Chinese Americans

Chinese Americans
Total population
3,794,673[1] (2010, census)
Regions with significant populations
New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, Boston, Washington D.C., Chicago, Philadelphia, Seattle
Languages
Predominantly English, varieties of Chinese:
Mandarin Chinese (Standard Chinese), Yue Chinese (Cantonese, Taishanese), Min Chinese (Eastern,[2] Southern), Hakka, Wu Chinese[3] (Taihu Wu, Oujiang Wu), and Minority Uyghur.
Religion
Unaffiliated, Protestantism, Buddhism, Catholicism[4][5]
Related ethnic groups
Hong Kong Americans, Taiwanese Americans
Overseas Chinese
Chinese Americans
Traditional Chinese 華裔美國人
Simplified Chinese 华裔美国人
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 美籍華人
Simplified Chinese 美籍华人

Chinese Americans, also known as American Chinese or Sino-Americans, comprise Americans who have full or partial Chinese – particularly Han Chinese – heritage.[6] Chinese Americans constitute one group of overseas Chinese and also a subgroup of East Asian Americans, which is further a subgroup of Asian Americans. Many Chinese Americans are immigrants along with their descendants from China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, as well as from other countries that include large populations of the Chinese diaspora.[7]

Demographic research tends to categorize overseas Chinese who have immigrated from South East Asia and South America and immigrants from China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan as Chinese Americans; however, both the governments of the Republic of China and the United States refer to Taiwanese Americans as a separate subgroup of Chinese Americans.[8][9][10]

The Chinese American community is the largest overseas Chinese community outside of Asia. It is also the third largest in the Chinese diaspora, behind the Chinese communities in Thailand and Malaysia. The Chinese American community comprises the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans, comprising 25.9% of the Asian American population as of 2010. Americans of Chinese descent, including those with partial Chinese ancestry constitute 1.2% of the total U.S. population as of 2010. According to the 2010 census, the Chinese American population numbered approximately 3.8 million.[1] In 2010, half of Chinese-born people living in the United States resided in the states of California and New York.[11]

The Chinese American experience has been documented at the Museum of Chinese in America in Manhattan's Chinatown since 1980.

History

The first Chinese immigrants arrived in 1820, according to U.S. government records. 325 men are known to have arrived before the 1849 California Gold Rush,[12] which drew the first significant number of laborers from China who mined for gold and performed menial labor.[13][14][15] There were 25,000 immigrants by 1852, and 105,465 by 1880, most of whom lived on the West Coast. They formed over a tenth of California's population. Nearly all of the early immigrants were young males with low educational levels from six districts in Guangdong Province.[16]

The Chinese came to California in large numbers during the California Gold Rush, with 40,400 being recorded as arriving from 1851–1860, and again in the 1860s, when the Central Pacific Railroad recruited large labor gangs, many on five-year contracts, to build its portion of the Transcontinental Railroad. The Chinese laborers worked out well and thousands more were recruited until the railroad's completion in 1869. Chinese labor provided the massive workforce needed to build the majority of the Central Pacific's difficult route through the Sierra Nevada mountains and across Nevada.

The Chinese population rose from 2,716 in 1851 to 63,000 by 1871. In the decade 1861-70, 64,301 were recorded as arriving, followed by 123,201 in 1871-80 and 61,711 in 1881-1890. 77% were located in California, with the rest scattered across the West, the South, and New England.[17] Most came from Southern China looking for a better life, escaping a high rate of poverty left after the Taiping Rebellion.

The initial immigration group may have been as high as 90% male, because most immigrants came with the thought of earning money, and then returning to China to start a family. Those that stayed in America faced the lack of suitable Chinese brides, because Chinese women were not allowed to immigrate to the US in significant numbers after 1872. As a result, many isolated mostly-bachelor communities slowly aged in place with very low Chinese birth rates. Later, as a result of the Fourteenth Amendment and the 1898 United States v. Wong Kim Ark Supreme Court decision, ethnic Chinese born in the United States became American citizens. However, Chinese immigration had remained severely restricted by the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) until 1943 when the Magnuson Act allowed a national quota of 105 Chinese immigrants per year.

In the mid 1850s, 70 to 150 Chinese were living in New York City and 11 of them married Irish women. In 1906, The New York Times (6 August) reported that 300 white women (Irish American) were married to Chinese men in New York, with many more cohabited. In 1900, based on Liang research, of the 120,000 men in more than 20 Chinese communities in the United States, he estimated that one out of every twenty Chinese men (Cantonese) was married to white women.[18] In the 1960s census showed 3500 Chinese men married to white women and 2900 Chinese women married to white men.[19] Originally at the start of the 20th century there was a 55% rate of Chinese men in New York engaging in interracial marriage which was maintained in the 1920s but in the 1930s it slid to 20%.[20]

During and after World War II, severe immigration restrictions were eased as the United States allied with China against Japanese expansionism. Later reforms in the 1960s placed increasing value on family unification, allowing relatives of U.S. citizens to receive preference in immigration.

