White Americans

White Americans

World map with the six major US census racial definitions: White, Black, Pacific, Indian (Native), Asian and Hispanic, defined based on where this racial group is considered to be indigineous by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). In the case of Hispanic/Latino, Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula are marked instead.
Total population
Total population (2010 census)[1] 223,553,265 72.4% of total U.S. population, 2010[1] Non-Hispanic whites 196,817,552 63.7% of total U.S. population, 2010[1] White Hispanics 26,735,713[1] 8.7% of total U.S. population, 2010[1][1]
Regions with significant populations
All areas of the United States
Languages
Major: English, Spanish Others: Albanian  · Arabic  · American Sign Language  · Neo-Aramaic  · Armenian  · Azerbaijani  · Belarusian  · Czech  · Danish  · Dutch  · Finnish  · French  · German  · Greek  · Hebrew  · Hungarian  · Italian  · Kurdish  · Lithuanian  · Ladino  · Norwegian  · Pashto  · Persian  · Polish  · Portuguese  · Romanian  · Russian  · Slovak  · South Slavic  · Swedish  · Tamazight  · Turkish  · Ukrainian  · Yiddish  · other languages
Religion
Predominantly Christian (Protestantism; Roman Catholic is the largest single denomination; Significantly: Orthodoxy), agnosticism, atheism, Mormonism, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism
Related ethnic groups
Europeans, Middle Eastern Americans, White Latin Americans, White Canadians, White Australians, European diasporas from other parts of the world

White Americans are people of the United States who are considered or reported as White. The United States Census Bureau defines White people as those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who indicated their race(s) as "White" or reported entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan, or Caucasian"^[2] and so is a wider group than European American. Like all official U.S. racial categories, "White" has a "Not Hispanic or Latino" and a "Hispanic or Latino" component,^[3] the latter consisting mostly of White Mexican Americans and White Cuban Americans. The term "Caucasian" is often used interchangeably with "White", although the terms are not synonymous.^{[4][5][6][7][8][9]}

The largest ancestries of American Whites are: German Americans (16.5%), Irish Americans (11.9%), English Americans (9.2%), Italian Americans (5.5%), Mexican Americans (5.4%), French Americans (4%), Polish Americans (3%), Scottish Americans (1.9%), Dutch Americans (1.6%), Norwegian Americans (1.5%) and Swedish Americans (1.4%).^[10][11] However, the English-Americans and British-Americans demography is considered a serious under-count as the stock tend to self-report and identify as simply 'Americans' due to the length of time they have inhabited America.^{[12][13][14][15]}

Whites (including Hispanics who identified as White) constitute the majority, with a total of about 246,660,710, or 77.35% of the population as of 2014. Non-Hispanic Whites totaled about 197,870,516, or 62.06% of the U.S. population.

Historical and present definitions

Definitions of who is "White" have changed throughout the history of the United States.

Current U.S. Census definition

The term "White American" can encompass many different ethnic groups. Although the United States Census purports to reflect a social definition of race, the social dimensions of race are more complex than Census criteria. The 2000 U.S. census states that racial categories "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria."^[16]

The Census question on race lists the categories White or European American, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Asian, plus "Some other race", with the respondent having the ability to mark more than one racial and\or ethnic category. The Census Bureau defines White people as follows:

"White" refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa. It includes people who indicated their race(s) as "White" or reported entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan or Caucasian.^[2]

In U.S. census documents, the designation White overlaps, as do all other official racial categories, with the term Hispanic or Latino, which was introduced in the 1980 census as a category of ethnicity, separate and independent of race.^[17][18] Hispanic and Latino Americans as a whole make up a racially diverse group and as a whole are the largest minority in the country.^[19][20]

The countries from which White Americans claim their ancestry.

In cases where individuals do not self-identify, the U.S. census parameters for race give each national origin a racial value.

Additionally, people who reported Muslim (or a sect of Islam such as Shi'ite or Sunni), Jewish, Zoroastrian, or Caucasian as their "race" in the "Some other race" section, without noting a country of origin, are automatically tallied as White.^[21] The US Census considers the write-in response of "Caucasian" or "Aryan" to be a synonym for White in their ancestry code listing.^[22]

Social definition

President Abraham Lincoln was descended from Samuel Lincoln, and was of English and Welsh ancestry.

