Han Taiwanese
Han Taiwanese[1][2][3][4][5][6] or Taiwanese Hans[7][8][9][10][11] (Mandarin: 台灣漢人[12][13]) are Taiwanese people of Han (Mandarin: 漢人) descent, the largest ethnic group in the world.[14] Hans comprise the majority of the Taiwanese population, which also includes Austronesians and other non-Han people.[15] Major waves of Han immigration occurred in the 17th to 19th centuries and between 1945 and 1949.[15] Han Taiwanese mainly speak three languages: Mandarin, Minnan and Hakka.[16]
Definition
There is no simple uniform definition of Han Taiwanese. To determine if a Taiwanese is Han, common criteria include immigration background (from continental East Asia), using a Han language as the mother tongue, and observance of traditional Han festivals. Sometimes a negative definition is employed. Thus a Han Taiwanese could be defined as a Taiwanese who does not speak any language of Austronesians or other non-Han people (e.g., Manchus, Mongols) and does not observe the feasts of those people.
Immigration history and demographics
There were two major waves of Han immigration: from the Ching Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries and from the then Republic of China's continental territory, which is now ruled by China, after the World War II (1945-1949)
Year | Population |
---|---|
1684 | 120,000[17] |
1764 | 666,210[17] |
1782 | 912,920[17] |
1811 | 1,944,737[17] |
1840 | 2,500,000[17] |
1902 | 2,686,356[18] |
1926 | 4,168,000[19][nb 1] |
1944 | 6,269,949[20] |
1956 | 9,367,661[21] |
The 1926 census counted 3,116,400 and 586,300 Hans originating from the Hok-kien and Kwang-tung provinces of Ching Empire (and Ming Empire) (roughly now Fujian and Guangdong of China, respectively)
Province | Hok-kien | Kwang-tung | Others | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
County (州/府) | Chin-chew | Chang-chow | Ting-chou | Lung-yan | Fu-chou | Hinghwa | Yung-chun | Teo-chew | Chia-ying | Hui-chou | |||
District | An-hsi | Tung-an | San-yi | ||||||||||
Language (dialect) | Minnan (Chin-chew) | Minnan (Chang-chow)/Hakka (Zhaoan) | Hakka (Yongding) | Minnan (Longyan)/Hakka (Yongding) | Mindong (Foochow) | Hinghwa | Minnan (Chin-chew) | Minnan (Teo-chew)/Hakka (Raoping, Dapu) | Hakka (Sixian, Wuhua) | Hakka (Hailu) | various languages | ||
Inhabitants (thousands) | 441.6 | 553.1 | 686.7 | 1,319.5 | 42.5 | 16 | 27.2 | 9.3 | 20.5 | 134.8 | 296.9 | 154.6 | 48.9 |
Conflicts between Han immigrants
Under Ching Empire
There were violent ethnic conflicts (termed "分類械鬥" in government documents of the Ching Empire), which played a major role in determining the distribution of different groups of Han peoples in Taiwan. Most conflicts were between people of Chang-chow and Chin-chew origins ("漳泉械鬥", Chang-Chin conflicts) [22] and between people of Hok-kien and Kwangtung (mostly Hakka) origins ("閩粵械鬥" [Min-Yue conflicts] or "閩客械鬥" [Min-Hakka conflicts]).
Trying to be a mediator, Long-sek Ten (鄭用錫, 10 June 1788 – 21 March 1858), the first Taiwanese to achieve the highest degree, Doctor (Mandarin: 進士), in the imperial examination of the Ching Empire, wrote an article On Reconciliation (勸和論).[23]
In some regions. where the majority of the population speak another language, the minority group sometimes adopted the more dominant language and lost their original language. They are called "minnanized" Hakka people (福佬客) or "hakkanized" Minnan people (客福佬).[24]
Under Republic of China
Unlike pre-WWII Han immigrants, mostly of Hok-kien and Kwangtung origins, post-WWII Hans came from all over the region now ruled by China. Their different languages, habits, ideologies and relationships with the Republic of China government sometimes led to conflicts between these two groups.