The Chinese American experience has been documented at the Museum of Chinese in America in Manhattan's Chinatown since 1980.

Demographics

Population (1840–present)

The chart on the right shows the total number of ethnic Chinese in the United States since 1850.[21][22]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
18504,018—    
186034,933+769.4%
187063,199+80.9%
1880105,465+66.9%
1890107,488+1.9%
190089,863−16.4%
191071,531−20.4%
192061,639−13.8%
193074,954+21.6%
194077,504+3.4%
1950117,629+51.8%
1960237,292+101.7%
1970435,062+83.3%
1980806,040+85.3%
19901,645,472+104.1%
20002,432,585+47.8%
20103,347,229+37.6%
Percentage of Chinese population in the United States, 2000.

According to the 2012 Census estimates,[23] the three metropolitan areas with the largest Chinese American populations were the Greater New York Combined Statistical Area at 735,019 people, the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area at 629,243 people, and the Greater Los Angeles Combined Statistical Area at about 566,968 people. New York City is home to the highest Chinese American population of any city proper (522,619), while the Los Angeles County city of Monterey Park has the highest percentage of Chinese Americans of any municipality, at 43.7% of its population, or 24,758 people.

The states with the largest estimated Chinese American populations, according to both the 2010 Census, were California (1,253,100; 3.4%), New York (577,000; 3.0%), Texas (157,000; 0.6%), New Jersey (134,500; 1.5%), Massachusetts (123,000; 1.9%), Illinois (104,200; 0.8%), Washington (94,200; 1.4%), Pennsylvania (85,000; 0.7%), Maryland (69,400; 1.2%), Virginia (59,800; 0.7%), and Ohio (51,033; 0.5%). The state of Hawaii has the highest concentration of Chinese Americans at 4.0%, or 55,000 people.

The New York City Metropolitan Area, consisting of New York City, Long Island, and nearby areas within the states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, is home to the largest Chinese American population of any metropolitan area within the United States and the largest Chinese population outside of China, enumerating 682,265 individuals as of the 2010 United States Census,[24] and including at least nine Chinatowns. Continuing significant immigration from Mainland China, both legal[25][26] and illegal[27] in origin, has spurred the ongoing rise of the Chinese American population in the New York metropolitan area; this immigration continues to be fueled by New York's status as an alpha global city, its high population density, its extensive mass transit system, and the New York metropolitan area's enormous economic marketplace.

Also on the East Coast, the Washington, Boston, and Philadelphia metropolitan areas have significant Chinese American communities. The Washington, D.C. suburbs of Montgomery County, Maryland, and Fairfax County, Virginia, are 3.9% and 2.4% Chinese American, respectively. Boston's Chinatown is the only historical Chinese neighborhood within New England. The Boston suburb of Quincy also has a prominent Chinese American population, especially within the North Quincy area.[28]

San Francisco, California has the highest per capita concentration of Chinese Americans of any major city in the United States, at an estimated 21.4%, or 172,181 people, and contains the second-largest total number of Chinese Americans of any U.S. city. San Francisco's Chinatown was established in the 1840s, making it the oldest Chinatown in North America and one of the largest neighborhoods of Chinese people outside of Asia,[29][30] composed in large part by immigrants hailing from Guangdong province and also many from Hong Kong. The San Francisco neighborhoods of Sunset District and Richmond District also contain significant Chinese populations.

In addition to the big cities, smaller pockets of Chinese Americans are also dispersed in rural towns, often university-college towns, throughout the United States. For example, the number of Chinese Americans, including college professors, doctors, professionals, and students, has increased over 200% from 2005 to 2010 in Providence, Rhode Island, a small city with a large number of colleges.

Income and social status of these Chinese-American locations vary widely. Although many Chinese Americans in Chinatowns of large cities are often members of an impoverished working class, others are well-educated upper-class people living in affluent suburbs. The upper and lower-class Chinese are also widely separated by social status and class discrimination. In California's San Gabriel Valley, for example, the cities of Monterey Park and San Marino are both Chinese American communities lying geographically close to each other but they are separated by a large socioeconomic gap.

A third of a million Chinese Americans are not United States citizens.[31]

Cultural centers

New York City is home to the largest Chinese American population of any city proper, over half million.[32] Multiple large Chinatowns in Manhattan, Brooklyn (above), and Queens are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves, as large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York,[33][34][35][36][37] with the largest metropolitan Chinese population outside Asia.[38][39]
San Francisco is home to the second largest Chinese community in the United States in number and the largest in percentage.

