Han Taiwanese

Han Taiwanese[1][2][3][4][5][6] or Taiwanese Hans[7][8][9][10][11] (Mandarin: 台灣漢人[12][13]) are Taiwanese people of Han (Mandarin: 漢人) descent, the largest ethnic group in the world.[14] Hans comprise the majority of the Taiwanese population, which also includes Austronesians and other non-Han people.[15] Major waves of Han immigration occurred in the 17th to 19th centuries and between 1945 and 1949.[15] Han Taiwanese mainly speak three languages: Mandarin, Minnan and Hakka.[16]

Definition

There is no simple uniform definition of Han Taiwanese. To determine if a Taiwanese is Han, common criteria include immigration background (from continental East Asia), using a Han language as the mother tongue, and observance of traditional Han festivals. Sometimes a negative definition is employed. Thus a Han Taiwanese could be defined as a Taiwanese who does not speak any language of Austronesians or other non-Han people (e.g., Manchus, Mongols) and does not observe the feasts of those people.

Immigration history and demographics

There were two major waves of Han immigration: from the Ching Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries and from the then Republic of China's continental territory, which is now ruled by China, after the World War II (1945-1949)

Demographics of Taiwan in 17th-20th centuries[17][18][19][20][21]
Year Population
1684 120,000[17]
1764 666,210[17]
1782 912,920[17]
1811 1,944,737[17]
1840 2,500,000[17]
1902 2,686,356[18]
1926 4,168,000[19][nb 1]
1944 6,269,949[20]
1956 9,367,661[21]

The 1926 census counted 3,116,400 and 586,300 Hans originating from the Hok-kien and Kwang-tung provinces of Ching Empire (and Ming Empire) (roughly now Fujian and Guangdong of China, respectively)

Regions of origin of Taiwanese Hans based on the 1926 census by the Japanese government[19]
Province Hok-kien Kwang-tung Others
County (州/府) Chin-chew Chang-chow Ting-chou Lung-yan Fu-chou Hinghwa Yung-chun Teo-chew Chia-ying Hui-chou
District An-hsi Tung-an San-yi
Language (dialect) Minnan (Chin-chew) Minnan (Chang-chow)/Hakka (Zhaoan) Hakka (Yongding) Minnan (Longyan)/Hakka (Yongding) Mindong (Foochow) Hinghwa Minnan (Chin-chew) Minnan (Teo-chew)/Hakka (Raoping, Dapu) Hakka (Sixian, Wuhua) Hakka (Hailu) various languages
Inhabitants (thousands) 441.6 553.1 686.7 1,319.5 42.5 16 27.2 9.3 20.5 134.8 296.9 154.6 48.9

Conflicts between Han immigrants

Under Ching Empire

There were violent ethnic conflicts (termed "分類械鬥" in government documents of the Ching Empire), which played a major role in determining the distribution of different groups of Han peoples in Taiwan. Most conflicts were between people of Chang-chow and Chin-chew origins ("漳泉械鬥", Chang-Chin conflicts) [22] and between people of Hok-kien and Kwangtung (mostly Hakka) origins ("閩粵械鬥" [Min-Yue conflicts] or "閩客械鬥" [Min-Hakka conflicts]).

Trying to be a mediator, Long-sek Ten (鄭用錫, 10 June 1788 – 21 March 1858), the first Taiwanese to achieve the highest degree, Doctor (Mandarin: 進士), in the imperial examination of the Ching Empire, wrote an article On Reconciliation (勸和論).[23]

In some regions. where the majority of the population speak another language, the minority group sometimes adopted the more dominant language and lost their original language. They are called "minnanized" Hakka people (福佬客) or "hakkanized" Minnan people (客福佬).[24]

Under Republic of China

Unlike pre-WWII Han immigrants, mostly of Hok-kien and Kwangtung origins, post-WWII Hans came from all over the region now ruled by China. Their different languages, habits, ideologies and relationships with the Republic of China government sometimes led to conflicts between these two groups.

Interactions with non-Han Taiwanese inhabitants

In Taiwan, the Hans came into contact with the Austronesians, Dutch, Spanish and Japanese.

The Amis term for Hans is payrag.

Biological traits and relationships with other Taiwanese/Asian people

Part of the maximum-likelihood tree of 75 Asian populations:[25]








Japanese/Ryukyuan

Korean

Han Chinese (Beijing)

Han Chinese (Shanghai)

Minnan Han Taiwanese

Hakka Han Taiwanese

Han Singaporean (Minnan speaker)

Han Chinese (Guangdong)

Hmong/Yao



Languages

Linguistic Diversity

Uijin Ang divided Taiwan (excluding Kinmen and Matsu) into 7 linguistic regions, including one Austronesian, five Han and one mixed.[26]

