St. Louis

St. Louis (/seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ or /sənt ˈluːɪs/)^[9]^[10]^[11] is a city^[12] and port in the U.S. state of Missouri. The city developed along the western bank of the Mississippi River, which forms Missouri's border with Illinois. In 2010, St. Louis had a population of 319,294; a 2014 estimate put the population at 317,419, making it the 60th-most populous U.S. city and the second-largest city in the state in terms of city proper population, after Kansas City, Missouri. The St. Louis metropolitan area includes the city as well as nearby areas in Missouri and Illinois; with an estimated population of 2,905,893, it is the largest in Missouri and the nineteenth largest in the United States. St. Louis was founded in 1764 by Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau and named after Louis IX of France. Claimed first by the French, who settled mostly east of the Mississippi River, the region in which the city stands was ceded to Spain following France's defeat in the Seven Years' War. Its territory east of the Mississippi was ceded to the Kingdom of Great Britain, the victor. The area of present-day Missouri was part of Spanish Louisiana from 1762 until 1803.^[13]

After the United States acquired this territory in the Louisiana Purchase, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the late 19th century, St. Louis was ranked as the fourth-largest city in the United States. It separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics. Immigration has increased, and the city is the center of the largest Bosnian population in the world outside their homeland.

The economy of St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. The city is home to several major corporations including Anheuser-Busch, Express Scripts, Peabody Energy, Ameren, Ralcorp, Monsanto and Sigma-Aldrich, as well as a large medical and research community. St. Louis has two professional sports teams: the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, and the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League. The city is commonly identified with the 630-foot (192 m) tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis.

History

Main articles: History of St. Louis and Timeline of St. Louis

The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture, which built numerous temple and residential earthwork mounds on both sides of the Mississippi River. Their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the "Mound City." These mounds were mostly demolished during the city's development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, and the Illiniwek.

European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane.

The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country (also known as Upper Louisiana) on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, and Fort de Chartres. Migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River (e.g. Kaskaskia) founded Ste. Genevieve in the 1730s.

In 1721 after leaving Quebec, French traveller Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix reached the area, calling it "the finest confluence in the world".

In early 1764, after France lost the Seven Years' War, Pierre Laclède and his stepson Auguste Chouteau founded what was to become the city of St. Louis.^[14] (French lands east of the Mississippi had been ceded to Great Britain and the lands west of the Mississippi to Spain; France and Spain were 18th-century allies and both were Catholic nations.) The early French families built the city's economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe. French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city.

From 1762 to 1803 European control of the area west of the Mississippi to the northernmost part of the Missouri River basin, called Louisiana, was assumed by the Spanish as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, in the Battle of St. Louis.^[15]

Founding and before 19th century

The founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River. Before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area.

Though they were originally only granted rights to set-up a trading post, Laclede and other members of his expedition quickly set up a settlement. Some historians believe that Laclede's determination to create this settlement was the result of his affair with a married woman Marie-Thérèse Bourgeois Chouteau, and so they wanted to get out of New Orleans.

Laclede on his initial expedition was accompanied by Auguste Chouteau. Some historians still debate which of the two men was the true founder of St. Louis. The reason for this lingering question is that all the documentation of the founding was loaned, and subsequently destroyed in a fire.

For the first few years of St. Louis' existence, the city was not recognized by any of the governments. Though originally thought to be under the control of the Spanish government, no one asserted any authority over the settlement, and thus St. Louis had no local government. This led Laclede to assume a position of civil control, and all problems were disposed in public settings, such as conmunal meetings. In addition, Laclede granted new settlers lots in town and the country, to give something to the new settlers to start off with. In hindsight, many of these original settlers thought of these first few years as "the golden age of St. Louis."

However, by 1765, the city began receiving notifications and visits from representatives and military actives from members of the English, French, and Spanish governments. In addition, the Indians in the local area expressed dissatisfaction to being under the command and control of British forces. One of the great Ottawa chieftain, Pontiac, was angered by the change of power and potential for the British to come into their lands. He desired to fight against them with power and force, but many of the St. Louis inhabitants refused.

Around this time, a man named St. Ange came and helped make St. Louis more of successful city, helping deal with all the diplomatic issues from the various nationalities of the British, French, and Spanish governments, along with the local Indians.

19th century

St. Louis was transferred to the French First Republic in 1800 (although all of the colonial lands continued to be administered by Spanish officials), then sold by the French to the U.S. in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase. St. Louis became the capital of, and gateway to, the new territory. Shortly after the official transfer of authority was made, the Lewis and Clark Expedition was commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson. The expedition departed from St. Louis in May 1804 along the Missouri River to explore the vast territory. There were hopes of finding a water route to the Pacific Ocean, but the party had to go overland in the Upper West. They reached the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia River in summer 1805. They returned, reaching St. Louis on September 23, 1806. Both Lewis and Clark lived in St. Louis after the expedition. Many other explorers, settlers, and trappers (such as Ashley's Hundred) would later take a similar route to the West.

The city elected its first municipal legislators (called trustees) in 1808. Steamboats first arrived in St. Louis in 1818, improving connections with New Orleans and eastern markets. Missouri was admitted as a state in 1821, in which slavery was legal. As the state gained settlers, the first temporary of capital of the state of Missouri was St. Louis then the capitol of Missouri moved to St. Charles, Missouri then moved to the more central location of Jefferson City, Missouri in 1826. St. Louis was incorporated as a city in 1822, and continued to develop largely due to its busy port and trade connections. Slaves worked in many jobs on the waterfront as well as on the riverboats. Given the city's location close to the free state of Illinois and others, some slaves escaped to freedom. Others, especially women with children, sued in court in freedom suits, and several prominent local attorneys aided slaves in these suits. About half the slaves achieved freedom in hundreds of suits before the American Civil War.

Immigrants from Ireland and Germany arrived in St. Louis in significant numbers starting in the 1840s, and the population of St. Louis grew from less than 20,000 in 1840, to 77,860 in 1850, to more than 160,000 by 1860. By the mid-1800s, St. Louis had a greater population than New Orleans.

An illustrated map by F. Graf; Saint Louis in 1896.

South Broadway after a May 27, 1896, tornado

Settled by many Southerners in a slave state, the city was split in political sympathies and became polarized during the American Civil War. In 1861, 28 civilians were killed in a clash with Union troops. The war hurt St. Louis economically, due to the Union blockade of river traffic to the south on the Mississippi River. The St. Louis Arsenal constructed ironclads for the Union Navy.

After the war, St. Louis profited via trade with the West, aided by the 1874 completion of the Eads Bridge, named for its architect. Industrial developments on both banks of the river were linked by the bridge, the first in the mid-west over the Mississippi River. The bridge connects St. Louis, Missouri to East St. Louis, Illinois. The Eads Bridge became an iconic image of the city of St. Louis, from the time of its erection until 1965 when the Gateway Arch Bridge was constructed. The bridge crosses the St. Louis riverfront between Laclede's Landing, to the north, and the grounds of the Gateway Arch, to the south. Today the road deck has been restored, allowing vehicular and pedestrian traffic to cross the river. The St. Louis MetroLink light rail system has used the rail deck since 1993. An estimated 8,500 vehicles pass through it daily.

On August 22, 1876, the city of St. Louis voted to secede from St. Louis County and become an independent city. Industrial production continued to increase during the late 19th century. Major corporations such as the Anheuser-Busch brewery and Ralston-Purina company were established. St. Louis also was home to Desloge Consolidated Lead Company and several brass era automobile companies, including the Success Automobile Manufacturing Company;^[16] St. Louis is the site of the Wainwright Building, an early skyscraper built in 1892 by noted architect Louis Sullivan.

20th century

In 1904, the city hosted the 1904 World's Fair and the 1904 Summer Olympics, becoming the first non-European city to host the Olympics.^[17] Permanent facilities and structures remaining from the fair are Forest Park and associated structures within its boundaries: the St. Louis Art Museum, the St. Louis Zoo and the Missouri History Museum.

