Mid-Autumn Festival

This article is about the holiday celebrated in mainland China, Taiwan, Vietnam and by ethnic Chinese worldwide. Mid-Autumn Festival is a term sometimes also used to describe Chuseok in Korea and Tsukimi in Japan.
Mid-Autumn Festival

Mid-Autumn Festival decorations in Beijing
Official name 中秋節 (Zhōngqiū Jié in mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore; Jūng-chāu Jit in Hong Kong and Macau)
Tết Trung Thu (Vietnam)
Also called Moon Festival
Observed by Chinese, Vietnamese
Type Cultural, Religious
Significance Celebrates the end of the autumn harvest
Observances Consumption of mooncakes
Consumption of cassia wine
Date 15th day of the 8th lunar month
2015 date September 27
2016 date September 15
Mid-Autumn Festival
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 中秋節
Simplified Chinese 中秋节
Min name
Chinese 八月節
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese Tết Trung Thu
Chữ Nôm 節中秋

The Mid-Autumn Festival is a harvest festival celebrated by ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese people.[1][2] The festival is held on the 15th day of the eighth month in the Chinese Han calendar and Vietnamese calendar (within 15 days of the autumnal equinox), on the night of the full moon between early September to early October of the Gregorian calendar.[1]

Mainland China listed the festival as an "intangible cultural heritage" in 2006 and a public holiday in 2008.[1] It is also a public holiday in Taiwan, in Korea and in Hong Kong. In the Vietnamese culture, it is considered the second-most important holiday tradition after Tết.

Alternative names

The Mid-Autumn Festival is also known by other names, such as:

Meanings of the festival

The festival celebrates three fundamental concepts which are closely tied to one another:

Traditions and myths surrounding the festival are formed around these three concepts,[5] although traditions have changed over time due to changes in technology, science, economy, culture, and religion.[5]

Origins and development

The Chinese have celebrated the harvest during the autumn full moon since the Shang Dynasty (c. 16th to 10th century BCE).[5] Morris Berkowitz, who studied the Hakka people during the 1960s, theorizes that the harvest celebration originally began with worshiping Mountain Gods after the harvest was completed.[6] The celebration as a festival only started to gain popularity during the early Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE).[1] One legend explains that Emperor Xuanzong of Tang started to hold formal celebrations in his palace after having explored the Moon-Palace.[5] The term mid-autumn (中秋) first appeared in Rites of Zhou, a written collection of rituals of the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046–771 BCE).[1]

Empress Dowager Cixi (late 19th century) enjoyed celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival so much that she would spend the period between the thirteenth and seventeenth day of the eighth month staging elaborate rituals.[7]

Moon worship

Chang'e, the Moon Goddess of Immortality
Houyi helplessly looking at his wife Chang'e flying off to the moon after she drank the elixir.

An important part of the festival celebration is moon worship. The ancient Chinese believed in rejuvenation being associated with the moon and water, and connected this concept to the menstruation of women, calling it "monthly water".[3] The Zhuang people, for example, have an ancient fable saying the sun and moon are a couple and the stars are their children, and when the moon is pregnant, it becomes round, and then becomes crescent after giving birth to a child. These beliefs made it popular among women to worship and give offerings to the moon on this evening.[3] In some areas of China, there are still customs in which "men don't worship the moon and the women don't offer sacrifices to the kitchen gods."[3]

Offerings are also made to a more well-known lunar deity, Chang'e, known as the Moon Goddess of Immortality. The myths associated with Chang'e explain the origin of moon worship during this day. One version of the story is as follows, as described in Lihui Yang's Handbook of Chinese Mythology:[8]