A list of large cities (250,000+ residents) with a Chinese-American population in excess of 1% of the general population in 2010.[1]

Rank City State Chinese-Americans Percentage
1 San Francisco California 172,181 21.4
2 Honolulu Hawaii 38,330 10.2
3 Oakland California 34,083 8.7
4 San Jose California 63,434 6.7
5 New York City New York 486,463 6.0
6 Plano Texas 13,592 5.2
7 Sacramento California 20,307 4.4
8 Seattle Washington 27,216 4.1
9 Boston Massachusetts 24,910 4.0
10 San Diego California 35,661 2.7
11 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 30,069 2.0
12 Stockton California 5,188 1.8
13 Los Angeles California 66,782 1.8
14 Portland Oregon 9,113 1.7
15 Chicago Illinois 43,228 1.6
16 Anaheim California 4,738 1.4
17 Houston Texas 29,429 1.3
18 Austin Texas 8,886 1.2
19 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 3,402 1.1
20 Riverside California 2,985 1.0

Social status and assimilation

Some noteworthy historical Chinese contributions include building the western half of the Transcontinental Railroad, and levees in the Sacramento River Delta; the popularization of Chinese American food; and the introduction of Chinese and East Asian culture to America, such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Kung fu.

Chinese immigrants to the United States brought many of their ideas and values with them. Some of these have continued to influence later generations. Among them are Confucian respect for elders.[40] Similarly, education and the civil service were the most important path for upward social mobility in China.[40][41] The first Broadway show about Asian Americans was Flower Drum Song which premiered on Broadway in 1958;[42] the hit Chinglish premiered on Broadway in 2011.[43]

In most American cities with significant Chinese populations, the new year is celebrated with cultural festivals and parties. In Seattle, the Chinese Culture and Arts Festival is held every year. Other important festivals include the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival.

Stereotypes

Analysis indicated that most non-Asian Americans do not differentiate between Chinese Americans and East Asian Americans generally, and perceptions of both groups are nearly identical.[44] A 2001 survey of Americans' attitudes toward Asian Americans and Chinese Americans indicated that one fourth of the respondents had somewhat or very negative attitude toward Chinese Americans in general.[45] The study did find several positive perceptions of Chinese Americans: strong family values (91%); honesty as entrepreneurs (77%); high value on education (67%).[44]

Language

Chinese is the third most-spoken language in the United States, almost completely spoken within Chinese American populations and by immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, especially in California.[46] Over 2 million Americans speak some variety of Chinese, with Mandarin Chinese becoming increasingly common due to immigration from mainland China and Taiwan.[46]

In New York City at least, although Mandarin is spoken as a native language among only 10% of American born Chinese speakers, it is used as a secondary dialect to English.[47] In addition, immigration from Fujian is bringing an increasingly large number of Min speakers. Wu dialects, previously unheard of in the United States, are now spoken by a minority of recent Chinese immigrants hailing from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai.

Although Chinese Americans grow up learning English, some teach their children Chinese for a variety of reasons: preservation of an ancient civilization, preservation of a group identity, preservation of their cultural ancestry, desire for easy communication with each other and their relatives, and the perception that Chinese is a very useful language, regardless of China's economic strength. Although Simplified Chinese is the most oft-written language in China,[48] United States public notices and signage in Chinese are generally in Traditional Chinese.[49]

Religion

Religions of Chinese Americans (2012)[4][5]

  Protestantism (22%)
  Buddhism (15%)
  Catholic Church (8%)
  Other (3%)
  Not declared (52%)

The Chinese American community differs from the rest of the population in that the majority of Chinese Americans do not report a religious affiliation. 43% of Chinese Americans switched to a different religion and 54% stayed within their childhood religion within their lifetime. According to the Pew Research Center's 2012 Asian-American Survey, 52% of Chinese Americans aged 15 and over said that they didn't have any religious affiliation. This is also compared with the religious affiliation of Asian American average of 26% and a national average of 19%.

Of Chinese Americans who were religious, 15% were Buddhist, 8% were Catholic, and 22% belonged to a Protestant denomination. Fully half of Chinese Americans (52%)—including 55% of those born in the U.S. and 51% of those born overseas—describe themselves as religiously unaffiliated. Because Chinese Americans are the largest subgroup of Asian Americans, nearly half of all religiously unaffiliated Asians in the U.S. are of Chinese descent (49%).[4][5]

Politics

Chinese Americans are divided among many subgroups based on factors such as age, nativity, and socioeconomic status and do not have uniform attitudes about the People's Republic of China (Communist China) or the Republic of China (Taiwan Kuomintang), about the United States, or about Chinese nationalism. Different subgroups of Chinese Americans also have radically different and sometimes very conflicting political priorities and goals.

In 2013, Chinese Americans were the least likely Asian American ethnicity to be affiliated with a political party.[50]

Nonetheless, Chinese Americans are clustered in majority-Democratic states and have increasingly voted Democratic in recent presidential elections, following the trend for Asian Americans in general.[51] Polling just before the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election found John Kerry was favored by 58% of Chinese Americans and George W. Bush by only 23%,[52] as compared with a 54/44 split in California, a 58/40 split in New York, and a 48/51 split in America as a whole on Election Day itself. In the 2012 presidential election, 81% of Chinese American voters selected Barack Obama over Mitt Romney.[53]

Chinese Americans were an important source of funds for Han revolutionaries during the later Qing dynasty, and Sun Yat-sen was raising money in America at the time of the Xinhai Revolution, which established the Republic of China. During the Cultural Revolution, Chinese Americans, as overseas Chinese in general, were viewed as capitalist traitors by the PRC government. This attitude changed dramatically in the late 1970s with the reforms of Deng Xiaoping. Increasingly, Chinese Americans were seen as sources of business and technical expertise and capital who could aid in China's economic and other development.