In the aftermath of emancipation of slaves following the Civil War, social and racial discrimination in housing and employment were common in St. Louis. Starting in the 1910s, many property deeds included racial or religious restrictive covenants against new immigrants and migrants. In the first half of the 20th century, St. Louis was a destination for many African Americans in the Great Migration from the rural South seeking better opportunities. During World War II, the NAACP campaigned to integrate war factories, and restrictive covenants were prohibited in 1948 by the Shelley v. Kraemer U.S. Supreme Court decision, which case originated as a lawsuit in St. Louis. In 1964 civil rights activists protested at the construction of the Gateway Arch to publicize their effort to gain entry for African Americans into the skilled trade unions, where they were underrepresented. The Department of Justice filed the first suit against the unions under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

De jure educational segregation continued into the 1950s, and de facto segregation continued into the 1970s, leading to a court challenge and interdistrict desegregation agreement. Students have been bussed mostly from the city to county school districts to have opportunities for integrated classes, although the city has created magnet schools to attract students.^[18]

St. Louis, like many Midwestern cities, expanded in the early 20th century due to industrialization, which provided jobs to new generations of immigrants and migrants from the South. It reached its peak population of 856,796 at the 1950 census.^[19] Suburbanization from the 1950s through the 1990s dramatically reduced the city's population, as did restructuring of industry and loss of jobs. The effects of suburbanization were exacerbated by the relatively small geographical size of St. Louis due to its earlier decision to become an independent city, and it lost much of its tax base. During the 19th and 20th century, most major cities aggressively annexed surrounding areas as residential development occurred away from the central city; however, St. Louis was unable to do so.

In the 21st century, the city of St. Louis contains only 11% of its total metropolitan population, while among the top 20 metro areas in the United States, the central cities contain an average of 24% of total metropolitan area population. Although small increases in population have taken place in St. Louis during the early 2000s, overall the city lost population from 2000 to 2010. Immigration has continued, with the city attracting Vietnamese, Latinos from Mexico and Central America, and Bosnians, the latter forming the largest Bosnian community outside of Bosnia.

Several urban renewal projects were built in the 1950s, as the city worked to replace old and substandard housing. Some of these were poorly designed and resulted in problems, of which Pruitt-Igoe became a symbol of failure. It was torn down.

Since the 1980s, several revitalization efforts have focused on downtown St. Louis.

21st century

Urban revitalization continued in the new century. Gentrification has taken place in the Washington Avenue Historic District.^[20] In 2006, St. Louis received the World Leadership Award for urban renewal.^[21] In 2013 the US Census Bureau estimate that St. Louis had a population of 318,416.^[6]

In 2014, St. Louis celebrated its 250th birthday with events throughout the year. These were coordinated by the Missouri History Museum through its nonprofit entity, stl250, with help from the Saint Louis Ambassadors volunteer organization and its U.S. Small Business Institute. Commemorations of the Arch's 50th birthday are planned for 2015.

Geography

Main article: Geography of St. Louis

Topography

Rivers in the St. Louis area.

According to the United States Census Bureau, St. Louis has a total area of 66 square miles (170 km²), of which 62 square miles (160 km²) is land and 4.1 square miles (11 km²) (6.2%) is water.^[22] (Not shown on simple maps of the city, the land at its airport is owned by the city, served by its fire department and others, and is an exclave of St. Louis.) The city is built primarily on bluffs and terraces that rise 100–200 feet above the western banks of the Mississippi River, in the Midwestern United States just south of the Missouri-Mississippi confluence. Much of the area is a fertile and gently rolling prairie that features low hills and broad, shallow valleys. Both the Mississippi River and the Missouri River have cut large valleys with wide flood plains.

Limestone and dolomite of the Mississippian epoch underlie the area, and parts of the city are karst in nature. This is particularly true of the area south of downtown, which has numerous sinkholes and caves. Most of the caves in the city have been sealed, but many springs are visible along the riverfront. Coal, brick clay, and millerite ore were once mined in the city. The predominant surface rock, known as St. Louis limestone, is used as dimension stone and rubble for construction.

Near the southern boundary of the city of St. Louis (separating it from St. Louis County) is the River des Peres, practically the only river or stream within the city limits that is not entirely underground.^[23] Most of River des Peres was confined to a channel or put underground in the 1920s and early 1930s. The lower section of the river was the site of some of the worst flooding of the Great Flood of 1993.

The city's eastern boundary is the Mississippi River, which separates Missouri from Illinois. The Missouri River forms the northern line of St. Louis County, except for a few areas where the river has changed its course. The Meramec River forms most of its southern line.

Cityscape

Westward view of St. Louis skyline, September 2008.

Neighborhoods

Further information: Neighborhoods of St. Louis

The city is divided into 79 government-designated neighborhoods.^[24] The neighborhood divisions have no legal standing, although some neighborhood associations administer grants or hold veto power over historic-district development.

Climate

The Captains' Return statue inundated by the Mississippi River, 2010.

St. Louis lies in the transitional zone between the humid continental climate type and the humid subtropical climate type (Köppen Dfa and Cfa, respectively), with neither large mountains nor large bodies of water to moderate its temperature. The city experiences hot, humid summers and cold winters. It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico. The average annual temperature recorded at nearby Lambert–St. Louis International Airport, is 57.1 °F (13.9 °C). Both 100 and 0 °F (38 and −18 °C) temperatures can be seen on an average 2 or 3 days per year.^[25] Average annual precipitation is about 41.0 inches (1,040 mm),^[25] but annual precipitation has ranged from 20.59 in (523 mm) in 1953 to 61.24 in (1,555 mm) in 2015.^[26] The city has four distinct seasons:

Spring (March through May) is typically the wettest season, with 11.7 in (297 mm) of precipitation, although dry spells lasting one to two weeks are possible during the growing seasons. Spring produces severe weather ranging from tornadoes to winter storms. St. Louis has thunderstorms 48 days a year on average.^[27] Especially in the spring, these storms can often be severe, with high winds, large hail and tornadoes. Lying near the hotbed of the Tornado Alley, St. Louis is one of the metropolitan areas with most frequent tornadoes. The area has an extensive history of damaging tornadoes but they seldom touch down in the city. The average date of the last freeze is April 3.^[26]
Summers are hot and humid; temperatures of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher occur 43 days a year.^[28] The daily average temperature in July is 80.0 °F (26.7 °C). The record high temperature is 115 °F (46 °C) on July 14, 1954.^[29] July 2012 was the hottest month in the 138-year recorded weather temperatures in St. Louis history starting in 1874, with an average daily temperature of 88.1 °F (31.2 °C).^[29] The 25th of that month also tied the all-time record warm daily minimum of 86 °F (30 °C), first set July 24, 1901.^[26]
Fall is mild and sunny, with lower humidity. There can be periods of heavy rainfall, with the first measurable snow usually falling around December 4.^[25] Peak fall foliage occurs in mid-to-late October,^[30] with the average date of the first freeze falling on November 1.^[26] Some late autumns feature a period of warm weather known as Indian summer; in some years roses still bloom as late as early December.
Winters can be brisk, as high temperatures below freezing occur 25 days per year, on average. Each winter regularly has at least one major snowstorm accumulating 4 inches or more. The season can also bring comparable amounts of rain; nonetheless, it is typically the driest season. Winter storm systems, such as Alberta clippers and Panhandle hooks, can yield heavy freezing rain, ice pellets, and snowfall, typically followed by a few days of clear but very cold weather. The daily average temperature in January is 31.8 °F (−0.1 °C). The official record low is −22 °F (−30 °C) on January 5, 1884, although there were unofficial readings of −23 °F (−31 °C) on January 29, 1873;^[29] the record cold daily maximum is −5 °F (−21 °C) on Christmas Eve 1983.^[26] The average amount of winter precipitation is 7.5 in (191 mm). The average seasonal snowfall is 17.7 inches (45 cm), historically ranging from 1.5 in (3.8 cm) in 1953−54 to 67.6 in (172 cm) in 1911−12.^[26]

Climate data for St. Louis, Missouri (Lambert–St. Louis Int'l), 1981−2010 normals, extremes 1874−present^{[lower-alpha 1]}
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	77 (25)	85 (29)	92 (33)	93 (34)	98 (37)	108 (42)	115 (46)	110 (43)	104 (40)	94 (34)	86 (30)	76 (24)	115 (46)
Average high °F (°C)	39.9 (4.4)	45.0 (7.2)	55.9 (13.3)	67.4 (19.7)	76.3 (24.6)	85.1 (29.5)	89.1 (31.7)	87.9 (31.1)	80.2 (26.8)	68.5 (20.3)	55.5 (13.1)	42.5 (5.8)	66.1 (18.9)
Daily mean °F (°C)	31.8 (−0.1)	36.3 (2.4)	46.3 (7.9)	57.3 (14.1)	66.8 (19.3)	75.9 (24.4)	80.0 (26.7)	78.6 (25.9)	70.4 (21.3)	58.7 (14.8)	46.8 (8.2)	34.7 (1.5)	56.97 (13.87)
Average low °F (°C)	23.7 (−4.6)	27.6 (−2.4)	36.6 (2.6)	47.2 (8.4)	57.2 (14)	66.8 (19.3)	71.0 (21.7)	69.4 (20.8)	60.6 (15.9)	49.0 (9.4)	38.1 (3.4)	26.9 (−2.8)	47.8 (8.8)
Record low °F (°C)	−22 (−30)	−18 (−28)	−5 (−21)	20 (−7)	31 (−1)	43 (6)	51 (11)	47 (8)	32 (0)	21 (−6)	1 (−17)	−16 (−27)	−22 (−30)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	2.40 (61)	2.24 (56.9)	3.32 (84.3)	3.69 (93.7)	4.72 (119.9)	4.28 (108.7)	4.11 (104.4)	2.99 (75.9)	3.13 (79.5)	3.33 (84.6)	3.91 (99.3)	2.84 (72.1)	40.96 (1,040.4)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	5.6 (14.2)	4.3 (10.9)	2.3 (5.8)	0.4 (1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.7 (1.8)	4.4 (11.2)	17.7 (45)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	8.9	8.0	10.3	11.3	11.9	10.0	8.9	8.2	7.4	8.7	9.6	9.4	112.6
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	4.7	3.4	1.7	0.3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.7	3.7	14.5
Average relative humidity (%)	73.0	72.0	68.3	63.5	66.5	67.1	68.0	70.0	71.6	68.7	72.2	75.8	69.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours	161.2	158.3	198.3	223.5	266.5	291.9	308.9	269.8	236.1	208.4	140.9	129.9	2,593.7
Percent possible sunshine	53	53	53	56	60	66	68	64	63	60	47	44	58
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)^[32] ^[26]^[33]

