Big Eight Conference

Big Eight Conference
Established	1907
Dissolved	1996
Association	NCAA
Division	Division I
Members	8 (final), 12 (total)
Sports fielded	21[1] (men's: 11; women's: 10)
Region	Midwestern United States, Mountain States, West South Central States
Former names	Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (1907–1964) Big Six Conference (1928–1948, unofficial) Big Seven Conference (1948–1957, unofficial) Big Eight Conference (1957–1964, unofficial)
Headquarters	Kansas City, Missouri
Commissioner	Carl C. James (final) 1980–1996
Website	http://bigeightsports.com
Locations

The Big Eight Conference was a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)-affiliated Division I-A college athletic association that sponsored football. It was formed in January 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MVIAA)^[2] by its charter member schools: the University of Kansas, University of Missouri,^[2] University of Nebraska, and Washington University in St. Louis. Additionally, the University of Iowa was an original member of the MVIAA, while maintaining joint membership in the Western Conference (now the Big Ten Conference).

The conference was dissolved in 1996. Its membership at its dissolution consisted of the University of Nebraska, Iowa State University, the University of Colorado at Boulder, the University of Kansas, Kansas State University, the University of Missouri, the University of Oklahoma, and Oklahoma State University. The Big Eight kept its headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri.

In February 1995, the Big Eight and the Southwest Conference announced that the two leagues had reached an agreement to form a new conference. The eight members of the Big Eight joined with SWC schools Texas, Texas A&M, Baylor, and Texas Tech to form the Big 12 Conference the following year. A vote was conducted on whether to keep the new conference's headquarters in Kansas City, and by a vote of 7–5 the conference members voted to move to the Dallas, Texas suburb of Irving. The two Oklahoma schools, all four Texas schools, and Colorado voted for the move while both Kansas schools, Nebraska, Missouri, and Iowa State voted for Kansas City.^[3]

History

Formation

The conference was founded as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MVIAA) at a meeting on January 12, 1907, by five charter members: the University of Kansas, the University of Missouri, the University of Nebraska, Washington University in St. Louis. The University of Iowa who was also a member of the Western Conference (now the Big Ten Conference) was also a joint member of the conference. Iowa only participated in football and outdoor men's track and field.^[4]

Early membership changes

In 1908, Drake University and Iowa Agricultural College (now Iowa State University) joined the MVIAA, increasing the conferences membership to seven. Iowa who was a joint member departed in 1911 to only compete in the Western Conference, but Kansas State University joined the conference in 1913. Nebraska left in 1918 to play as an independent for two seasons before returning in 1920. In 1919, the University of Oklahoma and Saint Louis University applied for membership, but were disapproved due to deficient management of their athletic programs.^[5] The conference then added Grinnell College in 1919, with the University of Oklahoma applying again and being approved in 1920. Oklahoma A&M University (now Oklahoma State University) joined in 1925, bringing conference membership to ten, an all-time high.^[6]

Conference split

At a meeting in Lincoln, Nebraska, on May 19, 1928, the conference split up. Six of the seven state schools (all except Oklahoma A&M) formed a conference that was initially known as the Big Six Conference.^[2] Just before the start of fall practice, the six schools announced they would retain the MVIAA name for formal purposes. However, fans and media continued to call it the Big Six. The three private schools – Drake, Grinnell, and Washington University – joined with Oklahoma A&M, becoming known as the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC).^[7] The similarity of the two conferences' official names, as well as the competing claims of the two conferences, led to considerable debate over which conference was the original and which was the spin-off, though the MVIAA went on to become the more prestigious of the two. For the remainder of the Big Eight's run, both conferences claimed 1907 as their founding date, as well as the same history through 1927. To this day, it has never been definitively established which conference was the original.

Locations of final Big Eight Conference full member institutions, 1957-1995.

Conference membership grew with the addition of the University of Colorado on December 1, 1947, from the Mountain States Conference.^[8] Later that month, Reaves E. Peters was hired as "Commissioner of Officials and Assistant Secretary" and set up the first conference offices in Kansas City, Missouri. With the addition of Colorado, the conference's unofficial name became the Big Seven Conference, coincidentally, the former unofficial name of the MSC.

The final membership change happened ten years later, when Oklahoma A&M joined (or rejoined, depending on the source) the conference on June 1, 1957,^[9] and the conference became known as the Big Eight. That same year, Peters' title was changed to "Executive Secretary" of the conference. He retired in June 1963 and was replaced by Wayne Duke, whose title was later changed to "Commissioner".