Han linguistic regions of Taiwan according to Ang (2013)[26]
Region Languages included Administrative regions included
Hakka major: Hakka (Sixian, Hailu, Dapu); minor: Minnan (Chang-chow) Taoyuan, Hsinchu County, Miaoli County, Taichung, Nantou County
North Min Minnan (Chin-chew, Chang-chow) New Taipei, Taipei, Ilan County, Keelung, Taoyuan
Middle Min major: Minnan (Chin-chew (coastal), Chang-chow(inland); minor: Hakka (Zhaoan, Hailu), Tsou Hsinchu County (coastal), Miaoli County (coastal), Taichung, Changhua County, Yunlin County, Chiayi County and Chiayi City, Nantou
South Min major: Minnan (mixed, Chin-chew); minor: Hakka (Sixian, Hailu) Tainan, Kaohsiung, Pingtung County
Penghu Minnan (Chin-chew, Chang-chow, mixed) Penghu

Influence of Non-Han Languages

Ever since the arrival of Han immigrants in Taiwan, their languages have undergone changes through interactions with other Han or non-Han languages. For example, one unit of land area used in Taiwanese Minnan is Kah (甲; 0.9699 acre), which comes from the Dutch word for "field", akker (akker > 阿甲 > 甲).

Loanwords in Taiwanese Hakka[27]
Source languages Han characters Romanization Meaning
Austronesian languages 馬不老 ma pu lao drunk
Dutch 石文 sak vun soap
Minnan 米粉炒 bi hun tsha fried rice vermicelli
Japanese 幫浦 phong phu pump
Mandarin 再見 tsai kian goodbye
Yehliu (野柳, Iá-Liú in Minnan), a scenic area in northern Taiwan. Its name came from the Castilian name given by the Spaniards, Punto Diablos, which means 'Cape Devils'.
Loanwords for place names in Taiwanese Han languages
Source languages Place Han characters Notes
Dutch Fort Zeelandia 熱蘭遮城
Dutch Cape Hoek 富貴角 Dutch: hoek ('cape')
Castilian Cape San Diego 三貂角 Castilian: Santiago; Dutch: St. Jago
Castilian Yehliu 野柳 [Punto] Diablos (Castilian) > 野柳 (Minnan)
Atayal Wulai 烏來
Basay Jinshan 金山 Kimpauri/Kimauri > 金包里 (Minnan) > 金山 (Japanese)
Japanese Kaohsiung 高雄 Takau (Makatto) > 打狗 (Minnan) > 高雄/Taka-o (Japanese)
Japanese Songshan 松山 Matsuyama (Japanese)
Japanese Guansi 關西 鹹菜 (Ham-Coi) 甕 (Hakka) > 鹹菜(Kan-Sai, Japanese) > 關西 (Kan-Sai, Japanese)

Culture

Cuisine

Minced pork rice, a rice dish of Han Taiwanese.
Some typical foods of Han Taiwanese
Subgroup Food
Minnan 滷肉飯 (minced pork rice), 割包 (Gua-bao), 柯仔煎 (oyster omelet), 豬血糕 (rice blood cake)
Hakka 客家小炒 (fried pork, dried tofu and squid), 薑絲大腸 (Large intestine with ginger slices), 粄條 (flat rice noodles)
post-WWII immigrants 牛肉麵 (Beef noodle soup), 燒餅 (clay oven rolls), 油條 (deep fried stick), 臭豆腐 (stinky tofu)

Religions

The most popular religions of Han Taiwanese are Taoism and Buddhism. With 11,796 temples (78.4% Taoist; 19.6% Buddhist), Taiwan is the country with the highest density of temples in the world.[28]

Surnames

The ten most common Han surnames in Taiwan in 2014[29][nb 2]
Han Surname Wade–Giles Population Percentage
陳 Chen 2,605,191 11.14%
林 Lin 1,942,787 8.31%
黃 Huang 1,413,270 6.04%
張 Chang 1,234,180 5.28%
李 Li 1,200,862 5.13%
王 Wang 961,744 4.11%
吳 Wu 944,949 4.04%
劉 Liu 738,976 3.16%
蔡 Tsai 681,012 2.91%
楊 Yang 621,832 2.66%

In traditional Han society, children inherit the surname of the father. Population analyses of Han Taiwanese based on the short tandem repeat sequences on the Y chromosome, which is specific to males, shows high haplotype diversity in most surname groups. Except for rare ones, the origins of Han surnames in Taiwan are pretty heterogeneous.[13]

Villages

Taipei Confucius Temple.

Confucian temples formed an important part of the life of early Han immigrants. Famous temples include Taiwan Confucian Temple and Taipei Confucius Temple.

Arts and Music

Performing arts of Han Taiwanese
Subgroup Category Notable examples Notable artists
Minnan 布袋戲 (glove puppetry) Pili (TV series), Legend of the Sacred Stone 黃俊雄 (Toshio Huang)
歌仔戲 (koa-á-hì) 楊麗花 (Yang Li-hua), 明華園 (Ming Hwa Yuan)
陣頭 (Tīn-thâu) Electric-Techno Neon Gods Chio-Tian Folk Drums & Arts Troupe
Music 南管 Lâm-im, 北管 (Pak-kóan)
Hakka 客家戲 (Hakka opera) 三腳採茶戲 (three-character tea-picking drama)
post-WWII immigrants 相聲 (Crosstalk) 那一夜我們說相聲 (The Night We Became Hsiang-Sheng Comedians)吳兆南 (Zhao-Nan Wu)

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ This number was inferred from the Han population size of 3,751,600 and their proportion of ~90% in the total population.[19]
  2. ↑ Numbers including all nationals who have a Han name, including many Austronesians, who were until 1990s forbidden to possess their traditional names. See Taiwanese aborigines.