Interactions with non-Han Taiwanese inhabitants
In Taiwan, the Hans came into contact with the Austronesians, Dutch, Spanish and Japanese.
The Amis term for Hans is payrag.
Biological traits and relationships with other Taiwanese/Asian people
Part of the maximum-likelihood tree of 75 Asian populations:[25]
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Languages
Linguistic Diversity
Uijin Ang divided Taiwan (excluding Kinmen and Matsu) into 7 linguistic regions, including one Austronesian, five Han and one mixed.[26]
Region | Languages included | Administrative regions included |
---|---|---|
Hakka | major: Hakka (Sixian, Hailu, Dapu); minor: Minnan (Chang-chow) | Taoyuan, Hsinchu County, Miaoli County, Taichung, Nantou County |
North Min | Minnan (Chin-chew, Chang-chow) | New Taipei, Taipei, Ilan County, Keelung, Taoyuan |
Middle Min | major: Minnan (Chin-chew (coastal), Chang-chow(inland); minor: Hakka (Zhaoan, Hailu), Tsou | Hsinchu County (coastal), Miaoli County (coastal), Taichung, Changhua County, Yunlin County, Chiayi County and Chiayi City, Nantou |
South Min | major: Minnan (mixed, Chin-chew); minor: Hakka (Sixian, Hailu) | Tainan, Kaohsiung, Pingtung County |
Penghu | Minnan (Chin-chew, Chang-chow, mixed) | Penghu |
Influence of Non-Han Languages
Ever since the arrival of Han immigrants in Taiwan, their languages have undergone changes through interactions with other Han or non-Han languages. For example, one unit of land area used in Taiwanese Minnan is Kah (甲; 0.9699 acre), which comes from the Dutch word for "field", akker (akker > 阿甲 > 甲).
Source languages | Han characters | Romanization | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
Austronesian languages | 馬不老 | ma pu lao | drunk |
Dutch | 石文 | sak vun | soap |
Minnan | 米粉炒 | bi hun tsha | fried rice vermicelli |
Japanese | 幫浦 | phong phu | pump |
Mandarin | 再見 | tsai kian | goodbye |
Source languages | Place | Han characters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Dutch | Fort Zeelandia | 熱蘭遮城 | |
Dutch | Cape Hoek | 富貴角 | Dutch: hoek ('cape') |
Castilian | Cape San Diego | 三貂角 | Castilian: Santiago; Dutch: St. Jago |
Castilian | Yehliu | 野柳 | [Punto] Diablos (Castilian) > 野柳 (Minnan) |
Atayal | Wulai | 烏來 | |
Basay | Jinshan | 金山 | Kimpauri/Kimauri > 金包里 (Minnan) > 金山 (Japanese) |
Japanese | Kaohsiung | 高雄 | Takau (Makatto) > 打狗 (Minnan) > 高雄/Taka-o (Japanese) |
Japanese | Songshan | 松山 | Matsuyama (Japanese) |
Japanese | Guansi | 關西 | 鹹菜 (Ham-Coi) 甕 (Hakka) > 鹹菜(Kan-Sai, Japanese) > 關西 (Kan-Sai, Japanese) |
Culture
Cuisine
Subgroup | Food |
---|---|
Minnan | 滷肉飯 (minced pork rice), 割包 (Gua-bao), 柯仔煎 (oyster omelet), 豬血糕 (rice blood cake) |
Hakka | 客家小炒 (fried pork, dried tofu and squid), 薑絲大腸 (Large intestine with ginger slices), 粄條 (flat rice noodles) |
post-WWII immigrants | 牛肉麵 (Beef noodle soup), 燒餅 (clay oven rolls), 油條 (deep fried stick), 臭豆腐 (stinky tofu) |
Religions
The most popular religions of Han Taiwanese are Taoism and Buddhism. With 11,796 temples (78.4% Taoist; 19.6% Buddhist), Taiwan is the country with the highest density of temples in the world.[28]
