in the deaths of a Catholic woman, Marie Doyle, and a UVF bomber, George Brown.[7] On 23 May 1975 the UVF, under its Protestant Action Force (PAF) codename, killed two Catholic brothers, John and Thomas McErlane, as they visited friends in Mount Vernon, before shooting another Catholic civilian in late August, who would die from his wounds on 8 October.[8][9]
In 1976 a loyalist feud between the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) and UVF broke out and this included several incidents on the Shore Road, including UVF member Alexander Frame being assaulted with a breeze block, and a former seaman, who was not a member of either organisation, being shot and killed in a bar after getting caught in the crossfire.[10] Larry Potter from County Monaghan was killed by a UVF car bomb on the Shore Road on 25 March 1977 when his firm's minibus was fitted with an explosive device.[11] On 29 October 1983, David Nocher, a member of the Workers Party of Ireland, was killed at his Mill Road shop, with the attack claimed by the UVF again under their PAF pseudonym.[12] Sectarian killings continued, as on 31 January 1986 when Martin Quinn was shot dead at his Bawnmore home.[13]
The UVF became more active in the area during the 1990s, carrying out a number of killings. Peter McTasney was killed on 24 February 1991 at his home in Bawnmore. McTasney had no paramilitary affiliations.[14] On 17 January 1993, a Catholic young woman, Sharon McKenna was killed by the organisation as she visited a Protestant friend on the Mount Vernon estate.[15] On 17 May 1994 two Catholic workmen, Eamon Fox and Gary Convie, were shot and killed by the UVF as they waited in a car outside the Tiger's Bay building site at which they were employed.[16] Later that same year, on 17 June, two Protestant workmen, Cecil Dougherty and William Corrigan, were killed in similar circumstances when the UVF, believing them to be Catholic, launched a gun attack on the hut at which their construction team was based.[16]
During the Troubles an active UVF unit was based in the Shore Road's Mount Vernon estate and in 2011 the Historical Enquiries Team (HET) undertook a wide-ranging investigation into its activities. A number of alleged members were brought to trial based on evidence provided by supergrass Robert Stewart with crimes including the killing of UDA and Ulster Democratic Party (UDP) activist Tommy English as part of a loyalist feud. The trial, which involves some 13 alleged members of the Mount Vernon unit, ended in February 2012 when all but one of the defendants was acquitted after the judge called into question the testimonies of the central witnesses.[17][18] As part of the same feud the UVF had also killed Tiger's Bay Ulster Defence Association (UDA) activist David Greer, an attack for which the UDA killed Progressive Unionist Party member Herbert Rice in the same area.[19]
Ulster Defence Association
The UDA has been active in the area since the 1970s with the Shore Road divided between the North Belfast and South East Antrim brigades. Killings committed by the UDA in the area include Gordon Harron, a policeman, was killed near Mount Vernon after stopping a car containing UDA members on 21 October 1972.[20] and on 13 July 1976 the shooting of Gerard Gilmore, an Official IRA (OIRA) member, outside the Boundary Bar. The Irish Times reported that he was on vigilante duty and was believed to have been armed at the time. An Official IRA death notice in the Irish News confirmed he had been on vigilante duty. He was also a member of the Workers' Party.[21] However, one of their most notorious attacks in the area occurred on 11 February 1974 when a group of Catholic workers from Abbey Meats, a Shore Road meat packing plant, were shot at with machine guns by UDA members from East Antrim. Two teenagers, Margaret McErlean (17) and Thomas Donaghy (16), were killed in the attack.[22]
The group was also responsible for the killing of Henry Corbett of Bawnmore Grove, Greencastle, on 3 September 1979.[23] On 30 August 1993 Stephen McKeag of the UDA West Belfast Brigade killed Marie Teresa Dowds de Mogollon in an attack on her Fortwilliam home, although this murder was disowned by the UDA, which resulted in the killing being claimed as an accident when it was claimed under the UDA's Ulster Freedom Fighters cover name; the group said it had intended to kill her husband, a native of Peru, whom the group accused of providing safe houses and apartments for IRA volunteers.[24]