In the ancient past, there was a hero named [Hou] Yi who was excellent at archery. His wife was Chang'e. One year, the ten suns rose in the sky together, causing great disaster to people. Yi shot down nine of the suns and left only one to provide light. An immortal admired Yi and sent him the elixir of immortality. Yi did not want to leave Chang'e and be immortal without her, so he let Chang'e keep the elixir. But Peng Meng, one of his apprentices, knew this secret. So, on the fifteenth of August in the lunar calendar, when Yi went hunting, Peng Meng broke into Yi's house and forced Chang'e to give the elixir to him. Chang'e refused to do so. Instead, she swallowed it and flew into the sky. Since she loved very much her husband and hoped to live nearby, she chose the moon for her residence. When Yi came back and learned what had happened, he felt so sad that he displayed the fruits and cakes Chang'e liked in the yard and gave sacrifices to his wife. People soon learned about these activities, and since they also were sympathetic to Chang'e they participated in these sacrifices with Yi.
After the hero Houyi shot down nine of the ten suns, he was pronounced king by the thankful people. However, he soon became a conceited and tyrannical ruler. In order to live long without death, he asked for the elixir from Xiwangmu. But his wife, Chang'e, stole it on the fifteenth of August because she did not want the cruel king to live long and hurt more people. She took the magic potion to prevent her husband from becoming immortal. Houyi was so angry when discovered that Chang'e took the elixir, he shot at his wife as she flew toward the moon, though he missed. Chang'e fled to the moon and became the spirit of the moon. Houyi died soon because he was overcome with great anger. Thereafter, people offer a sacrifice to Chang'e on every lunar fifteenth of August to commemorate Chang'e's action.

Modern celebration

The festival was a time to enjoy the successful reaping of rice and wheat with food offerings made in honor of the moon. Today, it is still an occasion for outdoor reunions among friends and relatives to eat mooncakes and watch the moon, a symbol of harmony and unity.[9] The festival is celebrated with many cultural or regional customs, among them:

Lanterns

For information on a different festival that also involve lanterns, see Lantern Festival
Mid-Autumn Festival lanterns in Chinatown, Singapore
Mid-Autumn Festival lanterns at a shop in Hong Kong

A notable part of celebrating the holiday is the carrying of brightly lit lanterns, lighting lanterns on towers, or floating sky lanterns.[1] Another tradition involving lanterns is to write riddles on them and have other people try to guess the answers (simplified Chinese: 灯谜; traditional Chinese: 燈謎; pinyin: dēng mí; literally: "lantern riddle").[10]

It is difficult to discern the original purpose of lanterns in connection to the festival, but it is certain that lanterns were not used in conjunction with moon-worship prior to the Tang Dynasty.[5] Traditionally, the lantern has been used to symbolize fertility, and functioned mainly as a toy and decoration. But today the lantern has come to symbolize the festival itself.[5] In the old days, lanterns were made in the image of natural things, myths, and local cultures.[5] Over time, a greater variety of lanterns could be found as local cultures became influenced by their neighbors.[5]

As China gradually evolved from an agrarian society to a mixed agrarian-commercial one, traditions from other festivals began to be transmitted into the Mid-Autumn Festival, such as the putting of lanterns on rivers to guide the spirits of the drowned as practiced during the Ghost Festival, which is observed a month before.[5] Hong Kong fishermen during the Qing Dynasty, for example, would put up lanterns on their boats for the Ghost Festival and keep the lanterns up until Mid-Autumn Festival.[5]

In Vietnam, children participate in parades in the dark under the full moon with lanterns of various forms, shapes, and colors. Traditionally, lanterns signified the wish for the sun's light and warmth to return after winter.[11] In addition to carrying lanterns, the children also don masks. Elaborate masks were made of papier-mâché, though it is more common to find masks made of plastic nowadays.[2] Handcrafted shadow lanterns were an important part of Mid-Autumn displays since the 12th-century Ly dynasty, often of historical figures from Vietnamese history.[2] Handcrafted lantern-making declined in modern times due to the availability of mass-produced plastic lanterns, which often depict internationally recognized characters such as Pokémon's Pikachu, Disney characters, SpongeBob SquarePants and Hello Kitty.[2]

Mooncakes

Typical lotus bean-filled mooncakes eaten during the festival
Animal-shaped mooncakes in Vietnam
Main article: Mooncake

Making and sharing mooncakes is one of the hallmark traditions of this festival. In Chinese culture, a round shape symbolizes completeness and unity. Thus, the sharing and eating of round mooncakes among family members during the week of the festival signify the completeness and unity of families. In some areas of China, there is a tradition of making mooncakes during the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival.[12] The senior person in that household would cut the mooncakes into pieces and distribute them to each family member, signifying family reunion.[12] In modern times, however, making mooncakes at home has given way to the more popular custom of giving mooncakes to family members, although the meaning of maintaining familial unity remains.