Surnames
Han Surname | Wade–Giles | Population | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
陳 | Chen | 2,605,191 | 11.14% |
林 | Lin | 1,942,787 | 8.31% |
黃 | Huang | 1,413,270 | 6.04% |
張 | Chang | 1,234,180 | 5.28% |
李 | Li | 1,200,862 | 5.13% |
王 | Wang | 961,744 | 4.11% |
吳 | Wu | 944,949 | 4.04% |
劉 | Liu | 738,976 | 3.16% |
蔡 | Tsai | 681,012 | 2.91% |
楊 | Yang | 621,832 | 2.66% |
In traditional Han society, children inherit the surname of the father. Population analyses of Han Taiwanese based on the short tandem repeat sequences on the Y chromosome, which is specific to males, shows high haplotype diversity in most surname groups. Except for rare ones, the origins of Han surnames in Taiwan are pretty heterogeneous.[13]
Villages
Confucian temples formed an important part of the life of early Han immigrants. Famous temples include Taiwan Confucian Temple and Taipei Confucius Temple.
Arts and Music
Subgroup | Category | Notable examples | Notable artists |
---|---|---|---|
Minnan | 布袋戲 (glove puppetry) | Pili (TV series), Legend of the Sacred Stone | 黃俊雄 (Toshio Huang) |
歌仔戲 (koa-á-hì) | 楊麗花 (Yang Li-hua), 明華園 (Ming Hwa Yuan) | ||
陣頭 (Tīn-thâu) | Electric-Techno Neon Gods | Chio-Tian Folk Drums & Arts Troupe | |
Music | 南管 Lâm-im, 北管 (Pak-kóan) | ||
Hakka | 客家戲 (Hakka opera) | 三腳採茶戲 (three-character tea-picking drama) | |
post-WWII immigrants | 相聲 (Crosstalk) | 那一夜我們說相聲 (The Night We Became Hsiang-Sheng Comedians) | 吳兆南 (Zhao-Nan Wu) |
See also
- History of Taiwan
- Dutch Formosa
- Spanish Formosa
- Taiwan under Qing rule
- Taiwan under Japanese rule
- Cultural history of Taiwan
- Hakka Affairs Council
- Hakka TV
- Taiwanese people
- Minnan people
- Hakka people
- Taiwanese aborigines
- Vietnamese people in Taiwan
- Taiwanese cuisine
- Religion in Taiwan
Notes
- ↑ This number was inferred from the Han population size of 3,751,600 and their proportion of ~90% in the total population.[19]
- ↑ Numbers including all nationals who have a Han name, including many Austronesians, who were until 1990s forbidden to possess their traditional names. See Taiwanese aborigines.
References
- ↑ Lane et al. (2008). "Sarcosine (N-Methylglycine) Treatment for Acute Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study" Biological Psychiatry, 63: 9-12.
- ↑ Hou et al. (2007). "Usefulness of human leucocyte antigen-B27 subtypes in predicting ankylosing spondylitis: Taiwan experience" Internal Medicine Journal, 37(11): 749–752.
- ↑ Ahern, Emily M.; Gates, Hill (1981). The Anthropology of Taiwanese Society. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804710430.
- ↑ Eiko Tai (1999). "Kokugo and colonial education in Taiwan" positions, 7(2): 503-540.
- ↑ Jing-Shoung Hou, Chung-Hsien Lin, and Duarte B. Morais (2005). "Antecedents of Attachment to a Cultural Tourism Destination: The Case of Hakka and Non-Hakka Taiwanese Visitors to Pei-Pu, Taiwan" Journal of Travel Research, 44: 221-233.
