European Americans

European Americans
Total population
233,963,128[1]
73.4% of the total U.S. population (2014)
Regions with significant populations
Continental United States,
smaller populations in Alaska and Hawaii
Languages
Predominantly English;
 • Spanish • others
Religion
Predominantly Christianity
Related ethnic groups
European diaspora
European ethnic groups • White Americans

European Americans (sometimes Euro-Americans) are an American ethnic group whose family origin is in Europe.[2][3]

The Spanish were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States.[4] Martín de Argüelles born 1566, St. Augustine, Spanish Florida, was the first known person of European descent born in what is now the United States.[5] Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare, born in 1587 on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the Thirteen Colonies to English parents. Long before Europeans arrived , the first nations were active traders. In the 2014 American Community Survey, German Americans (14.4%), Irish Americans (10.4%), English Americans (7.6%) and Italian Americans (5.4%) were the four largest self-reported European ancestry groups in the United States forming 37.8% of the total population.[6] However, the English-Americans and British-Americans demography is considered a serious under-count as the stock tend to self-report and identify as simply 'Americans' due to the length of time they have inhabited America.[7][8][9][10]

European Americans are not recognized as a group by the United States Census Bureau on their own despite the fact it must be, but are included in the category of "White". "White" is defined by the United States Census Bureau as "a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa".[11]:3 According to the US Census, European Americans are merely a subset of white Americans, as the census still includes Latinos (many of whom are of European descent) in the "white" category among other non-European whites.[12] The term "non-Hispanic white" is often used as a proxy for European Americans, although that also includes a small fraction of peoples of Middle Eastern descent, and excludes Hispanics directly from Spain. In one study of self-classified European Americans, seventy percent, on average, had absolutely no African ancestry. The other thirty percent usually had just one African ancestor, amounting to an average of 0.7% African DNA for all European Americans.[13]

Terminology

Number of European Americans 1800 - 2010
Year R Population % of the United States
1800[14] 4,306,44681.1%
1850[14] 19,553,06884.3%
1900[14] 66,809,19687.9%
1950[14] 134,942,02889.5%
2010[11] 223,553,26572.4%

Use

In 1995, as part of a review of the Office of Management and Budget's Statistical Policy Directive No. 15 (Race and Ethnic Standards for Federal Statistics and Administrative Reporting), a survey was conducted of census recipients to determine their preferred terminology for the racial/ethnic groups defined in the Directive. For the 'white' group, 'European American' came third, preferred by 2.35% of panel interviewees.[15] The term "European American" is not in popular use in the U.S. among the general public or in the mass media, and the terms "white" or "white American" are commonly used instead.

The term is used interchangeably with "Caucasian American", "White American", and "Anglo American" in many places around the United States.[16] "Anglo American" derives from the English speaking British colonists descended from the Angles tribes but refers to all English speaking White Americans/ While, European descended Americans (White Latinos) who have ancestors that spoke Spanish.[17] It is used in the southwestern United States in place of "White" or "European American". European American also has a more specific reference than either "White American" or "Caucasian American" since both of these terms include a larger group of people than what is acknowledged in Europe.[18][19] Also, whereas the terms "White American" and "Caucasian American" carry somewhat ambiguous definitions, depending on the speaker, European American has a more specific definition and scope. According to linguist Janet Bing, the term "European American" has increased a little in use, especially among scholars.[20]

Origin

The term is used by some to emphasize the European cultural and geographical ancestral origins of Americans, in the same way as is done for African Americans and Asian Americans. A European American awareness is still notable because 90% of the respondents classified as white in the U.S. Census knew their European ancestry.[21] Historically, the concept of an American originated in the U.S. as a person of European ancestry, thus excluding African Americans and Native Americans.[22]

As a linguistic concern, the term is often meant to discourage a dichotomous view of the racial landscape between the normative white category and everyone else.[23] Margo Adair suggests that the recognition of specific European American ancestries allows certain Americans to become aware that they come from a variety of different cultures.[24]

History

U.S. Historical Populations[25]
Country Immigrants before 1790 Population
(ancestry 1790)[26]
England* 230,000 1,900,000
Ulster Scot-Irish* 135,000 320,000
Germany[27]1 103,000 280,000
Scotland* 48,500 160,000
Ireland 8,000 200,000
Netherlands 6,000 100,000
Wales* 4,000 120,000
France 3,000 80,000
Sweden and Other[28] 500 20,000
*British total 417,500 2,500,000+
Total[29] 950,000 3,929,214
African[30] immigrants before 1790: 360,000, total ancestry in 1790: 757,208.