In 1964, the conference legally assumed the name "Big Eight Conference". In 1968 the conference began a long association with the Orange Bowl, sending its champion annually to play in the prestigious bowl game in Miami, Florida.

Formation of the Big 12 Conference

In the early 1990s, most of the colleges in Division I-A (now known as the Football Bowl Subdivision) were members of the College Football Association; this included members of the Big Eight and Southwest Conferences. Following a Supreme Court decision in 1984, the primary function of the CFA was to negotiate television broadcast rights for its member conferences and independent colleges. In February 1994, the Southeastern Conference announced that they, like the Big Ten, Pac-10, and Notre Dame before them, would be leaving the CFA and negotiate independently for a television deal that covered SEC schools only. This led The Dallas Morning News to proclaim that "the College Football Association as a television entity is dead".^[10] More significantly, this change in television contracts ultimately would lead to significant realignment of college conferences, with the biggest change being the dissolution of the Big Eight and the Southwest Conferences and the formation of the Big 12.

After the SEC's abandonment of the CFA, the Southwest Conference and the Big Eight Conference saw potential financial benefits from an alliance to negotiate television deals, and quickly began negotiations to that end, with ABC and ESPN. Though there were complications over the next several weeks (some of which are detailed below), on February 25, 1994, it was announced that a new conference would be formed from the members of the Big Eight and four of the Texas member colleges of the Southwest Conference.^[11][12][13] Though the name would not be made official for several months, newspaper accounts immediately dubbed the new entity the "Big 12".^[14] Charter members of the Big 12 included the members of the Big Eight plus Baylor, Texas, Texas A&M and Texas Tech.

Dissolution

Following the formation of the Big 12 Conference in 1994, the Big Eight continued operations till August 30, 1996, when the conference was formally dissolved and its members officially began competition in the Big 12 Conference. Although the Big 12 was essentially the Big Eight plus the four Texas schools, the Big 12 regards itself as a separate conference and does not claim the Big Eight's history as its own.

Members

Final members

Institution	Location (population)	Founded	Type	Enrollment	Endowment	Nickname	Mascot	Varsity sports	National titles^(See chart below)
University of Colorado	Boulder, Colorado (83,312)	1876	Public	30,128	$665,000,000[15]	Buffaloes	Ralphie the Buffalo / Chip	14	28
Iowa State University	Ames, Iowa (47,198)	1858	Public	28,682[16]	$452,200,000[17]	Cyclones	Cy the Cardinal	16	18
University of Kansas	Lawrence, Kansas (65,608)	1865	Public	30,004[18]	$1,005,000,000[15]	Jayhawks	Big Jay / Baby Jay	16	13
Kansas State University	Manhattan, Kansas (37,712)	1863	Public	23,588[19]	$277,600,000[15]	Wildcats	Willie the Wildcat	14	0
University of Missouri	Columbia, Missouri (69,101)	1839	Public	33,318[20]	$974,900,000[15]	Tigers	Truman the Tiger	18	2
University of Nebraska	Lincoln, Nebraska (191,972)	1869	Public	24,100[21]	$1,140,000,000[15]	Cornhuskers	Herbie Husker / Lil' Red	21	23
University of Oklahoma	Norman, Oklahoma (80,071)	1890	Public	29,721	$968,400,000[15]	Sooners	Sooner Schooner / Boomer and Sooner	19	27
Oklahoma State University	Stillwater, Oklahoma (36,676)	1890	Public	23,307	$311,000,000[22]	Cowboys	Pistol Pete / Bullet	16	55

Previous members

Institution	Location (population)	Founded	Type	Enrollment	Endowment	Nickname	Varsity sports	NCAA titles[23]
Drake University	Des Moines, Iowa (193,187)	1881	Private	3,164	$135,000,000[15]	Bulldogs	18	3
Grinnell College	Grinnell, Iowa (8,902)	1846	Private	1,688	$1,260,000,000[24]	Pioneers	18	0
University of Iowa	Iowa City, Iowa (59,735)	1847	Public	30,825	$791,231,000[15]	Hawkeyes	24	25
Washington University in St. Louis	St. Louis, Missouri (396,685)	1853	Private	13,995	$4,600,000,000[25]	Bears[26]	17	19 (Div. III)