Flora and fauna

Tower Grove Park.

Before the founding of the city, the area was mostly prairie and open forest. Native Americans maintained this environment, good for hunting, by burning underbrush. Trees are mainly oak, maple, and hickory, similar to the forests of the nearby Ozarks; common understory trees include eastern redbud, serviceberry, and flowering dogwood. Riparian areas are forested with mainly American sycamore.

Most of the residential areas of the city are planted with large native shade trees. The largest native forest area is found in Forest Park. In autumn, the changing color of the trees is notable. Most species here are typical of the eastern woodland, although numerous decorative non-native species are found. The most notable invasive species is Japanese honeysuckle, which officials are trying to manage because of its damage to native trees. It is removed from some parks.

Large mammals found in the city include urbanized coyotes and white-tailed deer. Eastern gray squirrel, cottontail rabbit, and other rodents are abundant, as well as the nocturnal Virginia opossum. Large bird species are abundant in parks and include Canada goose, mallard duck, as well as shorebirds, including the great egret and great blue heron. Gulls are common along the Mississippi River; these species typically follow barge traffic.

Winter populations of bald eagles are found along the Mississippi River around the Chain of Rocks Bridge. The city is on the Mississippi Flyway, used by migrating birds, and has a large variety of small bird species, common to the eastern US. The Eurasian tree sparrow, an introduced species, is limited in North America to the counties surrounding St. Louis. The city has special sites for birdwatching of migratory species, including Tower Grove Park.

Frogs are commonly found in the springtime, especially after extensive wet periods. Common species include the American toad and species of chorus frogs commonly called spring peepers, which are found in nearly every pond. Some years have outbreaks of cicadas or ladybugs. Mosquitos, no-see-ums, and houseflies are common insect nuisances, especially in July and August; because of this, windows are nearly universally fitted with screens. Invasive populations of honeybees have sharply declined in recent years. Numerous native species of pollinator insects have recovered to fill their ecological niche, and armadillos have been regularly seen throughout the St. Louis area, especially since 2005.^[34]

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1810	1,600		—
1830	4,977		—
1840	16,469		230.9%
1850	77,860		372.8%
1860	160,773		106.5%
1870	310,864		93.4%
1880	350,518		12.8%
1890	451,770		28.9%
1900	575,238		27.3%
1910	687,029		19.4%
1920	772,897		12.5%
1930	821,960		6.3%
1940	816,048		−0.7%
1950	856,796		5.0%
1960	750,026		−12.5%
1970	622,236		−17.0%
1980	452,801		−27.2%
1990	396,685		−12.4%
2000	348,189		−12.2%
2010	319,294		−8.3%
Est. 2015	315,685	^[35]	−1.1%
U.S. Decennial Census^[36] 1790–1960^[37] 1900–1990^[38] 1990–2000^[39] 2010–2015^[6]

Racial composition	2014 (est.)^[40]	2010^[41]	2000^[42]	1990^[43]	1970^[43]	1940^[43]
White	46.6% (est.)	43.9%	43.9%	50.9%	58.7%	86.6%
—Non-Hispanic	43.6% (est.)	42.2%	43.0%^[44]	50.2%	57.9%^[45]	86.4%
Black	47.5% (est.)	49.2%	51.2%	47.5%	40.9%	13.3%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	3.8% (est.)	3.5%	2.0%	1.3%	1.0%^[45]	0.2%
Asian	3.2% (est.)	2.9%	2.0%	0.9%	0.2%	(X)

The racial makeup of St. Louis in 2010. (Each dot represents 25 people: red dots are Caucasian; blue dots, African-American; green, Asian; orange, Hispanics of any race; gray, other.)

St. Louis grew slowly until the American Civil War, when industrialization and immigration sparked a boom. Mid-19th century immigrants included many Irish and Germans; later there were immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. In the early 20th century, African American and white migrants came from the South; the former as part of the Great Migration out of rural areas of the Deep South. Many came from Mississippi and Arkansas.

After years of immigration, migration, and expansion, the city reached its peak population in 1950. That year, the Census Bureau reported St. Louis' population as 82% White and 17.9% African American.^[43] After World War II, St. Louis began losing population to the suburbs, first because of increased demand for new housing, unhappiness with city services, ease of commuting by subsidized highways, and later, white flight.^[46] St. Louis' population decline has resulted in a significant increase of abandoned residential housing units and vacant lots throughout the city proper; this blight has attracted much wildlife (such as deer and coyotes) to the many abandoned overgrown lots.

St. Louis has lost 62.7% of its population since the 1950 United States Census, the highest percent of any city that had a population of 100,000 or more at the time of the 1950 Census. Detroit, Michigan and Youngstown, Ohio are the only other cities that have had population declines of at least 60% in the same time frame. The population of the city of St. Louis has been in decline since the 1960 census; during this period the population of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area, which includes more than one county, has grown every year and continues to do so. A big factor in the decline has been the rapid increase in suburbanization.

According to the 2010 United States Census, St. Louis had 319,294 people living in 142,057 households, of which 67,488 households were families. The population density was 5,158.2 people per square mile (1,990.6/km²). About 24% of the population was 19 or younger, 9% were 20 to 24, 31% were 25 to 44, 25% were 45 to 64, and 11% were 65 or older. The median age was about 34 years.

Saint Louis Demographic, African American by Census Tract.

The population was about 49.2% African American, 43.9% White (42.2% Non-Hispanic White), 2.9% Asian, 0.3% Native American/Alaska Native, and 2.4% reporting two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.5% of the population.^[47]

The African-American population is concentrated in the north side of the city (the area north of Delmar Boulevard is 94.0% black, compared with 35.0% in the central corridor and 26.0% in the south side of St. Louis ^[48]). Among the Asian-American population in the city, the largest ethnic group is Vietnamese (0.9%), followed by Chinese (0.6%) and Asian Indians (0.5%). The Vietnamese community has concentrated in the Dutchtown neighborhood of south St. Louis; Chinese are concentrated in the Central West End.^[49] People of Mexican descent are the largest Latino group, and make up 2.2% of St. Louis' population. They have the highest concentration in the Dutchtown, Benton Park West (Cherokee Street), and Gravois Park neighborhoods.^[47]

In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $29,156, and the median income for a family was $32,585. Males had a median income of $31,106; females, $26,987. Per capita income was $18,108.

Some 19% of the city's housing units were vacant, and slightly less than half of these were vacant structures not for sale or rent.