Actress Raquel Welch of Spanish (via Bolivia) and English ancestry back to the Mayflower.^[23]

In the contemporary United States, essentially anyone of European descent is considered white. However, many of the ethnic groups classified as white by the U.S. Census, such as Jewish-Americans, Romani Americans, Arab-Americans, and Hispanics may not identify as, and may not be perceived to be, white.^{[24][25][26][27][28]}

The definition of white has changed significantly over the course of American history. Even among Europeans those not considered white at some point in American history include Southern Europeans (Italian, Spaniard, Greek, Portuguese, etc.), Irish people and Central Europeans (Germans, Poles) and Eastern Europeans (Russians) but mostly notably Polish people due to the Partitions of Poland.^[29][30]

Early on in the United States, white generally referred to those of British ancestry or northern (Nordic) and northwestern (British and French) European descent.^[31]

David R. Roediger argues that the construction of the white race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves.^[32] The process of officially being defined as white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship.^[33]

Critical race theory definition

Critical race theory takes, as one of its founding influences, the nonfiction essays of James Baldwin, who argued that Whiteness was a fictional category, a construct without reference to any culture at all except for the purposes of domination and genocide. Scholars such as David Roediger, Paul Gilroy, and others have based some of their work on this notion.

As whites, especially White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, or WASPs, are the dominant racial and cultural group, according to sociologist Steven Seidman, writing from a critical theory perspective, "White culture constitutes the general cultural mainstream, causing non-White culture to be seen as deviant, in either a positive or negative manner. Moreover, Whites tend to be disproportionately represented in powerful positions, controlling almost all political, economic, and cultural institutions."

Yet, according to Seidman, Whites are most commonly unaware of their privilege and the manner in which their culture has always been dominant in the US, as they do not identify as members of a specific racial group but rather incorrectly perceive their views and culture as "raceless", when in fact it is ethno-national (ethnic/cultural) specific, with a racial base component.^[34]

Demographic information

White Americans 1790–2010[35][36]
Year	Population	% of the U.S	Year	Population	% of the U.S
1790	3,172,006	80.7	1910	81,731,957	88.9
1800	4,306,446	81.1	1920	94,820,915	89.7
1810	5,862,073	81.0	1930	110,286,740	89.8 (highest)
1820	7,866,797	81.6	1940	118,214,870	89.8 (highest)
1830	10,532,060	81.9	1950	134,942,028	89.5
1840	14,189,705	83.2	1960	158,831,732	88.6
1850	19,553,068	84.3	1970	177,748,975	87.5
1860	26,922,537	85.6	1980	188,371,622	83.1
1870	33,589,377	87.1	1990	199,686,070	80.3
1880	43,402,970	86.5	2000	211,460,626	75.1[37]
1890	55,101,258	87.5	2010	223,553,265	72.4[38]
1900	66,809,196	87.9

Whites (non-Hispanic and Hispanic) made up 79.8% or 75% of the American population in 2008.^{[19][20][39][40]} This latter number is sometimes recorded as 77.1% when it includes about 2% of the population who are identified as white in combination with one or more other races. The largest ethnic groups (by ancestry) among white Americans were Germans, followed by Irish and English.^[41] In the 1980 census 49,598,035 Americans cited that they were of English ancestry, making them 26% of the country and the largest group at the time, and in fact larger than the population of England itself.^[42] Slightly more than half of these people would cite that they were of "American" ancestry on subsequent censuses and virtually everywhere that "American" ancestry predominates on the 2000 census corresponds to places where "English" predominated on the 1980 census.^[43][44]

White Americans are projected to remain the majority, though with their percentage decreasing to 72% of the total population by 2050. However, the projections are that the non-Hispanic White population will become less than 50% of the population by 2042 in part because Non-Hispanic Whites have the lowest fertility rate of any major racial group in the United States^[45] and largely due to mass-immigration and because of large scale intermarriage with Hispanic whites which ensures that children both of inter-ethnic marriages are also Hispanic whites.