- ↑ Comas et al. (2004). "Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages" European Journal of Human Genetics, 12: 495–504.
- ↑ Wu et al. (2009). "Distribution of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in Eastern mainland Chinese Han and Taiwanese Han populations" Tissue Antigens, 74(6): 499-507.
- ↑ Chen et al. (1996). "Alcohol-metabolising genes and alcoholism among Taiwanese Han men: independent effect of ADH2, ADH3 and ALDH2" British Journal of Psychiatry, 168(6): 762-7.
- ↑ Hsu et al. (2006). "Association of NRAMP 1 gene polymorphism with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Taiwanese aboriginals" Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 105(5): 363-9.
- ↑ Stoddard, Philip; Cuthell, David C.; Sullivan, Margaret W. (1981). Change and the Muslim world. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0815622511.
- ↑ Teves, Stephanie Nohelani; Smith, Andrea; Raheja, Michelle (2015). Native Studies Keywords. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0816531501.
- ↑ "漢人村莊社會文化傳統資料庫" [Database for the Society, Culture and Customs of Han Villages] (in Chinese). Retrieved 30 May 2015.
- 1 2 Lin, Bao-Shun (2012). 台灣漢人的姓氏與Y染色體STR單倍型的關聯性分析 [Analysis of the association between surnames and Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in the Taiwanese Han population] (Master). National Taiwan University.
- ↑ Wen et al. (2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture" Nature, 431: 302-305.
- 1 2 Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (2014). The Republic of China Yearbook 2014. ISBN 9789860423020. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
- ↑ Klöter, Henning (2004). "Language Policy in the KMT and DPP eras". China Perspectives 56. ISSN 1996-4617. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chen, Kongli (1990). 清代台湾移民社会研究 [Studies on the Immigrant Society of Taiwan under the Ching Dynasty]. Xiamen: Xiamen University Press.
- 1 2 Hsu, Shih-Rong (2013). "The first features of Taiwanese ancestral places and ethnic distributions in the beginning of the 20th century: Graphical presentation of the statistic data from Relative Investigations of Formosa Development and History by the Taiwan Sotokufu in 1901" Journal of Geographical Research, 59: 91-126.
- 1 2 3 4 Taiwan Sotoku Kanbo Chosaka (1928). 台灣在籍漢民族鄉貫別調查 [Investigation of the regions of origin of Han people in Taiwan]. Taihoku-shi (Taipei): Taiwan Sotoku Kanbo Chosaka.
- 1 2 臺灣省政府主計處 (1953). 臺灣第七次人口普查結果表 [The seventh population census of Taiwan]. 臺灣省政府主計處.
- 1 2 臺灣省戶口普查處 (1959). 中華民國戶口普查報告 [The seventh population census of Taiwan]. 臺灣省戶口普查處.
- ↑ Taiwan Bar Studio (Oct 10, 2015). 【故事・臺北】 第二話 -『士林生死鬥』 [Story of Taipei (Episode 2): Shilin DOA] (Motion picture). Taipei.
- ↑ "On Reconciliation (original text with Mandarin translation)". Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- ↑ "認識福佬客". Hakka Affairs Council, Taiwan. 25 Jan 2006. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
- ↑ The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium (2009). "Mapping human genetic diversity in Asia" Science, 326: 1541-5.
- 1 2 Uijin Ang (2013). "The distribution and regionalization of varieties in Taiwan" Language and Linguistics, 14(2): 315-369.
- ↑ Raung-Fu Chung (2014). "An investigation of Hakka nativization in Taiwan" Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature, 9(1): 29-54.
- ↑ "台宗教密度高 寺廟教堂逾萬座". Central News Agency (Taiwan). 7 July 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- ↑ "全國1,510姓氏 陳林滿天下 內政部《全國姓名統計分析》全新出版". Executive Yuan, Taiwan. 29 October 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
External links
- Taiwan Folklore & Folk Culture (National Taiwan University OpenCourseWare)
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