Glen Branagh, a 16-year-old member of the UDA's youth group Ulster Young Militants, was killed in the Tiger's Bay area on 11 November 2001 after a pipe bomb he was wielding during clashes at the interface area exploded prematurely.[25] UDA members have frequently used the Alexandra Bar on York Road as a meeting place. In March 2006 six UDA members, including Ihab Shoukri, were arrested there as part of a police raid.[26] Several years earlier, on 15 March 1975, two UDA members John Fulton and Stephen Goatley, had been shot dead by the UVF as part of a feud between the two groups.[8]
Provisional IRA
Given the high volume of Protestant and loyalist inhabitants on the Shore Road the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) launched a number of attacks in the area. One of the first came on 5 January 1973 when 18-year-old Trevor Rankin was killed at a petrol station on the road. It was later claimed that the killers had mistaken the civilian Rankin for an off-duty member of the Ulster Defence Regiment.[27] John Beattie, a 17-year-old member of the UDA, was killed by the PIRA on 12 July 1974 in the Tiger's Bay area.[6]
On 5 June 1976, the IRA launched a bomb attack on the Times Bar on York Road killing two Protestant patrons. In response to the attack the UVF launched a reprisal hit on the Chlorane Bar in the city centre, killing five people.[28] On 4 February 1978 the PIRA shot a civilian dead while mounting an attack on a Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) foot patrol on the road.[29] A similar attack, carried out from the Seaview football ground on 12 January 1980 resulted in the death of David Purse, a member of the RUC.[30]
Others
During the early years of the Troubles a number of people were killed in attacks in which the group responsible remains unknown. On 21 June 1974 loyalists killed Protestant Stanley Lemon as he arrived at work on the Shore Road, mistakenly believing he was a Catholic.[6] The Railway Bar in Greencastle was damaged in a bomb attack on 20 February 1975 with patron Gerald McKeown killed in the explosion. The attack was carried out by loyalists but not claimed by one group.[8] The shooting of Joseph Branagh in Tiger's Bay later that year was likewise unclaimed, although it was the work of republicans.[8] Michael Boothman was killed on 25 September 1976 as he stood outside the Shore Road's Wolfe Tone Social Club. Boothman's killing was carried out by loyalists but not claimed by an specific group. Later that same year, on 3 November, Georgina Strain was killed at her home in Tiger's Bay in an attack carried out by republicans but also not claimed by a specific group.[31]
Peter McGuinness, a 41-year-old Catholic civilian was killed by a plastic bullet fired by the RUC outside his home in Greencastle on 9 August 1981.[32] Elsewhere the republican Irish People's Liberation Organisation killed 66-year-old William Sergeant on 5 May 1992, shooting him as he stood outside the Mount Inn, Tiger's Bay.[33]
Areas of the Shore Road
York Street
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York Street is a road that links Belfast City Centre with the Shore Road. Royal Avenue, one of the main streets in the city centre, ends when it is crossed by Donegall Street and this marks the start of York Street. Traditionally the street marked the boundary of the dockside Sailortown area.[34] York Street used to be a densely populated residential area, but most of it was demolished to make way for the M2 and the subsequent Westlink.[35] The New Lodge and Tiger's Bay areas are to the north of York Street.
York Street is the home of the University of Ulster's Belfast campus, the home the university's art and design school and a part of the city's Cathedral Quarter, which takes its name from the nearby St Anne's Cathedral.[36] Beside the university is Cathedral Eye Clinic, a leading centre for ophthalmology.[37]
Other current features of York Street include the Cityside Shopping Centre, which has branches of Tesco, Asda and other large chain stores, St Paul's Church of Ireland and Yorkgate railway station. Previously the street had been dominated by the Co-operative buildings, built between 1911 and 1932, and housing a variety of shops, the Co-operative's regional headquarters and their restaurant and ballroom, the Orpheus.[38] It also housed the now demolished Gallaher's tobacco factory which, when opened in 1896, was the largest cigarette factory in the world.[39]
York Road
York Street continues to approximately Hanna Street, a small side street, where it becomes the York Road. Bedrooms Galore, a warehouse facing Hanna Street, has 1 York Road as its postal address.[40] This area is home to a Police Service of Northern Ireland station, one of the two covering the North Belfast policing district.[41] York Road also includes a number of places of worship both on the road and off the side streets. These include a Salvation Army mission, the Alexandra Presbyterian Church, Jennymount Methodist Church and the York Road Baptist Community.