While over ten million white people can trace part of their ancestry back to the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower in 1620 (this common statistic overlooks the Jamestown, Virginia foundations of America and roots of even earlier colonist-descended Americans, such as Spanish Americans in St. Augustine, Florida), over 35 million whites have at least one ancestor who passed through the Ellis Island immigration station, which processed arriving immigrants from 1892 until 1954. See also: European Americans.

Geographic distribution

White Americans as percent of population, Census 2000.

According to the Census definition, white Americans are the majority racial group in almost all of the United States. They are not the majority in Hawaii, many American Indian reservations, parts of the South known as the Black Belt, the District of Columbia, all US territories, and in many urban areas throughout the country. Non-Hispanic whites are also not the majority in several southwestern states.

Overall the highest concentration of those referred to as "White alone" by the Census Bureau was found in the Midwest, New England, the Rocky Mountain states, Kentucky, and West Virginia. The lowest concentration of whites was found in southern and mid-Atlantic states.^[3][46][47]

Although all large geographical areas are dominated by white Americans, much larger differences can be seen between specific parts of large cities.

States with the highest percentages of White Americans, as of 2007:^[48]

• Vermont 96.2%
• Maine 95.5%
• New Hampshire 95.0%
• West Virginia 94.3%
• Iowa 92.9%
• Idaho 92.1%
• Wyoming 91.6%
• Minnesota 90.94%
• North Dakota 90.9%

States with the highest percentages of non-Hispanic whites, as of 2007:^[49]

• Vermont 95.4%
• Maine 94.8%
• West Virginia 93.7%
• New Hampshire 93.4%
• Iowa 90.9%
• North Dakota 90.2%
• Montana 88.3%
• Kentucky 88.1%
• Wyoming 87.7%
• South Dakota 86.5%

Income and educational attainment

personal and household income

in the United States Census

in 2005

White Americans have the second highest median household income and personal income levels in the nation, by cultural background. The median income per household member was also the highest, since White Americans had the smallest households of any racial demographic in the nation. In 2006, the median individual income of a White American age 25 or older was $33,030, with those who were full-time employed, and of age 25 to 64, earning $34,432. Since 42% of all households had two income earners, the median household income was considerably higher than the median personal income, which was $48,554 in 2005. Jewish Americans rank first in household income, personal income, and educational attainment among white Americans.^[50] In 2005, white households had a median household income of $48,977, which is 10.3% above the national median of $44,389. Among Cuban Americans, with 86% classifying as White, those persons born in the US have a higher median income and educational attainment level than most other whites.^[51]

The poverty rates for White Americans are the second-lowest of any racial group, with 10.8% of white individuals living below the poverty line, 3% lower than the national average.^[52] However, due to Whites' majority status, 48% of Americans living in poverty are white.^[53]

Whites' educational attainment is the second-highest in the country, after Asian Americans'. Overall, nearly one-third of White Americans had a Bachelor's degree, with the educational attainment for whites being higher for those born outside the United States: 37.6% of foreign born, and 29.7% of native born Whites had a college degree. Both figures are above the national average of 27.2%.^[54]

Gender income inequality was the greatest among whites, with White men outearning white women by 48%. Census Bureau data for 2005 reveals that the median income of white females was lower than that of males of all races. In 2005, the median income for White females was only slightly higher than that of African American females.^[55]

Population by state or territory

Percentage of population self-reported as White American by state in 2010 :

   less than 50 %

   50 - 60 %

   60 - 70 %

   70 - 80 %

   80 - 90 %

   more than 90 %

White Population by state or territory (2000–2010)^[56]