Membership timeline

Full members Other Conference

Subsequent conference affiliations

Team	Left for	Current home
Colorado	Big 12 Conference	Pac-12 Conference^1
Drake	Missouri Valley Conference	Pioneer Football League Missouri Valley Conference^2
Grinnell	Missouri Valley Conference	Midwest Conference^3
Iowa	Big Ten Conference
Iowa State	Big 12 Conference
Kansas
Kansas State
Missouri	Big 12 Conference	Southeastern Conference^4
Nebraska	Big 12 Conference	Big Ten Conference^5
Oklahoma	Big 12 Conference
Oklahoma State
Washington-St. Louis	Missouri Valley Conference	University Athletic Association^6

1. ^ Colorado left the Big 12 for the Pac-12 beginning with the 2011-12 season.
2. ^ Drake withdrew from the Missouri Valley Conference from 1951-1956. The MVC stopped sponsoring football in 1985; Drake remains a member for all non-football sports. The football program dropped to Division III in 1987, playing as an independent until a change in NCAA rules forced the program to play in Division I. When the new rule took effect in 1993, Drake joined the newly formed Pioneer League, a football-only league playing at the FCS level that prohibits the awarding of football scholarships.
3. ^ Grinnell joined the Midwest Collegiate Athletic Conference beginning with the 1939-40 season; their affiliation from 1928-1939 is unclear.^[27] The MCAC merged with the Midwest Athletic Conference for Women to form the Midwest Conference beginning with the 1994-95 season.
4. ^ Missouri left the Big 12 for the SEC beginning with the 2012-13 season.
5. ^ Nebraska left the Big 12 for the Big Ten beginning with the 2011-12 season.
6. ^ Washington-St. Louis left the MVC in 1946; it joined the College Athletic Conference from 1962 through 1971, and became a charter member of the University Athletic Association, which began play with the 1986-87 season. It was independent in all other years.^[28]

Commissioners

• Reaves Peters (1947–1963) as Executive Secretary^[9][29]
• Wayne Duke (1963–1971)^[30]
• Chuck Neinas (1971–1980)^[31]
• Carl C. James (1980–1996)^[32][33]

Conference champions

Men's basketball

Following are the MVIAA/Big Eight regular-season conference champions from 1908 to 1996 (showing shared championships in italics):^[1][34]

Men's basketball regular-season championships (1908–1996)
School	Total titles	Outright titles	Years
Colorado	5	3	1954 · 1955 · 1962 · 1963 · 1969
Drake	0	0
Grinnell	0	0
Iowa State	4	2	1935 · 1941 · 1944 · 1945
Kansas	43	32	1908 · 1909 · 1910 · 1911 · 1912 · 1914 · 1915 · 1922 · 1923 · 1924 · 1925 · 1926 · 1927 · 1931 · 1932 · 1933 · 1934 · 1936 · 1937 · 1938 · 1940 · 1941 · 1942 · 1943 · 1946 · 1950 · 1952 · 1953 · 1954 · 1957 · 1960 · 1966 · 1967 · 1971 · 1974 · 1975 · 1978 · 1986 · 1991 · 1992 · 1993 · 1995 · 1996
Kansas State	17	14	1917 · 1919 · 1948 · 1950 · 1951 · 1956 · 1958 · 1959 · 1960 · 1961 · 1963 · 1964 · 1968 · 1970 · 1972 · 1973 · 1977
Missouri	15	12	1918 · 1920 · 1921 · 1922 · 1930 · 1939 · 1940 · 1976 · 1980 · 1981 · 1982 · 1983 · 1987 · 1990 · 1994
Nebraska	7	2	1912 · 1913 · 1914 · 1916 · 1937 · 1949 · 1950
Oklahoma	13	8	1928 · 1929 · 1939 · 1940 · 1942 · 1944 · 1947 · 1949 · 1979 · 1984 · 1985 · 1988 · 1989
Oklahoma State	2	1	1965 · 1991
Washington (St. Louis)	0	0

Football

Shared championships are shown in italics:^[1][35]