In 2010, St. Louis' per-capita rates of online charitable donations and volunteerism were among the highest among major U.S. cities.^[50]

As of 2010, 91.05% (270,934) of St. Louis city residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 2.86% (8,516) spoke Spanish, 0.91% (2,713) Bosnian, 0.74% (2,200) Vietnamese, 0.50% (1,495) African languages, 0.50% (1,481) Chinese, and French was spoken as a main language by 0.45% (1,341) of the population over the age of five. In total, 8.95% (26,628) of St. Louis' population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.^[51]

Bosnian population

About 15 families from Bosnia settled in St. Louis in 1960 and 1970. After the Bosnian War started in 1992, more Bosnian refugees began arriving and by 2000, tens of thousands of Bosnian refugees settled in St. Louis with the help of Catholic aid societies. Many of them were professionals and skilled workers who had to take any job opportunity to be able to support their families. Most Bosnians refugees are Muslim, ethnically Bosniaks (87%); they have settled primarily in south St. Louis and South County. Bosnian-Americans are well integrated into the city, developing many businesses and ethnic/cultural organizations.^[52]

An estimated 70,000 Bosnians live in the metro area, the largest population of Bosnians in the United States and the largest Bosnian population outside their homeland. The highest concentration of Bosnians is in the neighborhood of Bevo Mill, and in Affton, Mehlville and Oakville of south St. Louis County.^[53]

Economy

Main article: Economy of St. Louis

Barnes-Jewish Hospital, which is affiliated with the Washington University School of Medicine

The 2014 Gross Metropolitan Product (GMP) of St. Louis was $145.958 billion up from $144.03 in 2013, $138.403 in 2012 and $133.1 in 2011 making it the 21st-highest in the country. The St. Louis Metropolitan Area had a Per capita GDP of $48,738 in 2014 up 1.6% from 2013.^[54] This signals the growth of the St. Louis economy. According to the 2007 Economic Census, manufacturing in the city conducted nearly $11 billion in business, followed by the health care and social service industry with $3.5 billion, professional or technical services with $3.1 billion, and the retail trade with $2.5 billion. The health care sector was the biggest employer in the area with 34,000 workers, followed by administrative and support jobs, 24,000; manufacturing, 21,000, and food service, 20,000.^[55]

Major companies and institutions

As of 2013, the St. Louis Metropolitan Area is home to nine Fortune 500 companies, the third-highest in the Midwestern United States. St. Louis is home to two Fortune 500 companies: Peabody Energy and Ameren. In addition, seven other Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in the MSA: Express Scripts, Emerson Electric, Monsanto, Reinsurance Group of America, Centene, Graybar Electric, and Edward Jones Investments.^[56]

Other notable corporations headquartered in the region include Arch Coal, Scottrade, Wells Fargo Advisors (formerly A.G. Edwards), Energizer Holdings, Patriot Coal, Post Foods, United Van Lines, and Mayflower Transit, Ralcorp, Hardee's, Olin, and Enterprise Holdings (a parent company of several car rental companies). Notable corporations with operations in St. Louis include Cassidy Turley, Kerry Group, MasterCard, TD Ameritrade, and BMO Harris Bank.

Health care and biotechnology institutions with operations in St. Louis include Pfizer, the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, the Solae Company, Sigma-Aldrich, and Multidata Systems International. General Motors manufactures automobiles in Wentzville, while an earlier plant, known as the St. Louis Truck Assembly, built GMC automobiles from 1920 until 1987. Chrysler closed its Saint Louis Assembly production facility in nearby Fenton, Missouri and Ford closed the St. Louis Assembly Plant in Hazelwood.

Several once-independent pillars of the local economy have been purchased by other corporations. Among them are Anheuser-Busch, purchased by Belgium-based InBev; Missouri Pacific Railroad, which was headquartered in St. Louis, merged with the Omaha, Nebraska-based Union Pacific Railroad in 1982;^[57] McDonnell Douglas, whose operations are now part of Boeing Defense, Space & Security;^[58] Mallinckrodt, purchased by Tyco International; and Ralston Purina, now a wholly owned subsidiary of Nestlé.^[59] The May Department Stores Company (which owned Famous-Barr and Marshall Field's stores) was purchased by Federated Department Stores, which has its regional headquarters in the area. The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in downtown is one of two federal reserve banks in Missouri.^[60] Most of the assets of Furniture Brands International were sold to Heritage Home Group in 2013, and while that company remained in the area for a brief time, it has moved to North Carolina.^[61]^[62]

St. Louis is a center of medicine and biotechnology.^[63] The Washington University School of Medicine is affiliated with Barnes-Jewish Hospital, the fifth-largest hospital in the world. Both institutions operate the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center.^[64] The School of Medicine also is affiliated with St. Louis Children's Hospital, one of the country's top pediatric hospitals.^[65] Both hospitals are owned by BJC HealthCare. The McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University played a major role in the Human Genome Project.^[66] St. Louis University Medical School is affiliated with SSM Health's Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital and St. Louis University Hospital. It also has a cancer center, vaccine research center, geriatric center, and a bioethics institute. Several different organizations operate hospitals in the area, including BJC HealthCare, Mercy, SSM Health Care, and Tenet.

Boeing employs nearly 15,000 people in its north St. Louis campus, headquarters to its defense unit. In 2013, the company said it would move about 600 jobs from Seattle, where labor costs have risen, to a new IT center in St. Louis.^[67]^[68] Other companies, such as LaunchCode and LockerDome, see the city's potential to become the next major tech hub.^[69] Programs such as Arch Grants are attracting new startups to the region.^[70]

According to the St. Louis Business Journal, the top employers in the St. Louis metropolitan area as of June 1, 2015, are as follows:^[71]

#	Employer	# of Employees
1	BJC Health Care	24,182
2	Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.	21,721
3	Boeing Defense, Space & Security	15,000
4	Washington University	14,451
5	SSM Health	13,301

According to St. Louis' 2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,^[72]^[73] the top employers in the City only for 2012 are:

#	Employer	# of Employees
1	Washington University	14,705
2	BJC Health Care	13,241
3	St. Louis University	10,096
4	City of St. Louis	8,098
5	Defense Finance and Accounting Service	6,379
6	Wells Fargo	5,653
7	St. Louis Board of Education	4,992
8	State of Missouri	4,240
9	AT&T Services	4,016
10	US Postal Service	3,973

Culture

The Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis

View of the Arch from Laclede's Landing.

Main article: Culture of St. Louis

Architecture

Further information: Architecture of St. Louis, List of tallest buildings in St. Louis and Landmarks of St. Louis

The architecture of St. Louis exhibits a variety of commercial, residential, and monumental architecture. St. Louis is known for the Gateway Arch, the tallest monument constructed in the United States at 630 feet (190 m).^[78] The Arch pays homage to Thomas Jefferson and St. Louis' position as the gateway to the West. Architectural influences reflected in the area include French Colonial, German, early American, and modern architectural styles.

Skyscrapers

Further information: List of tallest buildings in St. Louis

A cluster of skyscrapers is located just west of the Gateway Arch and the Mississippi River.

Some notable post-modern commercial skyscrapers were built downtown in the 1970s and 1980s, including the One US Bank Plaza (1976), the AT&T Center (1986), and One Metropolitan Square (1989), which is the tallest building in St. Louis. One US Bank Plaza, the local headquarters for US Bancorp, was constructed for the Mercantile Bancorporation in the Structural expressionist style, emphasizing the steel structure of the building.

During the 1990s, St. Louis saw the construction of the largest United States courthouse by area, the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse (completed in 2000). The Eagleton Courthouse is home to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. The most recent high-rise buildings in St. Louis include two residential towers: the Park East Tower in the Central West End and the Roberts Tower located in downtown.

Landmarks and monuments

Further information: Landmarks of St. Louis, Missouri

St. Louis Union Station.

Several examples of religious structures are extant from the pre-Civil War period, and most reflect the common residential styles of the time. Among the earliest is the Basilica of St. Louis, King of France (locally referred to as the Old Cathedral). The Basilica was built between 1831 and 1834 in the Federal style. Other religious buildings from the period include SS. Cyril and Methodius Church (1857) in the Romanesque Revival style and Christ Church Cathedral (completed in 1867, designed in 1859) in the Gothic Revival style.

Only a few civic buildings were constructed during the early 19th century. The original St. Louis courthouse was built in 1826 and featured a Federal style stone facade with a rounded portico. However, this courthouse was replaced during renovation and expansion of the building in the 1850s. The Old St. Louis County Courthouse (locally known as the Old Courthouse) was completed in 1864 and was notable for having an early cast iron dome and for being the tallest structure in Missouri until 1894. Finally, a customs house was constructed in the Greek Revival style in 1852, but was demolished and replaced in 1873 by the U.S. Customhouse and Post Office.

Because much of the city's early commercial and industrial development was centered along the riverfront, many pre-Civil War buildings were demolished during construction of the Gateway Arch. The city's remaining architectural heritage of the era includes a multi-block district of cobblestone streets and brick and cast-iron warehouses called Laclede's Landing. Now popular for its restaurants and nightclubs, the district is located north of Gateway Arch along the riverfront. Other industrial buildings from the era include some portions of the Anheuser-Busch Brewery, which date to the early 1860s.

St. Louis City Hall, built in 1904

St. Louis saw a vast expansion in variety and number of religious buildings during the late 19th century and early 20th century. The largest and most ornate of these is the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, designed by Thomas P. Barnett and constructed between 1907 and 1914 in the Neo-Byzantine style. The St. Louis Cathedral, as it is known, has one of the largest mosaic collections in the world. Another landmark in religious architecture of St. Louis is the St. Stanislaus Kostka, which is an example of the Polish Cathedral style. Among the other major designs of the period were St. Alphonsus Liguori (locally known as The Rock Church) (1867) in the Gothic Revival and Second Presbyterian Church of St. Louis (1900) in Richardsonian Romanesque.