Alexandra Park is a public park located in the area around the York Road. Whilst this area is mainly loyalist in composition it is adjacent to the republican Newington area. As a result, Alexandra Park has, uniquely for a public park, a peace line running through it, effectively separating the use of the park for each community. In late 2011 a gate was added to this fence making access possible for a limited time.[42]
Tiger's Bay
Tiger's Bay is the name given to a loyalist enclave centred on upper North Queen Street. Although it is not on the Shore Road the two areas run parallel and are linked by a number of side streets. Its origins go back to the nineteenth century when it was constructed with very basic housing intended for the unskilled labourers who made up the bulk of the workforce at Harland and Wolff shipyard. Like York Street and York Road, Tiger's Bay suffered extensive damage during the Belfast Blitz.[4]
A long established loyalist area, Tiger's Bay has become notorious both for the strength of the UDA in the area as well as for the tensions that exist between residents of Tiger's Bay and those of the adjoining republican New Lodge and Newington districts.[43] Attempts to normalise relations between the communities have been made, although moves to take down peace lines in the area have been resisted by local residents, who argue that they are a necessary safety precaution due to violence in the area.[44] Nonetheless projects have been undertaken in Tiger's Bay to replace paramilitary murals and sectarian graffiti with more community-based projects.[45]
Grove and Fortwilliam
The Shore Road proper begins just after the junction with Skegoneill Avenue. The end of the York Road and the area at the base of the Shore Road is often known as Grove, due to the names of some local streets. The Grove title is reflected a number of local amenities such as the now derelict Grove Leisure Centre, Grove Housing Association, the Grove Tavern etc. As has long been the case the Grove area remains a largely industrial area, mainly now focusing on animal feed industries. The area, parts of which have been significantly redeveloped in recent years, is home to the Grove Wellbeing Centre, a building that combines health services, a leisure centre and a library under one building.[46] Like much of the Shore Road, the Grove area is mainly inhabited by working class Protestants.
As the Shore Road progresses the Fortwilliam area begins, taking its name from a number of local streets. The Fortwilliam area includes a large branch of Asda and a smaller branch of Lidl. Churches in the area include Seaview Presbyterian Church and Fortwilliam Gospel Hall. Near the edge of Fortwilliam is Mount Vernon estate, a large area of loyalist-dominated social housing. Belfast Corporation began building the estate in 1949 but it is dominated by two large tenement blocks, Ross House and Mount Vernon House, both of which were erected in 1966. The estate took its name from the original Mount Vernon House, a stately home, long since demolished, built for the Belfast merchant Hill Hamilton and named for George Washington's Mount Vernon plantation.[47] The area has long been notorious for its powerful UVF unit.[48]
Lowwood to Greencastle
The areas that follow Fortwilliam, known variously as Lowwood and Donegall Park Aveune, are almost entirely residential, although the area also contains Loughside Park, a public parkland and sports facility maintained by Belfast City Council.[49]
Shore Crescent is a loyalist housing estate located east of the Mount Vernon and Lowwood areas. It was one of a number of areas built in the late 1960s to rehouse the residents of the inner city Sailortown area which was being demolished at the time.[34] The Greencastle suburb which follows it is largely a mixed Catholic and Protestant area and includes St Mary's Catholic Church as well as the Whitewell Metropolitan Tabernacle, which is affiliated with the Elim Pentecostal Church.[50] Greencastle previously had a PSNI station although, despite objections being raised by local MP Nigel Dodds,[51] this has since been closed and the building demolished.
The Whitewell Road links the Shore Road to the Antrim Road. This area is also mixed in terms of demographics although the two communities are largely separated and since the mid-1990s there has been a history of sectarian clashes in the area.[52] The Whitewell is followed by Bawnmore, an almost entirely nationalist/republican enclave and an area noted for PIRA activity during the Troubles.[53] During the conflict Bawnmore was regularly targeted by loyalist paramilitaries and as such it was heavily fortified and cut off from the rest of the road. This has lessened since the onset of the Northern Ireland peace process, albeit with some tension remaining.[54]
Newtownabbey
Belfast ends and Newtownabbey begins on the Shore Road an area which used to be the village of Whitehouse. Rathcoole, a large loyalist estate, is located in this area as is the smaller Merville Garden Village. This area includes the Abbey Centre and a number of other adjacent retails parks, making it the main shopping area of Newtownabbey.[55] Places of worship in the area include Whitehouse Presbyterian Church and St. John's Church of Ireland, whilst Glas-na-Bradan Glen, a riparian woodland area close to Rathcoole, is adjacent to the Shore Road.
