Bent molecular geometry
In chemistry, the term "bent" can be applied to certain molecules to describe their molecular geometry. Certain atoms, such as oxygen, due to their electron configuration will almost always set their two (or more) covalent bonds in non-collinear directions. H2O is an example of a bent molecule. The bond angle between the two hydrogen atoms is approximately 104.45°.[1] Nonlinear triatomic molecules and ions are common for compounds containing only main group elements, prominent examples being water, nitrogen dioxide, SCl2, and the CH2.
This geometry is almost always consistent with VSEPR theory, which usually explain non-collinearity of atoms with a presence of lone pairs. There are several variants of bending, where the most common is AX2E2 where two covalent bonds and two lone pairs of the central atom (A) form a complete 8-electron shell. They have central angles from 104° to 109.5°, where the latter is consistent with a simplistic theory which predicts the tetrahedral symmetry of four sp3 hybridised orbitals. The most common actual angles are 105°, 107°, and 109°: they vary because of different properties of peripheral atoms (X).
Other cases also experience orbital hybridisation, but in different degrees. AX2E1 molecules, such as SnCl2, have only one lone pair and the central angle about 120° (the centre and two vertices of an equilateral triangle). They have three sp2 orbitals. There exist also sd-hybridised AX2 compounds of transition metals without lone pairs: they have the central angle about 90° and are also classified in the "bend geometry".
See also
References
- ↑ G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr “Inorganic Chemistry” 3rd Ed, Pearson/Prentice Hall publisher, ISBN 0-13-035471-6.
External links
- 3D Chem: Chemistry, Structures, and 3D Molecules
- Indiana University Molecular Structure Center
- Interactive molecular examples for point groups
- Molecular Modeling
- Animated Trigonal Planar Visual
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