The central branch of the St. Louis Public Library, designed by Cass Gilbert (1912)

Early in the 20th century (and during the years before and after the 1904 World's Fair), several churches moved to the Central West End neighborhood, near Forest Park and the fairgrounds. The neighborhood features the Holy Corners Historic District, which is a concentration of several historic religious structures, such as the First Church of Christ, Scientist (1904).

By the 1900 census, St. Louis was the fourth largest city in the country. In 1904, the city hosted a world's fair at Forest Park called the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Its architectural legacy is somewhat scattered. Among the fair-related cultural institutions in the park are the Saint Louis Art Museum designed by Cass Gilbert, part of the remaining lagoon at the foot of Art Hill, and the Flight Cage at the St. Louis Zoo. The Missouri History Museum was built afterward, with the profit from the fair. But 1904 left other assets to the city, like Theodore Link's 1894 St. Louis Union Station, and an improved Forest Park.

Louis Sullivan designed Charlotte Dickson Wainwright's tomb on the north side of Bellefontaine Cemetery, surrounded by a collection of similar tombs for the great old St. Louis families, interesting for their late-Gilded Age artwork.

Shortly after the Civil War, St. Louis rapidly increased its school system and hospital system. One of the earliest structures and the oldest extant hospital building in St. Louis is the St. Louis Insane Asylum (now the Metropolitan St. Louis Psychiatric Center). The asylum is built of brick in the Italianate style, complete with cast iron dome and cupola reminiscent of the Old Courthouse.

As St. Louis expanded, the city hall was moved further west of downtown to its present location in 1904 (construction began in 1892). St. Louis City Hall, still in use, was designed by Harvey Ellis in the Renaissance Revival style, reminiscent of the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) in Paris, France.

Other significant civic buildings from the late 19th century and early 20th century include the U.S. Customhouse and Post Office by Alfred B. Mullett (1873) and the stately St. Louis Public Library by Cass Gilbert (1912). While the Old Post Office has been renovated, the St. Louis Public Library is slated for renovation as of 2010. In 1923 the city passed a $87 million bond issue for re-development of the Civic Plaza along the lines of the City Beautiful movement. This development resulted in some of St. Louis's major civic architecture: the Soldiers' Memorial, the Civil Courts Building, and Kiel Auditorium.

Then into the 1940s and 1950s a certain subgenre of St. Louis modernism emerged, with the locally important architect Harris Armstrong, and a series of daring modern civic landmarks like Gyo Obata's Planetarium, the geodesic-dome Climatron, and the main terminal building at Lambert-St. Louis International Airport. The Poplar Street Bridge, a 647-foot (197 m) long (197m) deck girder bridge, was built in 1967 and continues to carry two Interstates (Interstates 55 and 64) and one U.S. route (U.S. 40) across the Mississippi River (until February 2014 it carried a third Interstate, I-70). St. Louis also was the headquarters for postwar modernist bank designer Wenceslaus Sarmiento, whose major work in St. Louis is the Chancery Building (1965) on the grounds of the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis. The culmination of St. Louis modern architecture is Eero Saarinen's magnificent stainless-steel gesture, the Gateway Arch, centerpiece of the 91-acre (370,000 m²) riverside Jefferson National Expansion Memorial.

A large arch is in the center, across from a river. A clump of tall buildings is scattered behind it.

A panoramic view of the St. Louis skyline, dominated by the 630-foot (190 m) Gateway Arch.

Sports

Major league sports teams in St. Louis
Club	Sport	League	Venue	Titles
St. Louis Blues	Ice hockey	National Hockey League	Scottrade Center	0
St. Louis Cardinals	Baseball	Major League Baseball	Busch Stadium	11

St. Louis is home to Major League Baseball and the National Hockey League, notable collegiate-level soccer teams, and has hosted several collegiate sports tournaments.

Professional sports

Busch Stadium in downtown St. Louis

St. Louis is home to two major league sports teams. The St. Louis Cardinals are one of the most successful franchises in Major League Baseball. They have won 19 National League titles (the most pennants for the league franchise in one city) and 11 World Series titles, most recently in 2011. They play at Busch Stadium. Previously, the St. Louis Browns played in the American League from 1902 to 1953 before moving to Baltimore to become the current incarnation of the Orioles.

The St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League play at the Scottrade Center (formerly the Savvis Center, originally Kiel Center). They were one of the six teams added to the NHL in the 1967 expansion. They have never won a conference championship.

St. Louis has been home to four different National Football League teams. The St. Louis All-Stars played in the city in 1923, the St. Louis Gunners in 1934, the St. Louis Cardinals from 1960 to 1987, and the St. Louis Rams from 1995 to 2015. The Cardinals advanced to the playoffs just three times (1974, 1975 and 1982), never hosting or winning in any appearance. The Cardinals moved to Phoenix in 1988. The St. Louis Rams played at the Edward Jones Dome from 1995 to 2015 and went on to win Super Bowl XXXIV. The Rams returned to Los Angeles in 2016.

The St. Louis Hawks of the NBA played at Kiel Auditorium from 1955 to 1968. They won the NBA Championship in 1958 and made the NBA Finals in 1957 and 1960. In 1969 they became the Atlanta Hawks.

St. Louis also hosts several minor league sports teams. The Gateway Grizzlies and the River City Rascals of the Frontier League (which are not affiliated with Major League Baseball) play in the area. The St. Louis Trotters of the Independent Basketball Association play at Matthews Dickey. Saint Louis FC of the United Soccer League play at World Wide Technology Soccer Park and the River City Raiders play at the Family Arena. The region hosts NHRA drag racing and NASCAR events at the Gateway International Raceway in Madison, Illinois.

Amateur sports

At the collegiate level, St. Louis has hosted the Final Four of both the women's and men's college basketball NCAA Division I championship tournaments, and the Frozen Four collegiate ice hockey tournament. Although the area does not have a National Basketball Association team, it hosts an American Basketball Association team called the St. Louis Phoenix. Saint Louis University has won 10 NCAA Men's Soccer Championships, and the city has hosted the College Cup several times. In addition to collegiate soccer, many St. Louisans have played for the United States men's national soccer team, and 20 St. Louisans have been elected into the National Soccer Hall of Fame. St. Louis also is the origin of the sport of corkball, a type of baseball in which there is no base running. The St. Louis TV market is the largest in the nation without a Division I college football team.

Chess

St. Louis is home to the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis (CCSCSL) where the U.S. Chess Championship is held. St. Louisan Rex Sinquefield founded the CCSCSL and moved the World Chess Hall of Fame to St. Louis in 2011. The Sinquefield Cup Tournament started at St. Louis in 2013. In 2014 the Sinquefield Cup was the highest rated chess tournament of all time. Fabiano Caruana won the 2014 Sinquefield tournament winning seven straight games including a game against the world champion Magnus Carlsen. Caruana and U.S. Chess Champion Hikaru Nakamura live in St. Louis.

Parks

The Jewel Box, a greenhouse and event venue in Forest Park

Main article: Parks in St. Louis

For parks in the region, see Parks in Greater St. Louis.

The city operates more than 100 parks, with amenities that include sports facilities, playgrounds, concert areas, picnic areas, and lakes. Forest Park, located on the western edge of city, is the largest, occupying 1,400 acres of land, making it almost twice as large as Central Park in New York City.^[78] The park is home to five major institutions, including the St. Louis Art Museum, the St. Louis Zoo, the St. Louis Science Center, the Missouri History Museum, and the Muny amphitheatre.^[78] Another significant park in the city is the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, a National Memorial located on the riverfront in downtown St. Louis. The centerpiece of the park is the 630 feet (190 m) tall Gateway Arch, designed by noted architect Eero Saarinen and completed on October 28, 1965. Also part of the historic park is the Old Courthouse, where the first two trials of Dred Scott v. Sandford were held in 1847 and 1850.