The Shore Road passes through Whiteabbey, another of the historic villages that forms part of Newtownabbey. The Whiteabbey section of the road largely contains private housing. The road then passes through Jordanstown with the University of Ulster campus close by. Around this area one side of the road is bordered by the sea. This is not the case in Belfast and lower Newtownabbey where the M2 and the Belfast–Larne railway line separate the Shore Road from Belfast Lough. A number of parks and green spaces are maintained along these areas of the Shore Road, notably Hazelbank Park, Rushpark, Glen Park and Jordanstown Loughshore Park, the latter of which also contains a caravan park.[56] Following Greenisland the road changes its name to the Belfast Road as it reaches Carrickfergus. The A2 continues as far as Limavady under a number of names.
Politics
The Shore Road is divided between the two North Belfast and the two East Antrim constituencies both for Westminster and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Both parliamentary seats are held by the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), with Nigel Dodds representing North Belfast and Sammy Wilson the member for East Antrim. In the Assembly North Belfast is represented by Paula Bradley, William Humphrey and Nelson McCausland of the DUP, Carál Ní Chuilín and Gerry Kelly of Sinn Féin and Alban Maginness of the Social Democratic and Labour Party.[57] East Antrim's MLAs are David Hilditch, Alastair Ross and Sammy Wilson of the DUP, Roy Beggs Jr of the Ulster Unionist Party, Stewart Dickson of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland and Oliver McMullan of Sinn Féin.[58] Nigel Dodds maintains a constituency advice centre in the Grove area of the Shore Road.
For local government purposes the Shore Road is divided between Belfast City Council and Newtownabbey Borough Council. The lower parts of the Shore Road are part of the Castle District Electoral Area of Belfast City Council, whilst the rest of the road is covered by several areas of Newtownabbey Borough Council.
Sport
The Shore Road and its surrounding area is home to a number of football clubs. The largest of these is IFA Premiership club Crusaders F.C., whose Seaview home is located on the road. The club had previously played at Simpson's Boiler Field further up the Shore Road until they settled at Seaview in 1921.[59] Skegoneill Avenue, a street almost facing Seaview which links the Shore Road to the Antrim Road contains the home stadium of Brantwood F.C., which the ground also known as Skegoneill Avenue.[60] Further up in the Greencastle suburb the Shore Road playing fields are home to Northern Amateur Football League sides Grove United F.C. and Malachians F.C.[61]
The Tiger's Bay area is home to the Midland Boxing Club[62] where Carl Frampton was amongst the fighters they trained.[63]
Fortwilliam golf club is also located adjacent to the Shore Road. Located at Downview Avenue the course itself straddles Grays Lane, an arterial road linking the Shore Road and the Antrim Road in the Greencastle area close to the Whitewell Road.[64] Grove Swimming Baths were opened in the early 1960s and contained at the time the only international standard 25-metre swimming pool in all Ireland.[65] However it was closed with the opening of the Grove Wellbeing Centre and the building, which stood on the corner of North Queen Street, was demolished in 2013.
Education
A number of secondary schools are located in and around the Shore Road, including Castle High School on Fortwilliam Park, Hazelwood Comprehensive College on Whitewell Road, Newtownabbey Community High School and Belfast High School in Jordanstown. Primary schools on the Shore Road include Seaview Primary School in the Grove area,[66] St Mary's Star of the Sea in the Greencastle area[67] and Lowwood Primary on Sheringhurst Park off the main road in the Belfast section and in Newtownabbey Whitehouse Primary School just past the junction of the Shore Road and Doagh Road and Whiteabbey Primary School on the Old Manse Road. Loughshore Educational Resource Centre, an institute for pupils with behavioural issues who have been removed from mainstream education, is also located on the Shore Road close to the Whitewell junction.[68]
Two of the campuses of the University of Ulster are located in and around the Shore Road i.e. the Belfast "art college" and the University of Ulster Jordanstown. A campus of the Northern Regional College, a third-level institution, is also located on the Whiteabbey section of the Shore Road.[69]
Transport
Public transport is now provided by the Metro arm of Translink with the Shore Road forming the second of the company's twelve corridors. Buses link Belfast City Centre to the estates of Newtownabbey such as Monkstown, Rathcoole, Carnmoney and Ballyduff.[70]
Ulsterbus services to the areas beyond Newtownabbey also operate on the Shore Road whilst it is also served by the Yorkgate and Whiteabbey railway stations. Both stations are part of the Belfast–Larne railway line although Yorkgate is only one stop away from the main hub at Belfast Central railway station.