Immigration

Economic growth in the People's Republic of China has given mainland Chinese more opportunities to emigrate. A 2011 survey showed that 60% of Chinese millionaires plan to emigrate and 40% of Chinese millionaires selecting the United States as the top destination for immigration.[54][54][55][56][57][58][59] The EB-5 Investment Visa allows many powerful Chinese to seek U.S. citizenship, and recent reports show that 75% of applicants for this visa in 2011 were Chinese.[60][61] Chinese multimillionaires benefited most from the EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program in the U.S. Now, as long as one has at least US$500,000 to invest in projects listed by United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), where it is possible to get an EB-5 green card that comes with permanent U.S. residency rights, but only in states specified by the pilot project.[62][63]

Socioeconomics

Main article: Model minority

Education

Overall, as a demographic group, Chinese Americans are highly educated and earn higher incomes when compared to other demographic groups in the United States.[64] Educational achievements of Chinese in the United States are one of the highest among Asian Americans and also among all ethnic groups in the United States.[65] Chinese Americans often have some of the highest averages in tests such as SAT, GRE, etc. in the United States. Although verbal scores lag somewhat due to the influx of new immigrants, combined SAT scores have also been higher than for most Americans. Chinese Americans are the largest racial group on all but one of the nine fully established University of California campuses.[66][67][68][69]

They are the largest group among US National Merit Scholarship awardees in California, They are more likely to apply to competitively elite higher education institutions.[70][71][72][73] They also constitute 24% of all Olympic Seattle Scholarship winners, 33% of USA Math Olympiad winners, 15.5% of Putnam Math Competition winners, and 36% of Duke Talent Identification Grand Recognition Ceremony attendees from the Dallas Metropolitan area.[74][75]

International students studying at various higher education institutions around the United States account for a significant percentage of the international student body. International undergraduates, who make up 8% of Duke's undergraduate body, come from China more than any other country.[76][77] International Chinese students also comprise 11% of the nearly 5,800 freshmen at the University of Washington.[78] Mainland China is the top sending country of international students to the United States.[79][80] As a result of its growing economy and large population, more middle-class families from China are able to afford American college tuition, bringing an influx of Chinese students to study abroad in the United States. With a more diverse educational background and higher level of English proficiency, international Chinese students also value American degrees, as it gives them a notable advantage over their college-educated counterparts in China by the time they return to their native country to seek employment.[81]

Due to cultural factors, many Chinese international students are brand name conscious, choosing nationally ranked elite higher education institutes throughout the United States as their target schools.[82][83][84] International Chinese students are also widely found at many elite liberal arts colleges such as Barnard College and Mount Holyoke.[85][86] Students from China gravitate towards Americans colleges and universities for their high quality and the style of education which stresses interdisciplinary approaches, creativity, student participation and critical thinking.[84]

Chinese students comprise 18% of the international student population in America, and make up 32.2% of the undergraduate students and 48.8% of the graduate students. Chinese international students tend to gravitate towards technical majors that involve heavy use of mathematics and the natural sciences. 27.5% of international Chinese students study business management, finance, or economics, 19.2% study engineering, 11.5% study the life sciences and 10.6% study math or computer science.[87]

Largely driven by educational immigration, among American PhD recipients in fields related to science and engineering, 25% of the recipients are ethnic Chinese.[88] According to the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau of Labor Statistics, 51.8% of all Chinese Americans have attained at least a bachelor's degree, compared with 28.2% nationally and 49.9% for all Asian American groups. The Census reports that 54.7% of Chinese American men attained a bachelor's degree and 49.3% of Chinese American women attained a bachelor's degree. In addition, 26.6% of all Chinese Americans in the United States possess a master's, doctorate or other professional degree, compared to 20.3% for all Asian Americans, and is roughly two and a half times above the national average, with high educational attainment largely driven by educational immigration.[28][89]

Bachelor's Degree or Higher Educational Attainment[28]
Ethnicity Percent of Population
Taiwanese 73.6%
Chinese (except Taiwanese) 51.8%
Japanese 47.4%
White American 29.5%
Vietnamese 25.2%
Total US Population 28.2%

Employment

Technology conglomerates such as Ebay (pictured above) located within technology centers across the United States, including California's Silicon Valley, remain attractive hotspots for Chinese Americans and foreign-born Chinese entrepreneurs from all over the world.[90]