Football conference championships (1907–1995)
School	Total titles	Outright titles	Years
Colorado	5	3	1961 · 1976 · 1989 · 1990 · 1991
Drake	0	0
Grinnell	0	0
Iowa	1	0	1907
Iowa State	2	0	1911 · 1912
Kansas	5	2	1908 · 1930 · 1946 · 1947 · 1968
Kansas State	1	1	1934
Missouri	12	10	1909 · 1913 · 1919 · 1924 · 1925 · 1927 · 1939 · 1941 · 1942 · 1945 · 1960* · 1969
Nebraska	41	32	1907 · 1910 · 1911 · 1912 · 1913 · 1914 · 1915 · 1916 · 1917 · 1921 · 1922 · 1923 · 1928 · 1929 · 1931 · 1932 · 1933 · 1935 · 1936 · 1937 · 1940 · 1963 · 1964 · 1965 · 1966 · 1969 · 1970 · 1971 · 1972** · 1975 · 1978 · 1981 · 1982 · 1983 · 1984 · 1988 · 1991 · 1992 · 1993 · 1994 · 1995 1997
Oklahoma	33	26	1920 · 1938 · 1943 · 1944 · 1946 · 1947 · 1948 · 1949 · 1950 · 1951 · 1952 · 1953 · 1954 · 1955 · 1956 · 1957 · 1958 · 1959 · 1962 · 1967 · 1968 · 1973 · 1974 · 1975 · 1976 · 1977 · 1978 · 1979 · 1980 · 1984 · 1985 · 1986 · 1987
Oklahoma State	2	1	1926 · 1976
Washington (St. Louis)	0	0

* Kansas would have won the 1960 title, but after found to be using an ineligible player they were forced to forfeit their victories over Missouri and Colorado, which meant that Missouri was awarded the 1960 Big Eight title.
** Oklahoma would have won the 1972 title, but after found to be using an ineligible player they were forced to forfeit their victories over Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma State, which meant that Nebraska was awarded the 1972 Big Eight title.

National championships won by MVIAA/Big Eight members

The following is a complete list of the 100 AIAW, NCAA and college football championships won by teams that were representing the Big Eight Conference in NCAA- or AIAW-recognized sports at the time of the championship.^[23]

Football (11): 1950 – Oklahoma 1955 – Oklahoma 1956 – Oklahoma 1970 – Nebraska 1971 – Nebraska 1974 – Oklahoma 1975 – Oklahoma 1985 – Oklahoma 1990 – Colorado 1994 – Nebraska 1995 – Nebraska Baseball (4): 1951 – Oklahoma 1954 – Missouri 1959 – Oklahoma State 1994 – Oklahoma Men's Basketball (2): 1952 – Kansas 1988 – Kansas Men's Cross Country (3): 1953 – Kansas 1989 – Iowa State 1994 – Iowa State Women's Cross Country (5): 1975 – Iowa State 1976 – Iowa State 1977 – Iowa State 1978 – Iowa State 1981 – Iowa State

Men's Golf (9): 1963 – Oklahoma State 1976 – Oklahoma State 1978 – Oklahoma State 1980 – Oklahoma State 1983 – Oklahoma State 1987 – Oklahoma State 1989 – Oklahoma 1991 – Oklahoma State 1995 – Oklahoma State Men's Gymnastics (14): 1971 – Iowa State 1973 – Iowa State 1974 – Iowa State 1977 – Oklahoma 1978 – Oklahoma 1979 – Nebraska 1980 – Nebraska 1981 – Nebraska 1982 – Nebraska 1983 – Nebraska 1988 – Nebraska 1990 – Nebraska 1991 – Oklahoma 1994 – Nebraska

Men's/Women's Skiing (14): 1959 – Colorado 1960 – Colorado 1972 – Colorado 1973 – Colorado 1974 – Colorado 1975 – Colorado 1976 – Colorado 1977 – Colorado 1978 – Colorado 1979 – Colorado 1982 – Colorado (men's) 1982 – Colorado (women's) 1991 – Colorado 1995 – Colorado Men's Indoor Track (4): 1965 – Missouri 1966 – Kansas 1969 – Kansas 1970 – Kansas Women's Indoor Track (3): 1982 – Nebraska 1983 – Nebraska 1984 – Nebraska Men's Outdoor Track (3): 1959 – Kansas 1960 – Kansas 1970 – Kansas Women's Volleyball (1): 1995 – Nebraska

Wrestling (27): 1928 – Oklahoma State 1933 – Iowa State 1936 – Oklahoma 1951 – Oklahoma 1952 – Oklahoma 1957 – Oklahoma 1958 – Oklahoma State 1959 – Oklahoma State 1960 – Oklahoma 1961 – Oklahoma State 1962 – Oklahoma State 1963 – Oklahoma 1964 – Oklahoma State 1965 – Iowa State 1966 – Oklahoma State 1968 – Oklahoma State 1969 – Iowa State 1970 – Iowa State 1971 – Oklahoma State 1972 – Iowa State 1973 – Iowa State 1974 – Oklahoma 1977 – Iowa State 1987 – Iowa State 1989 – Oklahoma State 1990 – Oklahoma State 1994 – Oklahoma State

National team titles by institution

The national championships listed below are for the final eight members of the conference, as of July 2014. Football, Helms, and equestrian titles are included in the total, but excluded from the column listing NCAA and AIAW titles.