Previously, Belfast trams, and later Belfast trolleybuses, ran along the Shore Road, terminating at Greencastle and Fortwilliam, whilst the trains from York Street to such towns as Larne, Portrush, Ballycastle and Derry were controlled by London, Midland and Scottish Railway.[71]
The M2 motorway runs alongside the Shore Road for much of its length. Junctions one and two of the M2 are found on the Shore Road, Junction One at Fortwilliam facing the entrance to the Mount Vernon estate and Junction Two at Greencastle.[72]
References
- ↑ Belfast History Through The Years, joegraham.rushlightmagazine.com; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ Gallahers: Your Place and Mine, bbc.co.uk; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ "Office Makeover for NI Linen Mill", bbc.co.uk; accessed 4 March 2015.
- 1 2 Susan McKay, Northern Protestants: An Unsettled People, Blackstaff Press, 2005, p. 62
- ↑ Tigers Bay profile, countercultureuk.com; accessed 4 March 2015.
- 1 2 3 Sutton Index of Deaths 1974, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ Taylor, Peter (1999). Loyalists. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc., pp. 144–46
- 1 2 3 4 Sutton Index of Deaths 1975
- ↑ 1975 Chronology, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ McDonald & Cusack, pp. 100–01
- ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths 1977, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths 1983, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths 1986, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths 1991, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths 1993
- 1 2 Sutton Index of Deaths 1994, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ Nine men cleared of murdering UDA man Tommy English
- ↑ UVF supergrass case: 'Gunman told to miss English family', bbc.co.uk; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths 2000, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths 1972
- ↑ McKittrick, David; Seamus Kelters, Brian Feeney, Chris Thronton (2000). Lost Lives. Mainstream Publishing, p. 662
- ↑ Henry McDonald & Jim Cusack, UDA – Inside the Heart of Loyalist Terror, Penguin Ireland, 2004, p. 70.
- ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths 1979
- ↑ David Lister & Hugh Jordan, Mad Dog: The Rise and Fall of Johnny Adair and C Company, Mainstream Publishing, 2004, pp. 155–56.
- ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths 2001
- ↑ "Shoukri suffered 'epileptic fit'", newsletter.co.uk; accessed 2 March 2015.
- ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths 1973
- ↑ Dillon, Martin (1989). The Shankill Butchers: the real story of cold-blooded mass murder. New York: Routledge. p. 125
- ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths by Malcolm Sutton – 1978
- ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths 1980, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths 1976, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths 1981
- ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths 1992, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 4 March 2015.
- 1 2 Sailortown Local History. Retrieved 24 November 2011
- ↑ David Harvey, Belfast Trolleybuses, Amberley Publishing, 2010, p. 109
- ↑ Belfast campus, ulster.ac.uk; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ Cathedral Eye Clinic website; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ Harvey, p. 124
- ↑ Harvey, p. 91
- ↑ Bedrooms Galore
- ↑ PSNI York Road
- ↑ Belfast park opens door to peace
- ↑ Tiger's Bay North Belfast Community Website
- ↑ Barriers 'still needed' at Tigers Bay
- ↑ Tigers Bay community gets its wings
- ↑ Grove Wellbeing website, grovewellbeing.com; accessed 2 March 2015.
- ↑ Mount Vernon Community Development Forum
- ↑ The untouchable informers facing exposure at last
- ↑ Loughside
- ↑ Metropolitan Tabernacle Belfast
- ↑ Dodds urges retention of Greencastle PSNI Station
- ↑ United in deprivation: Two torn communities starved of assistance: Whitewell and White City, nuzhound.com; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ 35th anniversary of Volunteers' deaths in Bawnmore
- ↑ McKay, Northern Protestants, p. 101
- ↑ Abbey Centre
- ↑ Jordanstown Loughshore Caravan Park, newtownabbey.campstead.com; accessed 4 March 2015.
- ↑ North Belfast
- ↑ East Antrim
- ↑ Crusaders history
- ↑ Ground details
- ↑ Ground information
- ↑ Belfast unites against hate crime at City Hall
- ↑ Leonard Gunning. "Carl Frampton Gets Approval From Barry McGuigan". Boxing-Ireland.com. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
- ↑ Description of Golf Club
- ↑ Harvey, p. 155
- ↑ Seaview Primary School
- ↑ St Mary's, Star of the Sea
- ↑ Loughshore Educational Resource Centre
- ↑ Northern Regional College
- ↑ Translink Metro 2
- ↑ Ulster Journal 1935
- ↑ M2/M22 Motorway
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