Other notable parks in the city include the Missouri Botanical Garden, Tower Grove Park, Carondelet Park and Citygarden. The Missouri Botanical Garden, a private garden and botanical research facility, is a National Historic Landmark and one of the oldest botanical gardens in the United States.^[78] The Garden features 79 acres of horticultural displays from around the world. This includes a Japanese strolling garden, Henry Shaw's original 1850 estate home and a geodesic dome called the Climatron.^[78] Immediately south of the Missouri Botanical Garden is Tower Grove Park, a gift to the City by Henry Shaw. Citygarden is an urban sculpture park located in downtown St. Louis, with art from Fernand Léger, Aristide Maillol, Julian Opie, Tom Otterness, Niki de Saint Phalle, and Mark di Suvero.^[79]^[80] The park is divided into three sections, each of which represent a different theme: river bluffs; flood plains; and urban gardens. The park also has a restaurant – Death in the Afternoon. Another downtown sculpture park is the Serra Sculpture Park, with the 1982 Richard Serra sculpture Twain.^[81]

Government

St. Louis Mayor Francis Slay in 2009

The city of St. Louis has a mayor-council government with legislative authority vested in the Board of Aldermen of the City of St. Louis and with executive authority in the Mayor of St. Louis and six other separately elected officials.^[82] The Board of Aldermen is made up of 28 members (one elected from each of the city's wards) plus a board president who is elected city-wide.^[83] The 2014 fiscal year budget topped $1 billion for the first time, a 1.9% increase over the $985.2 million budget in 2013.^[84] 238,253 registered voters lived in the city in 2012,^[85] down from 239,247 in 2010, and 257,442 in 2008.^[86]

The structure of the management and coordination of city services is:^[87]

City Department	Director
City Mayor	Francis Slay
City Public Administrator	Gerard A. Nester
Comptroller	Darlene Green
Health Commissioner	Melba R. Moore, MS, CPHA
Street Commissioner	Stephen J. Runde, P.E.
Director of Parks, Recreation, and Forestry Services	Greg Hayes
Director of Planning & Economic Development	Betsy Bradley, Ph.D.
Board of Aldermen of the City of St. Louis President	Lewis E. Reed
Public Safety Director	Richard Gray
St Louis Fire Dept-Fire Commissioner	Dennis Jenkerson
St Louis Police Dept-Police Commissioner	Sam Dotson
Director of Port Development	Susan Taylor
Director of Lambert-St. Louis International Airport	Rhonda Hamm-Niebruegge

Local and regional government

Municipal elections in St. Louis are held in odd numbered years, with the primary elections in March and the general election in April. The mayor is elected in odd numbered years following the United States Presidential Election, as are the aldermen representing odd-numbered wards. The President of the Board of Aldermen and the aldermen from even-numbered wards are elected in the off-years. The Democratic Party has dominated St. Louis city politics for decades. The city has not had a Republican mayor since 1949 and the last time a Republican was elected to another city-wide office was in the 1970s. As of 2006, 27 of the city's 28 Aldermen are Democrats. Forty-five individuals have held the office of mayor of St. Louis, four of whom—William Carr Lane, John Fletcher Darby, John Wimer, and John How—served non-consecutive terms. The most terms served by a mayor was by Lane who served 8 full terms plus the unexpired term of Darby. The current mayor is Francis G. Slay, who took office April 17, 2001, and who won a fourth four-year term on March 5, 2013. As of April 27, 2013, he is the longest-serving mayor of St. Louis. The second-longest serving mayor was Henry Kiel, who took office April 15, 1913 and left office April 21, 1925, a total of 12 years and 9 days over three terms in office. Two others—Raymond Tucker, and Vincent C. Schoemehl—also served three terms as mayor, but served seven fewer days. The shortest serving mayor was Arthur Barret who died 11 days after taking office.

Although St. Louis separated from St. Louis County in 1876, some mechanisms have been put in place for joint funding management and funding of regional assets. The St. Louis Zoo-Museum district collects property taxes from residents of both St. Louis City and County and the funds are used to support cultural institutions including the St. Louis Zoo, St. Louis Art Museum and the Missouri Botanical Gardens. Similarly, the Metropolitan Sewer District provides sanitary and storm sewer service to the city and much of St. Louis County. The Bi-State Development Agency (now known as Metro) runs the region's MetroLink light rail system and bus system.

State and federal government

**Past Presidential Elections Results**
Year	Republican	Democratic	Third Parties
2012	15.98% 22,943	82.71% 118,780	1.31% 1,884
2008	15.52% 24,662	83.68% 132,925	0.80% 1,271
2004	19.22% 27,793	80.29% 116,133	0.49% 712
2000	19.88% 24,799	77.40% 96,557	2.72% 3,396
1996	18.13% 22,121	74.78% 91,233	7.09% 8,649

St. Louis is split between 11 districts in the Missouri House of Representatives: all of the 76th, 77th, 78th, 79th, 80th, 81st, 82nd, and 84th, and parts of the 66th, 83rd, and 93rd, which are shared with St. Louis County.^[88] The 5th Missouri Senate district is entirely within the city, while the 4th is shared with St. Louis County.^[88]

At the federal level, St. Louis is the heart of Missouri's 1st congressional district, which also includes part of northern St. Louis County.^[88] A Republican has not represented a significant portion of St. Louis in the U.S. House since 1953.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri are based in the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse in downtown St. Louis. St. Louis is also home to a Federal Reserve System branch, the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) also maintains major facilities in the St. Louis area.^[89]

The Military Personnel Records Center (NPRC-MPR) located at 9700 Page Avenue in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, is a branch of the National Personnel Records Center and is the repository of over 56 million military personnel records and medical records pertaining to retired, discharged, and deceased veterans of the U.S. armed forces.^[90]

Crime

Main article: Crime in St. Louis

St. Louis has the highest murder rate in the USA, with 59.23 homicides per 100,000 (2015), making it number 15 on the list of most dangerous cities in the world. St. Louis index crime rates have declined every year since 1995; since 2005, violent crime has declined by 20%, although rates of violent crime and property crime in the city remain about 2% higher than the state and 2.3% above the United States national average.^[91]

Education

St. Louis University High School was founded in 1818. Their current building pictured here was built in 1924.

Main article: Education in St. Louis

For education in the region, see Education in Greater St. Louis.

The St. Louis Public Schools (SLPS) operate more than 75 schools, attended by more than 25,000 students, including several magnet schools. SLPS operates under provisional accreditation from the state of Missouri and is under the governance of a state-appointed school board called the Special Administrative Board, although a local board continues to exist without legal authority over the district. Since 2000, charter schools have operated in the city of St. Louis using authorization from Missouri state law. These schools are sponsored by local institutions or corporations and take in students from kindergarten through high school.^[92] In addition, several private schools exist in the city, and the Archdiocese of St. Louis operates dozens of parochial schools in the city, including parochial high schools. The city also has several private high schools, including secular, Catholic and Lutheran schools.

The city is home to two national research universities, Washington University in St. Louis and Saint Louis University, as classified under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has been ranked among the top 10 medical schools in the country by US News & World Report for as long as the list has been published, and as high as second, in 2003 and 2004.^[78]

In addition to Catholic theological institutions such as Kenrick-Glennon Seminary, St. Louis is home to three Protestant seminaries: Eden Theological Seminary of the United Church of Christ, Covenant Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church in America, and Concordia Seminary of the St. Louis-based Lutheran Church Missouri Synod.

Media

Main article: Media in St. Louis

FOX 2 Sports Director Martin Kilcoyne at Busch Stadium in St. Louis

Greater St. Louis commands the 19th-largest media market in the United States, a position roughly unchanged for over a decade.^[93] All of the major U.S. television networks have affiliates in St. Louis, including KTVI 2 (Fox), KMOV 4 (CBS), KSDK 5 (NBC), KETC 9 (PBS), KPLR-TV 11 (CW), KDNL 30 (ABC), WRBU 46 (Ion), and WPXS 51 Daystar Television Network. Among the area's most popular radio stations are KMOX (AM sports and talk, notable as the longtime flagship station for St. Louis Cardinals broadcasts), KLOU (FM oldies), WIL-FM (FM country), WARH (FM adult hits), and KSLZ (FM Top 40 mainstream).^[94] St. Louis also supports public radio's KWMU, an NPR affiliate, and community radio's KDHX. All-sports stations, such as KFNS 590 AM "The Fan", WXOS "101.1 ESPN", and KSLG are also popular.

The St. Louis Post-Dispatch is the region's major daily newspaper. Others in the region include the Suburban Journals, which serve parts of St. Louis County, while the primary alternative newspaper is the Riverfront Times. Three weeklies serve the African-American community: the St. Louis Argus, the St. Louis American, and the St. Louis Sentinel. St. Louis Magazine, a local monthly magazine, covers topics such as local history, cuisine, and lifestyles, while the weekly St. Louis Business Journal provides coverage of regional business news. St. Louis was served by an online newspaper, the St. Louis Beacon, but that publication merged with KWMU in 2013.^[95]

There have also been countless number of books and movies been written about St. Louis. A few of the most influential and prominent are: Meet me in St. Louis (movie), American flyers (movie),^[96] "The Killing Dance" (novel), "Meet me in St. Louis"(novel), "The Runaway Soul" (novel), "The Rose of Old St. Louis (novel) and "Circus of the Damned"(novel). Additionally, as St. Louis was a prime location for immigrants to move to, many of the early social work depicting what an immigrant's life was like was based off of St. Louis, such as seen in The Immigrant of St. Louis.