Although typical mooncakes can be around a few inches in diameter, imperial chefs have made some as large as several feet in diameter, with its surface impressed with designs of Chang'e, cassia trees, or the Moon-Palace.[9] One tradition is to pile 13 mooncakes on top of each other to mimic a pagoda, the number 13 being chosen to represent the 13 months in a full lunar year.[9]

According to Chinese folklore, a Turpan businessman offered cakes to Emperor Taizong of Tang in his victory against the Xiongnu on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month. Taizong took the round cakes and pointed to the moon with a smile, saying, "I'd like to invite the toad to enjoy the hú (胡) cake." After sharing the cakes with his ministers, the custom of eating these hú cakes spread throughout the country.[13] Eventually these became known as mooncakes. Although the legend explains the beginnings of mooncake-giving, its popularity and ties to the festival began during the Song Dynasty (906–1279 CE).[5]

Another popular legend concerns the Han Chinese's uprising against the ruling Mongols at the end of the Yuan dynasty (1280–1368 CE), in which the Han Chinese used traditional mooncakes to conceal the message that they were to rebel on Mid-Autumn Day.[10]

Other foods and food displays

Cassia wine is the traditional choice for "reunion wine" drunk during Mid-Autumn Festival
Vietnamese rice figurines, known as tò he

Imperial dishes served on this occasion included nine-jointed lotus roots which symbolize peace, and watermelons cut in the shape of lotus petals which symbolize reunion.[9] Teacups were placed on stone tables in the garden, where the family would pour tea and chat, waiting for the moment when the full moon's reflection appeared in the center of their cups.[9] Owing to the timing of the plant's blossoms, cassia wine is the traditional choice for the "reunion wine" drunk on the occasion. Also, people will celebrate by eating cassia cakes and candy.[14][15][16]

Food offerings made to deities are placed on an altar set up in the courtyard, including apples, pears, peaches, grapes, pomegranates, melons, oranges, and pomelos.[17] One of the first decorations purchased for the celebration table is a clay statue of the Jade Rabbit. In Chinese folklore, the Jade Rabbit was an animal that lived on the moon and accompanied Chang'e. Offerings of soy beans and cockscomb flowers were made to the Jade Rabbit.[9]

In Vietnam, cakes and fruits are not only consumed, but elaborately prepared as food displays. For example, glutinous rice flour and rice paste are molded into familiar animals. Pomelo sections can be fashioned into unicorns, rabbits, or dogs.[2] Villagers of Xuân La, just south of Hanoi, produce tò he, figurines made from rice paste and colored with natural food dyes.[2] Into the early decades of the twentieth century of Vietnam, daughters of wealthy families would prepare elaborate centerpieces filled with treats for their younger siblings. Well-dressed visitors could visit to observe the daughter's handiwork as an indication of her capabilities as a wife in the future. Eventually the practice of arranging centerpieces became a tradition not just limited to wealthy families.[2]

Courtship and matchmaking

The Mid-Autumn moon has traditionally been a choice occasion to celebrate marriages. Girls would pray to Chang'e to help fulfill their romantic wishes.[7]

In some parts of China, dances are held for young men and women to find partners. For example, young women are encouraged to throw their handkerchiefs to the crowd, and the young man who catches and returns the handkerchief has a chance at romance.[1] In Daguang, in northeast Guizhou Province, young men and women of the Dong people would make an appointment at a certain place. The young women would arrive early to overhear remarks made about them by the young men. The young men would praise their lovers in front of their fellows, in which finally the listening women would walk out of the thicket. Pairs of lovers would go off to a quiet place to open their hearts to each other.[3]

Into the early decades of the twentieth century Vietnam, young men and women used the festival as a chance to meet future life companions. Groups would assemble in a courtyard and exchange verses of song while gazing at the moon. Those who performed poorly were sidelined until one young man and one young woman remained, after which they would win prizes as well as entertain matrimonial prospects.[2]