References

  1. ↑ Lane et al. (2008). "Sarcosine (N-Methylglycine) Treatment for Acute Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study" Biological Psychiatry, 63: 9-12.
  2. ↑ Hou et al. (2007). "Usefulness of human leucocyte antigen-B27 subtypes in predicting ankylosing spondylitis: Taiwan experience" Internal Medicine Journal, 37(11): 749–752.
  3. ↑ Ahern, Emily M.; Gates, Hill (1981). The Anthropology of Taiwanese Society. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804710430.
  4. ↑ Eiko Tai (1999). "Kokugo and colonial education in Taiwan" positions, 7(2): 503-540.
  5. ↑ Jing-Shoung Hou, Chung-Hsien Lin, and Duarte B. Morais (2005). "Antecedents of Attachment to a Cultural Tourism Destination: The Case of Hakka and Non-Hakka Taiwanese Visitors to Pei-Pu, Taiwan" Journal of Travel Research, 44: 221-233.
  6. ↑ Comas et al. (2004). "Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages" European Journal of Human Genetics, 12: 495–504.
  7. ↑ Wu et al. (2009). "Distribution of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in Eastern mainland Chinese Han and Taiwanese Han populations" Tissue Antigens, 74(6): 499-507.
  8. ↑ Chen et al. (1996). "Alcohol-metabolising genes and alcoholism among Taiwanese Han men: independent effect of ADH2, ADH3 and ALDH2" British Journal of Psychiatry, 168(6): 762-7.
  9. ↑ Hsu et al. (2006). "Association of NRAMP 1 gene polymorphism with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Taiwanese aboriginals" Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 105(5): 363-9.
  10. ↑ Stoddard, Philip; Cuthell, David C.; Sullivan, Margaret W. (1981). Change and the Muslim world. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0815622511.
  11. ↑ Teves, Stephanie Nohelani; Smith, Andrea; Raheja, Michelle (2015). Native Studies Keywords. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0816531501.
  12. ↑ "漢人村莊社會文化傳統資料庫" [Database for the Society, Culture and Customs of Han Villages] (in Chinese). Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  13. 1 2 Lin, Bao-Shun (2012). 台灣漢人的姓氏與Y染色體STR單倍型的關聯性分析 [Analysis of the association between surnames and Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in the Taiwanese Han population] (Master). National Taiwan University.
  14. ↑ Wen et al. (2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture" Nature, 431: 302-305.
  15. 1 2 Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (2014). The Republic of China Yearbook 2014. ISBN 9789860423020. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  16. ↑ Klöter, Henning (2004). "Language Policy in the KMT and DPP eras". China Perspectives 56. ISSN 1996-4617. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chen, Kongli (1990). 清代台湾移民社会研究 [Studies on the Immigrant Society of Taiwan under the Ching Dynasty]. Xiamen: Xiamen University Press.
  18. 1 2 Hsu, Shih-Rong (2013). "The first features of Taiwanese ancestral places and ethnic distributions in the beginning of the 20th century: Graphical presentation of the statistic data from Relative Investigations of Formosa Development and History by the Taiwan Sotokufu in 1901" Journal of Geographical Research, 59: 91-126.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Taiwan Sotoku Kanbo Chosaka (1928). 台灣在籍漢民族鄉貫別調查 [Investigation of the regions of origin of Han people in Taiwan]. Taihoku-shi (Taipei): Taiwan Sotoku Kanbo Chosaka.
  20. 1 2 臺灣省政府主計處 (1953). 臺灣第七次人口普查結果表 [The seventh population census of Taiwan]. 臺灣省政府主計處.
  21. 1 2 臺灣省戶口普查處 (1959). 中華民國戶口普查報告 [The seventh population census of Taiwan]. 臺灣省戶口普查處.
  22. ↑ Taiwan Bar Studio (Oct 10, 2015). 【故事・臺北】 第二話 -『士林生死鬥』 [Story of Taipei (Episode 2): Shilin DOA] (Motion picture). Taipei.
  23. ↑ "On Reconciliation (original text with Mandarin translation)". Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  24. ↑ "認識福佬客". Hakka Affairs Council, Taiwan. 25 Jan 2006. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  25. ↑ The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium (2009). "Mapping human genetic diversity in Asia" Science, 326: 1541-5.
  26. 1 2 Uijin Ang (2013). "The distribution and regionalization of varieties in Taiwan" Language and Linguistics, 14(2): 315-369.
  27. ↑ Raung-Fu Chung (2014). "An investigation of Hakka nativization in Taiwan" Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature, 9(1): 29-54.
  28. ↑ "台宗教密度高 寺廟教堂逾萬座". Central News Agency (Taiwan). 7 July 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  29. ↑ "全國1,510姓氏 陳林滿天下 內政部《全國姓名統計分析》全新出版". Executive Yuan, Taiwan. 29 October 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2015.

External links

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