There has been a significant change in the perceptions about Chinese Americans. In as little as 100 years of American history, stereotypes of Chinese Americans have changed to portraying a hard working and educated minority. Thus, most Chinese Americans work as white collar professionals, many of whom are highly educated, salaried professionals whose work is largely self-directed in management, professional, and related occupations such as engineering, medicine, investment banking, law, and academia. 53.1% of Chinese Americans work in many white collar professions compared with 48.1% for all Asian Americans and a national average of 35.1%.[28] They make up 2% of working physicians in the United States.[91] Chinese Americans also make up a third of the Asian American high tech professional workforce and a tenth of the entire Silicon Valley workforce.[92] Chinese Americans also hold lower unemployment rates than the population average with a figure of 4.7% compared to a national rate of 5.9% in 2010.[28]

Many Chinese Americans have turned to the high tech center to jump-start potential computer and internet startups to capitalize on the regions wealth of venture capital, business expertise, and cultural and financial incentives for innovation. Ethnic Chinese have been successful in starting new firms in technology centers across the United States, including California's Silicon Valley. Chinese Americans have been disproportionately successful in high technology sectors, as evidenced by the Goldsea 100 Compilation of America's Most Successful Asian Entrepreneurs.[93] Chinese Americans accounted for 4% of people listed in the 1998 Forbes Hi Tech 100 List.[74]

Annalee Saxenian, a UC Berkeley professor, whose research interests include the contribution of Chinese immigrants on America's technology concludes that in Silicon Valley, carried out a study that showed that since 1998, one out of five high tech start-ups in Silicon Valley were led by Chinese Americans. During the same year, 5 of the 8 fastest growing companies had Chinese American CEO's except for Yahoo, whose Jerry Yang was a founder but not a CEO. In Silicon Valley there are at least 2 to 3 dozen Chinese American organizations according to professional interests each with at least 100 members. One prominent organization of which is the Committee of 100.[94] Immigrants from China and Taiwan were key founders in 12.8% of all Silicon Valley start-ups between 1995 and 2005.[95] Almost 6% of the immigrants who founded companies in the innovation/manufacturing-related services field are from Mainland China and Taiwan.[96]

Research funded by the Public Policy Institute of California indicates that in 1996, 1,786 Silicon Valley technology companies with $12.5 billion in sales and 46,000 employees were run by Indian or Chinese executives. Moreover, the pace of entrepreneurship among local immigrants is increasing rapidly. While Chinese or Indian executives are at the helm of 13% of the Silicon Valley technology businesses started between 1980 and 1985, they are running 27% of the more than 4,000 businesses started between 1991 and 1996.[97] Start-up firms remain a primary source for new ideas and innovation for Chinese American internet entrepreneurs. Many of them are employed or directly engaged in new start-up activities. The proportional share of start-up firms by ethnic Chinese in Silicon Valley skyrocketed from 9% in 1980-1984 to about 20% between 1995-1998.[98] By 2006, Chinese American internet entrepreneurs continued to start 20% of all Silicon Valley start-up firms, leading 2000 Silicon Valley companies, and employing 58,000 workers.[88] They still continue to own about 20% of all information technology companies that were founded in Silicon Valley since 1980.

Numerous professional organizations in perspective in the 1990s as a support network for fellow Chinese American high tech start-ups in the valley.[99] Between 1980 and 1999, 17% of the 11,443 high-tech firms in Silicon Valley - including some 40 publicly traded firms were controlled by ethnic Chinese. In 1990, Chinese Americans made up a third of the Asian American high tech professional workforce or 11% of the entire Silicon Valley professional workforce. In 1998, Chinese Americans managed 2001 firms, employing 41,684 workers, and ran up 13.2 billion in sales. They also account for 17% of all Silicon Valley firm owners, 10% of the professional workforce in the Valley, and 13.5% of the total sales accounting for less than 1% of the U.S. population at the time.[100]

Though Chinese Americans are also noted for their high rates of self-employment, as they have an extensive history of self-employment dating back to the California Gold Rush in the 1880s,[101] However, as more Chinese Americans seek higher education to elevate themselves socioeconomically, rates of self-employment are generally lower than population average.[102] In 2007, there were over 109,614 Chinese-owned employer firms, employing more than 780,000 workers, and generating more than $128 billion in revenue.[103]

Among Chinese-owned U.S. firms, 40% were in the professional, scientific, and technical services sector; the accommodation and food services sector; and the repair, maintenance, personal, and laundry services sector. Chinese-owned U.S. firms comprised 2% of all U.S. businesses in these sectors. Wholesale trade and accommodation and food services accounted for 50.4% of Chinese-owned business revenue. 66,505 or 15.7% of Chinese-owned firms had receipts of $250,000 or more compared with 2% for all U.S. businesses.[103][104][105][106][107][108]

Economics

Chinese Americans tend to follow the residence pattern set by other Americans. Members of the community believe in the symbolic importance of owning homes; accordingly, Chinese Americans tend to save money and make other monetary sacrifices earlier on in order to purchase their own homes as soon as possible.