State/Territory	Pop 2000	% pop 2000	Pop 2010	% pop 2010	% growth 2000-2010
Alabama	3,162,808	71.1%	3,275,394	68.5%	+3.56%
Alaska	434,534	69.3%	473,576	66.7%	+8.98%
Arizona	3,873,611	75.5%	4,667,121	73.0%	+20.48%
Arkansas	2,138,598	80.0%	2,245,229	77.0%	+4.99%
California	20,170,059	79.7%	21,453,934	74.0%	+6.36%
Colorado	3,560,005	82.8%	4,089,202	81.3%	+14.86%
Connecticut	2,780,355	81.6%	2,772,410	77.6%	-0.28%
Delaware	584,773	74.6%	618,617	68.9%	+5.79%
District of Columbia	176,101	30.8%	231,471	38.5%	+31.44%
Florida	12,465,029	78.0%	14,109,162	75.0%	+13.19%
Georgia	5,327,281	65.1%	5,787,440	59.7%	+8.64%
Hawaii	294,102	24.3%	336,599	24.7%	+14.45%
Idaho	1,177,304	91.0%	1,396,487	89.1%	+18.62%
Illinois	9,125,471	73.5%	9,177,877	71.5%	+0.57%
Indiana	5,320,022	87.5%	5,467,906	84.3%	+2.78%
Iowa	2,748,640	93.9%	2,781,561	91.3%	+1.20%
Kansas	2,313,944	86.1%	2,391,044	83.8%	+3.33%
Kentucky	3,640,889	90.1%	3,809,537	87.8%	+4.63%
Louisiana	2,856,161	63.9%	2,836,192	62.6%	-0.70%
Maine	1,236,014	96.9%	1,264,971	95.2%	+2.34%
Maryland	3,391,308	64.0%	3,359,284	58.2%	-0.94%
Massachusetts	5,367,286	84.5%	5,265,236	80.4%	-1.90%
Michigan	7,966,053	80.2%	7,803,120	78.9%	-2.04%
Minnesota	4,400,282	89.4%	4,524,062	85.3%	+2.81%
Mississippi	1,746,099	61.4%	1,754,684	59.1%	+0.49%
Missouri	4,748,083	84.9%	4,958,770	82.8%	+4.44%
Montana	817,229	90.6%	884,961	89.4%	+8.29%
Nebraska	1,533,261	89.6%	1,572,838	86.1%	+2.58%
Nevada	1,501,886	75.2%	1,786,688	66.2%	+18.96%
New Hampshire	1,186,851	96.0%	1,236,050	92.3%	+4.14%
New Jersey	6,104,705	72.6%	6,029,248	68.6%	-1.23%
New Mexico	1,214,253	66.8%	1,407,876	68.4%	+15.95%
New York	12,893,689	67.9%	12,740,974	65.7%	-1.18%
North Carolina	5,804,656	72.1%	6,528,950	68.5%	+12.48%
North Dakota	593,181	92.4%	605,449	90.0%	+2.07%
Ohio	9,645,453	85.0%	9,539,437	82.7%	-1.10%
Oklahoma	2,628,434	76.2%	2,706,845	72.2%	+2.98%
Oregon	2,961,623	86.6%	3,204,614	83.6%	+8.20%
Pennsylvania	10,484,203	85.4%	10,406,288	81.9%	-0.74%
Rhode Island	891,191	85.0%	856,869	81.4%	-3.85%
South Carolina	2,695,560	67.2%	3,060,000	66.2%	+13.52%
South Dakota	669,404	88.7%	699,392	85.9%	+4.48%
Tennessee	4,563,310	80.2%	4,921,948	77.6%	+7.86%
Texas	14,799,505	71.0%	17,701,552	70.4%	+19.61%
Utah	1,992,975	89.2%	2,379,560	86.1%	+19.40%
Vermont	589,208	96.8%	596,292	95.3%	+1.20%
Virginia	5,120,110	72.3%	5,486,852	68.6%	+7.16%
Washington	4,821,823	81.8%	5,196,362	77.3%	+7.77%
West Virginia	1,718,777	95.0%	1,739,988	93.9%	+1.23%
Wisconsin	4,769,857	88.9%	4,902,067	86.2%	+2.77%
Wyoming	454,670	92.1%	511,279	90.7%	+12.45%
American Samoa	682	1.2%
Guam	10,666	6.9%
Northern Mariana Islands	1,274	1.8%
Puerto Rico	3,064,862	80.5%	2,825,100	75.8%	-7.17%
U.S. Virgin Islands	12,275	11.3%	17,131	16.1%	+39.56%
United States of America	211,460,626	75.1%	223,553,265	72.4%	+5.72%

Culture

Three members of the Kennedy political dynasty, John, Robert and Edward. All eight of their great-grandparents emigrated from Ireland.