Big Eight National Championships
School	Total titles	Titles as a member of the Big Eight	NCAA and AIAW titles[23]	Notes
Colorado	28	15	27	CU has 1 recognized football title and 1 AIAW title
Iowa State	18	18	18	ISU has 5 AIAW titles
Kansas	13	11	11	KU has 2 Helms basketball titles
Kansas State	0	0	0
Missouri	2	2	2
Nebraska	23	16	18	NU has 5 recognized football titles and 1 AIAW title
Oklahoma	27	19	20	OU has 7 recognized football titles
Oklahoma State	51	21	51

Racial integration

The history of the Big Eight Conference straddles the era of racial segregation in the United States, particularly as it relates to African Americans.

Before the formation of the conference, three African-American brothers at the University of Kansas are the first known to have participated in organized sports for a league school: Sherman Haney played baseball for KU beginning in 1888, followed by Grant Haney and then Ed Haney, the last of whom also played football at KU in 1893.^[36] At the same time, the University of Nebraska football team had on its roster George Flippin, the son of a slave, beginning in 1891.^[36] Nebraska's football team featured three more African-American players over the next 12 years. Notable among these NU players was Clinton Ross, who in 1911 apparently became the first African-American to participate in sport in the MVIAA, following the league's formation in 1907.^[37]

Race relations in the United States, however, deteriorated in the early 20th century, and African-American athletes disappeared almost entirely from the conference in the four decades after Ross's final season at NU in 1913. The lone exception during the following decades was Iowa State. In 1923 Jack Trice became the first African-American athlete at Iowa State – and the only one in the conference. Tragically, Trice died two days after playing his second football game with Iowa State, due to injuries suffered during the game (against Minnesota). Jack Trice Stadium at Iowa State is now named in his honor. Trice was followed at Iowa State by Holloway Smith, who played football for ISU in 1926 and 1927. After Smith, the league's teams were all-white for more than two decades. (During this time all of the major professional sports leagues in the U.S. were also segregated.)

Modern era

The modern era of full integration of league sports began at Kansas State, with Harold Robinson. In 1949, Harold Robinson played football for Kansas State with an athletic scholarship. In doing so, Robinson broke the modern "color barrier" in conference athletics, and also became the first ever African-American athlete on scholarship in the conference.^[38] Harold Robinson later received a letter of congratulations from Jackie Robinson, who had reintegrated major league baseball in 1947 while playing with the Brooklyn Dodgers.^[38]

In the spring of 1951 the conference's baseball color barrier was broken by Kansas State's Earl Woods, and in the winter of 1951–1952 Kansas State's Gene Wilson and Kansas's LaVannes C. Squires jointly broke the conference color barrier in basketball.

Nebraska was the third league school to (re)integrate its athletic teams, with Charles Bryant joining the football team in 1952.^[39] Iowa State would be next, with Harold Potts and Henry Philmon reintegrating the Cyclone football team in 1953.^[40] The following season, Franklin Clarke became the first varsity African-American football player at the University of Colorado. In 1955, Homer Floyd became the first African-American to play football for the KU Jayhawks since Ed Haney in 1893. Sports teams at the remaining three conference schools (Oklahoma, Missouri and Oklahoma State) were subsequently all integrated by the end of the 1950s.

Conference facilities

This is a listing of the conference facilities as of the last year of the conference 1995-1996.