Games and activities

During the 1920s and 1930s, ethnographer Chao Wei-pang conducted research on traditional games among men, women and children on or around the Mid-Autumn day in the Guangdong Province. These games relate to flights of the soul, spirit possession, or fortunetelling.[9]

Practices by region and cultures

Mid-Autumn Festival at the Botanical Garden, Montreal
Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival parade, Belfast City Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland
Mid-Autumn Festival at Chinatown, Singapore
Mid-Autumn Festival celebrations in Victoria Park, Hong Kong

Taiwan

In Taiwan, the Mid-Autumn Festival is a public holiday. Outdoor barbecues have become a popular affair for friends and family to gather and enjoy each other's company.[18] As of 2011, Taipei City designated 11 riverside parks to accommodate outdoor barbecues for the public.[19]

Hong Kong and Macau

In Hong Kong and Macau, the day after the Mid-Autumn Festival is a public holiday rather than the festival date itself (unless that date falls on a Sunday, then Monday is also a holiday), because many celebration events are held at night. There are a number of festive activities such as lighting lanterns, but mooncakes are the most important feature there. However, people don't usually buy mooncakes for themselves, but to give their relatives as presents. People start to exchange these presents well in advance of the festival. Hence, mooncakes are sold in elegant boxes for presentation purpose. Also, the price for these boxes are not considered cheap—a four-mooncake box of the lotus seeds paste with egg yolks variety, can generally cost US$40 or more. However, as environmental protection has become a concern of the public in recent years, many mooncake manufacturers in Hong Kong have adopted practices to reduce packaging materials to practical limits.[20] The mooncake manufacturers also explore in the creation of new types of mooncakes, such as ice-cream mooncake and snow skin mooncake.

Ethnic minorities in China

Vietnam

Vietnamese children celebrating the Mid-Autumn Festival with traditional 5-pointed star-shaped lantern

The Mid-Autumn festival is named "Tết Trung Thu" in Vietnamese. It is also known as Children's Festival because of the event's emphasis on children.[4] In olden times, the Vietnamese believed that children, being innocent and pure, had the closest connection to the sacred and natural world. Being close to children was seen as a way to connect with animist spirits and deities.[11]

In its most ancient form, the evening commemorated the dragon who brought rain for the crops.[2] Celebrants would observe the moon to divine the future of the people and harvests. Eventually the celebration came to symbolize a reverence for fertility, with prayers given for bountiful harvests, increase in livestock, and human babies. Over time, the prayers for children evolved into a celebration of children.[2] Confucian scholars continued the tradition of gazing at the moon, but to sip wine and improvise poetry and song.[2] By the early twentieth century in Hanoi, the festival had begun to assume its identity as a children's festival.[2]

Aside from the story of Chang'e (Vietnamese: Hằng Nga), there are two other popular folktales associated with the festival. The first describes the legend of Cuội, whose wife accidentally urinated on a sacred banyan tree. The tree began to float towards the moon, and Cuội, trying to pull it back down to earth, floated to the moon with it, leaving him stranded there. Every year, during the Mid-Autumn Festival, children light lanterns and participate in a procession to show Cuội the way back to Earth.[21] The other tale involves a carp who wanted to become a dragon, and as a result, worked hard throughout the year until he was able to transform himself into a dragon.[4]

One important event before and during the festival are lion dances. Dances are performed by both non-professional children's groups and trained professional groups. Lion dance groups perform on the streets, going to houses asking for permission to perform for them. If the host consents, the "lion" will come in and start dancing as a blessing of luck and fortune for the home. In return, the host gives lucky money to show their gratitude.