From their earliest presence in North America, White Americans have contributed literature, art, agricultural skills, foods, science and technology, clothing styles, music and language to American culture.

Four regional cultures

In his 1989 book Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (ISBN 0-19-506905-6), David Hackett Fischer explores the details of the folkways of four groups of settlers from the British Isles that came to the American colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries from distinct regions of Britain and Ireland. His thesis is that the culture of each group persisted (albeit in modified form), providing the basis for the modern United States.

According to Fischer, the foundation of America's four regional cultures was formed from four mass migrations from four regions of the British Isles by four distinct ethno-cultural groups. New England's formative period occurred between 1629 and 1640 when Puritans, mostly from East Anglia, settled there, thus forming the basis for the New England regional culture. The next mass migration was of southern English Cavaliers and their working class English servants to the Chesapeake Bay region between 1640 and 1675. This spawned the creation of the American Southern culture.

Then, between 1675 and 1725, thousands of Irish, Cornish, English and Welsh Quakers plus many Germans sympathetic to Quaker ideas, led by William Penn, settled the Delaware Valley. This resulted in the formation of the General American culture, although, according to Fischer, this is really a "regional culture", even if it does today encompass most of the U.S. from the mid-Atlantic states to the Pacific Coast. Finally, a huge number of settlers from the borderlands between England and Scotland, and from northern Ireland, migrated to Appalachia between 1717 and 1775. This resulted in the formation of the Upland South regional culture, which has since expanded to the west to West Texas and parts of the U.S. Southwest.

In his book, Fischer brings up several points. He states that the U.S. is not a country with one "general" culture and several "regional" culture, as is commonly thought. Rather, there are only four regional cultures as described above, and understanding this helps one to more clearly understand American history as well as contemporary American life. Fischer asserts that it is not only important to understand where different groups came from, but when. All population groups have, at different times, their own unique set of beliefs, fears, hopes and prejudices. When different groups came to America and brought certain beliefs and values with them, these ideas became, according to Fischer, more or less frozen in time, even if they eventually changed in their original place of origin.

Admixture

Admixture in Non-Hispanic Whites

Some White Americans have varying amounts of American Indian and Sub-Saharan African ancestry. In a recent study, Gonçalves et al. 2007 reported Sub-Saharan and Amerindian mtDna lineages at a frequency of 3.1% (respectively 0.9% and 2.2%) in White Americans of European descent.^[57] DNA analysis on White Americans by geneticist Mark D. Shriver showed an average of 0.7% Sub-Saharan African admixture and 3.2% Native American admixture.^[58] In another study, about 30% of all White Americans, approximately 66 million people, have a median of 2.3% of Black African admixture.^[59] Southern states with the highest African American populations, tended to have the highest percentages of hidden African ancestry.^[60] Also, from the 23andMe database, about 5 to at least 13 percent of self-identified white American Southerners have greater than 1 percent African ancestry. Inferred Iberian ancestry, found overall at lower mean proportions, still represents a measurable ancestry component in Florida, Louisiana, California, and Nevada, and may point to the early Spanish rule and colonization of the Americas^[60][61]

Admixture in Hispanic Whites

Most Hispanic Americans self-identify racially as white in the US Census; however, a large amount of them, would rather consider themselves as ethnically mestizo (of mixed European and Native background) or mulatto (of mixed African and European background); for instance, just a tenth of those who considers themselves as mestizo or mulatto select multiracial on the census, preferring to answer just white in the census.^[62] Genetic research has found that the average European admixture among self-identified White Hispanic Americans is 73% (the average for Hispanic Americans regardless of race is 65.1%), contrasting to that of non-Hispanic European Americans, whose European ancestry totals 98.6% in average.^[61][63]

See also

• Emigration from Europe
• European Americans
• Hyphenated American
• Middle Eastern Americans
• Non-Hispanic Whites
• Race and ethnicity in the United States
• White ethnic
• White Hispanic and Latino Americans

References

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External links

• White Population 2000 from the US Census