With their above average educational attainment rates, Chinese Americans from all socioeconomic backgrounds have achieved significant advances in their educational levels, income, life expectancy, and other social indicators as the financial and socioeconomic opportunities offered by the United States have lifted many Chinese Americans out of poverty, bringing them into the ranks of America's middle class, upper middle class, as well as the enjoyment of substantial well being.[109]

Chinese Americans are more likely to own homes than the general American population. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 65% of Chinese Americans owned a home, higher than the total population's rate of 54%.[110][111] In 2003, real estate economist Gary Painter of the University of Southern California Lusk Center for Real Estate Research found out that when comparing homeowners with similar income levels Los Angeles, the Chinese-American home-ownership rate is 20% higher than Whites; in San Francisco, 23% higher; and in the New York metropolitan area, 18% higher.[112] A 2008 Asian Real Estate Association of America report released on behalf of the American community survey, Chinese Americans living in the states of Texas, New York, and California all had high home ownership rates that were significantly near or above the general population average.[113]

According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Chinese American men had a full-time median income of $57,061 and Chinese American women had a median income of $47,224. Chinese Americans also have one of the highest median household incomes among most demographic groups in the United States, which is 30% higher than the national average but is slightly lower compared with the Asian American population.[28]

Median Household Income: 2010[28]
Ethnicity Household Income
Taiwanese $68,809
Asian $67,022
Chinese $65,273
Non-Hispanic White $52,480
Scottish $52,444
Korean $50,316
Total US Population $50,046

Despite positive economic indicators, a number of economic deterrents have been noted to afflict the Chinese American community. While median income remains above some ethnic groups in the United States, studies in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis revealed that Asian men have the highest rate of persistent long-term unemployment.[114]