Mid- autumn in Northern provinces are described with elegant and delicate features; Central Vietnam with funny festivals and Southern Vietnam full of warming. Mid-Autumn Festival In Three Parts Of Vietnam.[22]

Philippines

In the Philippines, Filipino-Chinese celebrate the evening and exchange mooncakes with all Filipinos friends, families and neighbors.[6] A game of chance, originating from the Fujian province of China, known as puah tiong-chhiu which means "mid-autumn gambling" in Philippine Hokkien (see 中秋博饼), or simply mid-autumn dice game, is also played by both Filipino-Chinese and Filipinos alike.[23]

Dates

The Mid-Autumn Festival is held on the 15th day of the eighth month in the Han calendar—essentially the night of a full moon—which falls near the Autumnal Equinox (on a day between September 8 and October 7 in the Gregorian calendar). In 2015, the Mid-Autumn Festival fell on September 27. It will occur on these days in coming years:[24]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mid-Autumn Festival.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Yang, Fang. "Mid-Autumn Festival and its traditions". The festival, celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth month in the Chinese calendar, has no fixed date on the Western calendar, but the day always coincides with a full moon.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Nguyen, Van Huy (2003), "The Mid-Autumn Festival (Tet Trung Thu), Yesterday and Today", in Kendall, Laurel, Vietnam: Journeys of Body, Mind, and Spirit, University of California Press, pp. 93–106, ISBN 0520238729
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Li, Xing (2006). "Chapter VI: Women's Festivals". Festivals of China's Ethnic Minorities. China Intercontinental Press. pp. 124–127. ISBN 7508509994.
  4. 1 2 3 Lee, Jonathan H.X.; editors, Kathleen M. Nadeau, (2010). Encyclopedia of Asian American folklore and folklife. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 1180. ISBN 0313350663. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Siu, K. W. Michael (1999). "Lanterns of the Mid-Autumn Festival: A Reflection of Hong Kong Cultural Change". The Journal of Popular Culture 33 (2): 67–86. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1999.3302_67.x. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  6. 1 2 Yu, Jose Vidamor B. (2000). Inculturation of Filipino-Chinese culture mentality. Roma: Pontificia università gregoriana. pp. 111–112. ISBN 8876528482.
  7. 1 2 Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional festivals: a multicultural encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 282–286. ISBN 1576070891.
  8. ↑ Yang, Lihui; Deming An (2005). Handbook of Chinese mythology. Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.]: ABC-Clio. pp. 89–90. ISBN 157607806X.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Stepanchuk, Carol; Wong, Charles (1991). Mooncakes and hungry ghosts: festivals of China. San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals. pp. 51–60. ISBN 0835124819.
  10. 1 2 Yang, Lemei (Sep–Dec 2006). "China's Mid-Autumn Day". Journal of Folklore Research (Indiana University Press) 43 (3): 263–270. doi:10.2979/jfr.2006.43.3.263. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  11. 1 2 Cohen, Barbara (1 October 1995). "Mid-Autumn Children's Festival". Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  12. 1 2 "中秋食品". Academy of Chinese Studies. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  13. ↑ Wei, Liming; Lang, Tao. Chinese festivals (Updated ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521186595.
  14. ↑ Li Zhengping. Chinese Wine, p. 101. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 2011. Accessed 8 November 2013.
  15. ↑ Qiu Yaohong. Origins of Chinese Tea and Wine, p. 121. Asiapac Books (Singapore), 2004. Accessed 7 November 2013.
  16. ↑ Liu Junru. Chinese Food, p. 136. Cambridge Univ. Press (Cambridge), 2011. Accessed 7 November 2013.
  17. ↑ Tom, K.S. (1989). Echoes from old China: life, legends, and lore of the Middle Kingdom. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824812859.
  18. ↑ Yeo, Joanna (20 September 2012). "Traditional BBQ for Mid-Autumn Festival?". Makansutra. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  19. ↑ Liu, Fang (13 September 2011). "Mid-Autumn Festival celebrated in Taiwan". CNTV.CN. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  20. ↑ "Voluntary Agreement on Management of Mooncake Packaging". Environmental Protection Department of Hong Kong. 2013-03-18. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  21. ↑ Wong, Bet Key. "Tet Trung Thu". FamilyCulture.com. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  22. ↑ http://saigon-online.net/?p=2718
  23. ↑ Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin; Skoggard, Ian (2004). Encyclopedia of diasporas : immigrant and refugee cultures around the world ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 767. ISBN 0306483211.
  24. ↑ "Gregorian-Lunar Calendar Conversion Table". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 10 November 2012.

External links

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