Transportation

This article is about transportation in the city of St. Louis, Missouri. For transportation in the region, see Transportation in Greater St. Louis.

Interstate 44 in downtown St. Louis

Road, rail, ship, and air transportation modes connect the city with surrounding communities in Greater St. Louis, national transportation networks, and international locations. St. Louis also supports a public transportation network that includes bus and light rail service.

Roads and highways

Four interstate highways connect the city to a larger regional highway system. Interstate 70, an east-west highway, runs roughly from the northwest corner of the city to downtown St. Louis. The north-south Interstate 55 enters the city at the south near the Carondelet neighborhood and runs toward the center of the city, and both Interstate 64 and Interstate 44 enter the city on the west, running parallel to the east. Two of the four interstates (Interstates 55 and 64) merge south of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial and leave the city on the Poplar Street Bridge into Illinois, while Interstate 44 terminates at Interstate 70 at its new interchange near N Broadway and Cass Ave.

The 563-mile Avenue of the Saints links St. Louis with St. Paul, Minnesota.

Major roadways include the north-south Memorial Drive, located on the western edge of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial and parallel to Interstate 70, the north-south streets of Grand Boulevard and Jefferson Avenue, both of which run the length of the city, and Gravois Road, which runs from the southeastern portion of the city to downtown and used to be signed as U.S. Route 66. An east-west roadway that connects the city with surrounding communities is Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive, which carries traffic from the western edge of the city to downtown.

Light rail and subway

Main article: MetroLink

St. Louis MetroLink train leaving St. Louis Union Station

Light rail service consists of two lines operating on double track. They both serve all the stations in the city, and branch to different destinations beyond its limits. Both lines enter the city north of Forest Park on the western edge of the city or on the Eads Bridge in downtown St. Louis to Illinois. All of the system track is in independent right of way, with both surface level and underground subways track in the city. All stations are independent entry, while all platforms are flush-level with trains. Rail service is provided by the Bi-State Development Agency (also known as Metro), which is funded by a sales taxes levied in the city and other counties in the region.^[97] The Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center acts as the hub station in the city of St. Louis, linking the city's light rail system, local bus system, passenger rail service, and national bus service.

Airports

Control tower and main terminal at Lambert St. Louis

Lambert St. Louis International Airport, owned and operated by the City of St. Louis, is 11 miles northwest of downtown along highway I-70 between I-170 and I-270 in St. Louis County. It is the largest and busiest airport in the state. In 2011, the airport saw 255 daily departures to about 90 domestic and international locations and a total of nearly 13 million passengers.^[98] The airport serves as a focus city for Southwest Airlines and was a former hub for Trans World Airlines and former focus-city for American Airlines and AmericanConnection.^[98] Air cargo transportation is available at Lambert International and at other nearby regional airports, including MidAmerica St. Louis Airport, Spirit of St. Louis Airport, and St. Louis Downtown Airport.

The airport has two terminals with a total of five concourses. International flights and passengers use Terminal 2, whose lower level holds the Immigration and Customs gates. Passengers can move between the terminals on complimentary buses that run continuously, or via MetroLink for a fee. It was possible to walk between the terminals until Concourse D was closed in 2008.^[99]

Port authority

River transportation is available through the Port of St. Louis, which is 19.3 miles of riverbank on the Mississippi River that handles more than 32 million tons of freight annually. The Port is the 2nd largest inland port by trip-ton miles, and the 3rd largest by tonnage in the United States, with more than one hundred docking facilities for barge shipping and 16 public terminals on the river.^[100] The Port Authority added 2 new small fire and rescue craft in 2012 and 2013.

Railroad service

An eastbound Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis freight train passing under the Hampton Avenue viaduct. Scott Nauert photo

Inter-city rail passenger train service in the city is provided by Amtrak. All Amtrak trains serving St. Louis use the Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center downtown. Amtrak trains terminating in the city include the Lincoln Service to Chicago and the Missouri River Runner to Kansas City, Missouri. St. Louis is an intermediate stop on the Texas Eagle route which provides long-distance passenger service between San Antonio, Texas, and Chicago.^[101]

St. Louis is the nation's third-largest freight rail hub, moving Missouri exports such as fertilizer, gravel, crushed stone, prepared foodstuffs, fats, oils, nonmetallic mineral products, grain, alcohol, tobacco products, automobiles, and automobile parts.^[102] Freight rail service in St. Louis is provided on tracks owned by Union Pacific Railroad, Norfolk Southern Railway, Foster Townsend Rail Logistics – formerly Manufacturers Railway (St. Louis), Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, Affton Trucking,^[103] and the BNSF Railway.

The Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis (reporting mark: TRRA) is a switching and terminal railroad jointly owned by all the major rail carriers in St. Louis. The company operates 30 diesel-electric locomotives to move railcars around the classification yards, deliver railcars to local industries, and ready trains for departure.^[104] The TRRA processes and dispatches a significant portion of railroad traffic moving through the city and owns and operates a network of rail bridges and tunnels including the MacArthur Bridge (St. Louis) and the Merchants Bridge.^[105] This infrastructure is also used by inter-city rail and long-distance passenger trains serving St. Louis.

Primary train classification yards in St. Louis, their approximate location in the city, and the main rail lines or major customers served:

Union Pacific Railroad:

Modern Union Pacific EMD SD70ACe locomotive 1982, painted in Missouri Pacific Railroad livery. Missouri Pacific was headquartered in St. Louis until 1982, when it merged with Omaha, Nebraska-based Union Pacific.

Lesperance Yard – Carroll Street & South 1st St., Desoto Subdivision (St. Louis – Poplar Bluff, Missouri) and Jefferson City Subdivision (St. Louis – Jefferson City, Missouri)
12th Street Yard – South 14th St. between I-64 & Gratiot St., Desoto Subdivision and Jefferson City Subdivision

Norfolk Southern Railway:

Luther Yard – E. 3rd St. & E. Carrie Ave., St. Louis District (St. Louis – Moberly, Missouri)^[106]

Foster Townsend Rail Logistics – formerly Manufacturers Railway (St. Louis)

Brewery Yard – S. 2nd St. & Arsenal St., Anheuser-Busch Brewery^[107]

Affton Trucking:

Railroad freight depot and yard facility – Gimblin Rd. & Hall St.^[103]

BNSF Railway:^[108]

Lindenwood Yard – Jamieson Ave. & Arsenal St., Cuba Subdivision (St. Louis – Springfield, Missouri), River Subdivision (St. Louis – Turrell, Arkansas), and Hannibal Subdivision (St. Louis – Burlington, Iowa)
Chouteau Yard – S. Vandeventer Ave & Tower Grove Ave., local industry and interchange with Union Pacific Railroad
North St. Louis Yard – Hall St. & Humboldt Ave., Hannibal Subdivision (St. Louis – Burlington, Iowa) and local industry

Bus service

Main article: MetroBus

Bus passing under the St. Louis Science Center walkway

Local bus service in the city of St. Louis is provided by the Bi-State Development Agency via MetroBus, with more than 75 routes connecting to MetroLink commuter rail transit and stops in the city and region. The city is also served by Madison County Transit, which connects downtown St. Louis to Madison County, Illinois. National bus service in the city is offered by Greyhound Lines and Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach, with a station at the Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center, and Megabus, with a stop at St. Louis Union Station.

Taxi

Taxicab service in the city is provided by private companies regulated by the Metropolitan Taxicab Commission. Rates vary by vehicle type, size, passengers and distance, and by regulation all taxicab fares must be calculated using a taximeter and be payable in cash or credit card.^[109] Solicitation by a driver is prohibited, although a taxicab may be hailed on the street or at a stand.

Notable residents

Further information: List of people from St. Louis

Sister cities

During the early 21st century, St. Louis has 16 sister cities.^[110]

Bologna, Italy
Bogor, Indonesia
Brčko, Brčko District, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Donegal, County Donegal, Ireland
Galway, County Galway, Ireland
Lyon, France
Nanjing, China
Saint-Louis, Senegal
São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
Samara, Russia
San Luis Potosí, Mexico
Stuttgart, Germany^[111]
Suwa, Japan
Szczecin, Poland^[112]
Wuhan, China
Yokneam, Israel

With informal relations with Tuguegarao, Philippines.