Notable Chinese Americans

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  2. ↑ "Ethnologue report for language code: cdo". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  3. ↑ "Ethnologue report for language code: wuu". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  4. 1 2 3 "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths". The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research Center. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2013. Unaffiliated 52%, Protestant 22%, Buddhist 15%, Catholic 8%
  5. 1 2 3 Pew Forum - Chinese Americans' Religions.
  6. ↑ Note that while the English term is ambiguous between "Chinese" (Han) culture and "Chinese" (PRC) nationality, the Chinese terms listd here refer specifically to those of Han Chinese descent.
  7. ↑ Ng, Franklin (1998). The Taiwanese Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 2, 118, 126. ISBN 978-0-313-29762-5.
  8. ↑ "Race groups". United States Census Bureau. 9 August 2002. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
  9. ↑ "About OCAC". Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C. (Taiwan). Retrieved 21 March 2007.
  10. ↑ "The Ranking of Overseas Chinese". Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C. (Taiwan). Retrieved 21 March 2007.
  11. ↑ "Chinese Immigrants in the United States". Migration Policy Institute. January 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  12. ↑ Bill Bryson, Made In America, page 154
  13. ↑ Ronald Takaki (1998). Strangers From a Different Shore. Little, Brown and Company. p. 28. ISBN 0-316-83109-3.
  14. ↑ Iris Chang (2003). The Chinese in America. Penguin Books. pp. 34–35. ISBN 0-670-03123-2.
  15. ↑ Peter Kwong and Dusanka Miscevic (2005). Chinese America. The New Press. p. 44. ISBN 1-56584-962-0.
  16. ↑ International World History Project. Asian Americans. Accessed 2014-03-14.
  17. ↑ Takaki, Ronald (1998). Strangers From A Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans. New York: Back Bay Books.
  18. ↑ Benson Tong (2004). Asian American children: a historical handbook and guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-0-313-33042-1. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  19. ↑ Love's revolution: interracial marriage by Maria P.P. Root. Page 180
  20. ↑ Steven Gregory (1994). Steven Gregory; Roger Sanjek, eds. Race (illustrated, reprint ed.). Rutgers University Press. p. 123. ISBN 0813521092. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
  21. ↑ US Census: Race and Hispanic or Latino: 2000 ; US Census: 1990 ; US Census: Population 1790-1990 ; Comparison of Asian Populations during the Exclusion Years ; Estimation of the US-Census for the year 2004
  22. ↑ Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States
  23. ↑ "ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  24. ↑ Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 27 June 2012
  25. ↑ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
  26. ↑ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
  27. ↑ John Marzulli (9 May 2011). "Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2: authorities". New York: © Copyright 2012 NY Daily News.com. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  29. ↑ www.Chinatownology.com
  30. ↑ United Parcel Service Community Site
  31. ↑ Hayoun, Massoud (7 March 2012). "What China's Talking About Today: Is American Citizenship Still Desirable?". The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  32. ↑ "SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES - 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates - New York City - Chinese alone". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
  33. ↑ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
  34. ↑ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  35. ↑ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  36. ↑ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  37. ↑ John Marzulli (9 May 2011). "Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2: authorities". New York: NY Daily News.com. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  38. ↑ Vivian Yee (February 22, 2015). "Indictment of New York Officer Divides Chinese-Americans". The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  39. ↑ "Chinese New Year 2012 in Flushing". QueensBuzz.com. 25 January 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  40. 1 2 Haiming Liu (2005) "Asian-American Ideas (Cultural Migration)" In Horowitz, Maryanne Cline (editor) (2005) New Dictionary of the History of Ideas Charles Scribner's Sons, Detroit, Michigan, volume 1, pp. 158-160, ISBN 0-684-31377-4
  41. ↑ Semple, Kirk (21 August 2008) "Among Chinese-Americans, a Split on Sports" The New York Times page B-2
  42. ↑ Berson, Misha. "A 'Drum' with a Difference". American Theatre magazine, Theatre Communications Group, 2002. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  43. ↑ David Henry Hwang, directed by Leigh Silverman. "Chinglish". Broadway's Best Shows, Longacre Theatre. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  44. 1 2 Committee of 100 (25 April 2001). "Committee of 100 Announces Results of Landmark National Survey on American Attitudes towards Chinese Americans and Asian Americans". Retrieved 14 June 2007.
  45. ↑ Matthew Yi; et al. (27 April 2001). "Asian Americans seen negatively". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 14 June 2007.
  46. 1 2 Lai, H. Mark (2004). Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions. AltaMira Press. ISBN 0-7591-0458-1.
  47. ↑ García, Ofelia; Fishman, Joshua A. (2002). The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017281-X.
  48. ↑ Lai, H. Mark (2004). Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions. AltaMira Press. ISBN 0759104581. need page number(s)
  49. ↑ See, for instance, https://www.irs.gov/irm/part22/irm_22-031-001.html (Internal Revenue Manual 22.31.1.6.3 - "The standard language for translation is Traditional Chinese."
  50. ↑ Matthew Hilburn (17 January 2013). "Asian-American Vote Reveals Nuances". Voice of America. Retrieved 24 January 2013. Chinese-Americans were the least likely to affiliate with a party. Magpantay suggested that only one third of Chinese-Americans belong to a party, compared with 71% among all Asian-Americans, because of the negative association of the word party with the Communist Party in China.
  51. ↑ Archived 10 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  52. ↑ "Asian-Americans lean toward Kerry". Asia Times. 16 September 2004. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
  53. ↑ Hing, Julianne (2013-01-18). "Asian-American Voters Really, Really Loved Barack Obama in Election 2012". Colorlines. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
  54. 1 2 "As China's rich grow in numbers, so do their mobile aspirations - CNN.com". CNN. 21 November 2011.
  55. ↑ Chinese millionaires seek for overseas activities-China Invests Overseas - China Business Network
  56. ↑ "Plan B for China's Wealthy: Moving to the U.S., Europe - WSJ.com". The Wall Street Journal.
  57. ↑ "Report: Half of China’s millionaires want to leave". CNN. 1 November 2011. C1 control character in |title= at position 23 (help)
  58. ↑ Chinese rich are keen to emigrate, China Daily, 3 November 2011
  59. ↑ The Mass Migration of the Super-Rich - U.S. Business News - CNBC
  60. ↑ "Rich Chinese seeking overseas residency". BBC News. 22 August 2012.
  61. ↑ 美国投资移民中国人占四分三 - 3/4 of Investment Immigrants to the USA are Chinese (bilingual), Thinking Chinese, November 2011
  62. ↑ "U.S., Canada favored by China's third wave of emigrants - Headlines, features, photo and videos from". ecns.cn. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  63. ↑ China’s capital flight: to US real estate |beyondbrics