School	Football stadium	Capacity	Basketball arena	Capacity	Baseball Stadium	Capacity
Colorado	Folsom Field	51,655	Coors Events Center	11,065	Prentup Field (Concluded in 1980)	N/A
Iowa State	Jack Trice Stadium	43,000	Hilton Coliseum	14,356	Cap Timm Field (Concluded in 2001)	3,500
Kansas	Memorial Stadium	50,250	Allen Fieldhouse	16,300	Hoglund Ballpark	2,500
Kansas State	KSU Stadium	43,000	Bramlage Coliseum	13,500	Frank Myers Field	2,000
Missouri	Faurot Field	62,023	Hearnes Center	13,611	Simmons Field	2,000
Nebraska	Memorial Stadium	76,500	Bob Devaney Center	13,000	Buck Beltzer Stadium	1,500
Oklahoma	Owen Field	74,897	Lloyd Noble Center	11,528	L. Dale Mitchell Baseball Park	2,700
Oklahoma State	Lewis Field	50,614	Gallagher-Iba Arena	6,381	Allie P. Reynolds Stadium	3,821

See also

• List of Big Eight Conference champions
• Big Eight Conference football

References

1. "BigEightSports.com". Retrieved August 13, 2013.
2. Murphy, Austin (November 28, 2011). "Bordering On Hatred: Rivalry Week will once again deliver must-see matchups, but this year's Kansas-Missouri showdown is like no other: It may very well be the last". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
3. "Big 12 Conference offices to be located in Dallas". The Fort Scott Tribune (Fort Scott, Kansas). Associated Press. February 3, 1996.
4. http://www.bigeightsports.com/Schools/Iowa/Iowa.htm
5. "Oklahoma Refused". Lawrence Journal-World (Lawrence, Kansas). May 31, 1919.
6. "Oklahoma Aggies in Valley Group". Lawrence Journal-World. December 6, 1924.
7. "Big Six Grid Squads Take Field Tomorrow". The Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. September 16, 1928.
8. Fullerton, Jr., Hugh (May 27, 1947). "Sports Roundup". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Associated Press.
9. "Group To Ask NCAA Opinion". St. Petersburg Times. Associated Press. May 19, 1957.
10. Maisel, Ivan (February 12, 1994). "SEC Officially Leaves CFA; Big East Will Follow Soon". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
11. "Politics played big part information of Big 12". The Deseret News. February 28, 1994. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
12. "Texas Giants Merge With Big 8". The Nevada Daily Mail. Associated Press. February 27, 1994.
13. "Presidents Decide on Name: Big 12". Lawrence Journal-World. Associated Press. May 13, 1994.
14. "Politics played big part in formation of Big 12". February 28, 1994. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
15. http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/research/2010NCSE_Public_Tables_Endowment_Market_Values_Final.pdf
16. "Iowa State University fall enrollment soars to a record 28,682 students". Iowa State University. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
17. http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/research/2009_NCSE_Public_Tables_Endowment_Market_Values.pdf
18. KU Fall 2009 Enrollment
19. "Kansas State University Fact Book 2010" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-08-15.
20. "New Semester Sets Records". Retrieved 22 August 2011.
21. "NU enrollment highest in 13 years; up for 5th consecutive year". nebraska.edu. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
22. http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/oklahoma-state-3170
23. "Summary ALL DIVISIONS/COLLEGIATE TOTAL CHAMPIONSHIPS" (PDF). Retrieved March 20, 2014.
24. http://chronicle.com/article/Colleges-Endowments-Earned-12/126071/
25. http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/21267.aspx
26. http://library.wustl.edu/units/spec/archives/facts/mascot.html
27. http://www.grinnell.edu/files/downloads/Grinnell%20College%20Football%20Season-by-Season%20Records_0.pdf
28. http://bearsports.wustl.edu/about/Pages/default.aspx
29. "Reaves Peters, Ex-Big 8 Head, Dies of Cancer". Kansas City, Missouri: Lawrence Journal-World. January 31, 1966. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
30. http://www.bigten.org/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/022410aaa.html
31. http://www.neinassports.com/bio.html
32. http://www.goduke.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=4200&ATCLID=220764
33. http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1519866
34. "Big Eight Conference basketball history" (PDF). Big 12 Conference. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
35. "Big Eight Conference football record book" (PDF). Big 12 Conference. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
36. http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/blackhistory2008/columns/story?id=3254974
37. http://unlhistory.unl.edu/xslt/xslt.php?&_xmlsrc=http://unlhistory.unl.edu/legacy/unl.00020/unl.00020.07.xml&_xslsrc=http://unlhistory.unl.edu/xslt/unlhistory.xsl
38. "Athlete Who Broke Big 12 Race Barrier Dies". CBS College Sports. May 13, 2006. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
39. http://dataomaha.com/neb100/player/89
40. http://www.cyclones.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10700&ATCLID=205377029

External links

• BigEightSports.com
• Big Eight baseball conference champions