Notes

↑ Official records for St. Louis were kept at the Weather Bureau Office from January 1874 to December 1892, Eads Bridge from January 1893 to December 1929, and at Lambert–St. Louis Int'l since January 1930.^[31]

References

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↑ "MCDC Demographic Profile".
1 2 From 15% sample
↑ Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). "Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States: 1790 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 12, 2007.
1 2 "Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin: 2010". United States Census.
↑ http://dynamic.stlouis-mo.gov/census/corridor.cfm Missing or empty |title= (help)
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↑ Druart, T. (February 2010). "Convio ranks most generous online cities". convio. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
↑ "St. Louis (city) County, Missouri". Modern Language Association. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
↑ Bosnian Community in St. Louis
↑ Gilsinan, Kathy. "Why Are There So Many Bosnians in St. Louis?". The Atlantic Cities. Atlantic Media Company. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
↑ "U.S. Cities With Bigger Economies Than Entire Countries". The Wall Street Journal. July 20, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
↑ 2007 Economic Census.
↑ "Fortune 500 List". Fortune. 2013.
↑ http://www.up.com/aboutup/special_trains/heritage/mopac/index.htm
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↑ "Ratings and Rankings – Area Companies". Stlrcga.org. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
↑ "About Us | The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis". St. Louis Fed. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
↑ Kirn, Jacob; Acieri, Katie (April 30, 2014). "Triad bound? Heritage Home moving HQ to North Carolina". Triad Business Journal. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
↑ Arcieri, Katie (May 19, 2015). "Heritage Home Group names interim CEO". Triad Business Journal. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
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↑ "Siteman Cancer Center, About Us". Siteman Cancer Center. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
↑ "Ratings and Rankings". RCGA St. Louis. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
↑ Home – The Genome Institute at Washington University. Genome.wustl.edu. Retrieved on August 16, 2013.
↑ "Boeing to shed 1,500 IT jobs here over next three years". The Seattle Times. May 10, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
↑ "Boeing's shift to St. Louis reflects broader shifts in local economy". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. May 13, 2013.
↑ http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2014/01/launch_code_program_apprentice_terrence_bowen.php
↑ http://www.techcrunch.com/2012/02/21/arch-grants/
↑ "St. Louis' Largest Employers". St. Louis Business Journal. July 17, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
↑ "Current Year Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR)". City of St. Louis (Comptroller's Office). January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
↑ "City of St. Louis CAFR (FY June 30, 2013)" (PDF). City of St. Louis. December 27, 2013. p. 201. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
↑ http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=studies.metro.main
↑ "25 Things to Do in St. Louis". Retrieved February 17, 2012.
↑ The station was sold by the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod for $18 million, funded in part through a donation by then-St. Louis Cardinals star Albert Pujols, and converted to contemporary Christian music.Deidre Pujols sounds off on Christian radio, STLtoday.com, December 12, 2011
↑ http://www.teddrewes.com/home/default.aspx
1 2 3 4 5 6 Saldivar, Marcos. "26 Reasons St. Louis Is America's Hidden Gem". Huffington Post.
↑ Tim Bryant, "Citygarden an immediate hit with visitors." St. Louis Post-Dispatch. July 1, 2009.
↑ David Bonetti, "Spectacular Citygarden is opening on schedule in St. Louis", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 28, 2009.
↑ Archived February 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ "City of St. Louis Elected Officials". Stlouis-mo.gov. July 8, 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
↑ Guide to the Board of Aldermen, StLouis-mo.gov
↑ "City's budget tops $1 billion for first time". Business Journal. July 1, 2014.
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↑ http://www.stlouis-mo.gov/services/
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↑ accessdate=October 31, 2012
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↑ https://www.stlbeacon.org/#!/coverpage
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1 2 http://www.flystl.com
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External links

Official website
Built St. Louis
St. Louis Convention & Visitors Bureau
St. Louis Regional Chamber and Growth Association
City-data.com – St. Louis
Washington University – About St. Louis
The City of St. Louis, Missouri
Historic maps of St. Louis in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri

St. Louis County

Madison County, Illinois

St. Louis County

Mississippi River

St. Louis

St. Louis County

St. Clair County, Illinois

City of St. Louis

Greater St. Louis Missouri United States of America

Architecture Culture Crime Economy Education Fire Flag Geography History Timeline Hospitals Landmarks Neighborhoods Parks People Police Skyscrapers Sports Transportation Wards

Category

Greater St. Louis

Illinois Missouri United States of America

Topics	Culture Crime Economy Education History Parks Transportation

Central city	St. Louis

Largest cities (over 50,000 in 2010)	Florissant O'Fallon, Missouri St. Charles St. Peters

Medium-sized cities (over 20,000 in 2010)	Affton CDP Alton Arnold Ballwin Belleville Chesterfield Collinsville East St. Louis Edwardsville Ferguson Granite City Hazelwood Kirkwood Maryland Heights Mehlville CDP Oakville CDP O'Fallon, Illinois Spanish Lake CDP University City Webster Groves Wentzville Wildwood

Largest towns and villages (over 10,000 in 2010)	Bellefontaine Neighbors Bridgeton Cahokia Clayton Concord CDP Crestwood Creve Coeur Dardenne Prairie Fairview Heights Farmington Festus Glen Carbon Godfrey Jennings Lake St. Louis Lemay CDP Manchester Overland Old Jamestown CDP St. Ann Shiloh Swansea Town and Country Troy, Missouri Union Washington Wood River

Missouri Counties	Franklin Jefferson Lincoln St. Charles St. Francois St. Louis City St. Louis County Warren Washington

Illinois Counties	Bond Calhoun Clinton Jersey Macoupin Madison Monroe St. Clair

Subregions	Metro East Westplex

Neighborhoods of St. Louis, Missouri

State of Missouri

Jefferson City (capital)

Topics	Government Delegations Geography Transportation History People Battles Visitor attractions

Society	Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics

Regions	Boonslick Bootheel Crowley's Ridge Dissected Till Plains Four State Area Henry Shaw Ozark Corridor Honey Lands Lead Belt Lincoln Hills Little Dixie Loess Hills Mid-Missouri Mississippi Embayment Missouri Rhineland Northern Plains Osage Plains Ozark Plateau Platte Purchase Pony Express St. Francois Mountains Westplex

Metro areas	Columbia Jefferson City Joplin Kansas City Springfield St. Joseph St. Louis

Largest cities	Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Independence Columbia Lee's Summit O'Fallon St. Joseph St. Charles St. Peters Blue Springs Florissant Joplin Chesterfield Jefferson City Cape Girardeau Wildwood University City Ballwin Raytown Liberty Wentzville Kirkwood Maryland Heights Hazelwood

Counties and independent cities	Adair Andrew Atchison Audrain Barry Barton Bates Benton Bollinger Boone Buchanan Butler Caldwell Callaway Camden Cape Girardeau Carroll Carter Cass Cedar Chariton Christian Clark Clay Clinton Cole Cooper Crawford Dade Dallas Daviess DeKalb Dent Douglas Dunklin Franklin Gasconade Gentry Greene Grundy Harrison Henry Hickory Holt Howard Howell Iron Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Knox Laclede Lafayette Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Linn Livingston Macon Madison Maries Marion McDonald Mercer Miller Mississippi Moniteau Monroe Montgomery Morgan New Madrid Newton Nodaway Oregon Osage Ozark Pemiscot Perry Pettis Phelps Pike Platte Polk Pulaski Putnam Ralls Randolph Ray Reynolds Ripley St. Charles St. Clair St. Francois St. Louis (City) St. Louis (County) Ste. Genevieve Saline Schuyler Scotland Scott Shannon Shelby Stoddard Stone Sullivan Taney Texas Vernon Warren Washington Wayne Webster Worth Wright

Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Missouri

State capital: John Landwehr (Jefferson City)

Sly James (Kansas City) Francis G. Slay (St. Louis) Jim O'Neal (Springfield) Eileen Weir (Independence) Bob McDavid (Columbia)

Other states AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY

Summer Olympic Games host cities

1896: Athens
1900: Paris
1904: St. Louis
1908: London
1912: Stockholm
1916: none^[c1]
1920: Antwerp
1924: Paris

1928: Amsterdam
1932: Los Angeles
1936: Berlin
1940: none^[c2]
1944: none^[c2]
1948: London
1952: Helsinki
1956: Melbourne

1960: Rome
1964: Tokyo
1968: Mexico City
1972: Munich
1976: Montreal
1980: Moscow
1984: Los Angeles
1988: Seoul

^[c1] Cancelled due to World War I; ^[c2] Cancelled due to World War II

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 265566391 LCCN: n79041725 GND: 4118223-6 BNF: cb12175425q (data)

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St. Louis

History

Founding and before 19th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

Geography

Topography

Cityscape

Neighborhoods

Climate

Flora and fauna

Demographics

Bosnian population

Economy

Major companies and institutions

Culture

Architecture

Skyscrapers

Landmarks and monuments

Sports

Professional sports

Amateur sports

Chess

Parks

Government

Local and regional government

State and federal government

Crime

Education

Media

Transportation

Roads and highways

Light rail and subway

Airports

Port authority

Railroad service

Bus service

Taxi

Notable residents

Sister cities

See also

Notes

References

External links