  64. ↑ Ticker, Neil (12 November 2008). "Major Study of Chinese Americans Debunks 'Model Minority' Myth". University of Maryland. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  65. ↑ Choi, Daniel. "The Other Side of the Model Minority Myth". Yisei Magazine. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  66. ↑ Charles C. Johnson (29 July 2011). "The New Chinese Exclusion Act". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2 December 2013. Asian-Americans now make up a majority in seven of the nine UC campuses.
  67. ↑ "Asian-Americans blast UC admissions policy". Associated Press. 24 April 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2012. Asian-Americans are the single largest ethnic group among UC's 173,000 undergraduates.
  68. ↑ "Diversity: Annual Accountability Sub-Report" (PDF). University of California. September 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2012. In contrast, graduate professional students are more than 40 percent white and more than a quarter Asian America.
  69. ↑ Brown, Michael K. (2003). Whitewashing race: the myth of a color-blind society. University of California Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780520237063. Retrieved 26 February 2012. While Asian Americans are far more likely to attend college and are somewhat more likely to complete it, Asian American college graduates earn slightly less than whites.
  70. ↑ Dharma, Tiffany (2011). The Model Minority: Asian-American Youth and the Harmful Perpetuation of a Cultural Myth. StudentPulse. p. 2.
  71. ↑ "Traditional Chinese parenting". Parenting Science. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  72. ↑ "Awards". Arthurhu.com. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  73. ↑ Scott Jaschik (22 August 2011). "Who Applies (and Gets in)". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 26 February 2012. Then there is the question of who applies to competitive colleges: the NELS data show that 30 percent of Asian American applicants do, compared to 18 percent of white students and 10 percent of black and Latino students.
  74. 1 2 "Awards". Arthurhu.com. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  75. ↑ Stoops, Niacole. "Educational Attainment in the United States, 2003." U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports publication P20-550, June 2004. Accessed 16 February 2007.
  76. ↑ "Proceed with caution | The Chronicle". Dukechronicle.com. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  77. ↑ Jesse washington (3 December 2011). "Some Asians' college strategy: Don't check 'Asian' - Yahoo! News". News.yahoo.com. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  78. ↑ TAMAR LEWIN (4 February 2012). "Taking More Seats on Campus, Foreigners Also Pay the Freight". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  79. ↑ Peter Murray (16 November 2010). "China becomes No. 1 source for international students in U.S.". Xinhua. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  80. ↑ The number of students studying in the US is rising even faster than China's GDP. During the 2010-11 academic year, 157,588 Chinese students were studying in the US – an increase of 23% from the previous year, according to the Institute of International Education.
  81. ↑ "Chinese students enrolling in U.S. colleges in record numbers". Chicago Sun Times. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  82. ↑ Jenna Johnson (14 November 2011). "Chinese students enroll in record numbers at U.S. colleges". Post Local. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  83. ↑ Adrienne Mong (17 February 2013). "Chinese applications to U.S. schools skyrocket". Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  84. 1 2 Megan Gates (11 January 2012). "China’s growing middle class means influx of students for U.S. colleges". USA TODAY College. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  85. ↑ Daniel de Vise (4 January 2012). "Pitching U.S. liberal arts in China". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  86. ↑ Joe Vaccarello (19 January 2011). "Chinese student loving life in U.S. college". CNN. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  87. ↑ DEBANINA SEATON (4 March 2012). "American universities see an influx of students from China". The South End. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  88. 1 2 Chinese American Voices: From the Gold Rush to the Present - Judy Yung, Gordon H. Chang, H. Mark Lai. Google Books. 20 March 2006. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  89. ↑ The Wall Street Journal http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2013/03/27/chinese-students-struggle-for-returns-on-education-in-u-s/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  90. ↑ "Foreign-Born Entrepreneurs: An Underestimated American Resource". Kauffman.org. 30 September 2006. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  91. ↑ "Doctors and Nurses: A Demographic Profile". Cis.org. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  92. ↑ "Chinese American Contributions to Silicon Valley". Modelminority.com. 31 March 2003. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  93. ↑ "100 Most Successful Asian American Entrepreneurs".
  94. ↑ "Chinese American Contributions to Silicon Valley".
  95. ↑ "Immigrant Entrepreneurs". Careerbright. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  96. ↑ "Asia Times Online :: South Asia news - More foreign cogs in the US engine". Atimes.com. 12 January 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  97. ↑ "A Valley Asset: Chinese, Indians Creating Businesses, Jobs, Wealth As Successful Entrepreneurs (PPIC Commentary)". Ppic.org. 21 June 1998. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  98. ↑ Chinese Entrepreneurship in a Global Era - Raymond Sin-Kwok Wong. Google Books. 14 August 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  99. ↑ Doing Business in the New China: A Handbook and Guide - Birgit Zinzius. Google Books. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  100. ↑ The Expanding Roles of Chinese Americans in U.S.-China Relations ... - Peter H. Koehn, Xiao-Huang Yin. Google Books. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  101. ↑ Contemporary Asian American Communities: Intersections And Divergences - Linda Trinh Vő, Rick Bonus. Google Books. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  102. ↑ Steven J. Gold (October 2006). "The Second Generation and Self-Employment". Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  103. 1 2 "Survey of Business Owners". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  104. ↑ "Chinese-Owned Firms" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  105. ↑ "Number of Firms by Receipts Size of Firm: 2007" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  106. ↑ "Obama's Tax Plan and Small Businesses". FOX News. 21 April 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  107. ↑ "Facts About Small Business Taxpayers". Small Business Trends. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  108. ↑ "Romney Rejects Buffett’s Call To Tax The Rich, Falsely Claims It Would Hurt Small Businesses". Think Progress. 15 August 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  109. ↑ U.S. Government. "U.S. economics" (PDF). Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  110. ↑ "ASIAN AMERICAN CHARACTERISTICS.doc". ASIAN AMERICAN CHARACTERISTICS.doc. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  111. ↑ Bureau, U.S. Census (2000). Chinese American Demographics. Améredia Incorporated.
  112. ↑ Dooley, Tom (January 2003). "| -A A +A Industry Watch: Chinese Lead Immigrant Groups in Homeownership". National Association of Realtors. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  113. ↑ Bryan, Chiu; Melany Dela Cruz-Viesca (2008). "Following the Path to Asian American Home-ownership" (PDF). Asian Real Estate Association of America (AREAA) via American Community Survey: 9–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  114. ↑ Long-term Unemployment Hits Asian-Americans Hardest - Voice of America

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinese Americans.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Tuesday, May 03, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.