1It may include Poles. See: Partitions of Poland

Since 1607, some 57 million immigrants have come to the United States from other lands. Approximately 10 million passed through on their way to some other place or returned to their original homelands, leaving a net gain of some 47 million people. Prior to 1960, the overwhelming majority came from Europe or European descent from Canada. In 1960 for example, 75.0% of foreign-born population in the U.S came from the region of Europe.[31]

Before 1881, the vast majority of immigrants, almost 86% of the total, arrived from northwest Europe, principally Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, and Scandinavia. The years between 1881 and 1893 the pattern shifted, in the sources of U.S. “New immigration”. Between 1894 and 1914, immigrants from southern, central, and eastern Europe accounted for 69% of the total.[32][33][34]

Colonial

Colonial stock, which mostly consists of people of English, Scottish, Scots-Irish or Welsh descent, may be found throughout the country but is especially dominant in New England and the South. Some people of colonial stock, especially in the Mid-Atlantic states, are also of Dutch, German and Flemish descent. The vast majority of these are Protestants. The Pennsylvania Dutch (German American) population gave the state of Pennsylvania a high German cultural character. French descent, which can also be found throughout the country, is most concentrated in Louisiana, while Spanish descent is dominant in the Southwest and Florida. These are primarily Roman Catholic and were assimilated with the Louisiana Purchase and the aftermath of the Mexican–American War and Adams–Onís Treaty, respectively.

The first large wave of European migration after the Revolutionary War came from Northern and Central-Western Europe between about 1820 and 1890. Most of these immigrants were from Ireland, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, and Britain, and with large numbers of Irish and German Catholics immigrating, Roman Catholicism became an important minority religion. Polish Americans usually used to come as German or Austrian citizens, since Poland lost its independence in the period between 1772–1795. Descendants of the first wave are dominant in the Midwest and West, although German descent is extremely common in Pennsylvania, and Irish descent is also common in urban centers in the Northeast. The Irish and Germans held onto their ethnic identity throughout the 19th and early half of the 20th centuries, as well of other European ethnic groups. Most people of Polish origin live in the Northeast and the Midwest (See also White ethnic).

Second wave

Europe-born population 1850–2010[35][36][37]
Year Population % of total foreign-born pop.
1850 2,031,867 92.2%
1860 3,807,062 92.1%
1870 4,941,049 88.8%
1880 5,751,823 86.2%
1890 8,030,347 86.9%
1900 8,881,548 86.0%
1910 11,810,115 87.4%
1920 11,916,048 85.7%
1930 11,784,010 83.0%
1960 7,256,311 75.0%
1970 5,740,891 61.7%
1980 5,149,572 39.0%
1990 4,350,403 22.9%
2000 4,915,557 15.8%
2010 4,817,437 12.1%

The second wave of European Americans arrived from the mid-1890s to the 1920s, mainly from Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, as well as Ireland.[21] This wave included Irish, Italians, Greeks, Hungarians, Portuguese, Ukrainians, Russians, Poles and other Slavs. With large numbers of immigrants from Spain, Mexico, Spanish Caribbean, and South and Central America, White Hispanics have increased to 8% of the US population, and Texas, California, New York, and Florida are important centers for them.

Immigration since 1820

Immigration from Europe to the United States 1820 - 1970[38][39][40][41][42][43]
Years Arrivals Years Arrivals Years Arrivals
1820-183098,816 1901-19108,136,016 1981-1990
1831-1840495,6881911-19204,376,5641991-2000
1841-18501,597,5021921-19302,477,853
1851-18602,452,657 1931-1940348,289
1861-18702,064,407 1941-1950621,704
1871-18802,261,904 1951-19601,328,293
1881-18904,731,607 1961-19701,129,670
1891-19003,558,793 1971-1980
Arrivals Total (150 yrs)35,679,763
European Emigration 1820 - 1978[44][45][46]
Country Arrivals % of total Country Arrivals % of total
Germany16,978,00014.3%Norway 856,0001.8%
Italy5,294,00010.9% France751,000
Great Britain 4,898,000 10.01%Greece655,000 1.3%
Ireland4,723,0009.7%Portugal446,000 0.9%
Austria-Hungary1, 24,315,0008.9% Denmark 364,0000.7%
Russia1, 23,374,0006.9% Netherlands 359,000 0.7%
Sweden 1,272,0002.6% Finland 33,000 0.1%
Total (158 yrs) 34,318,000
Note: Many returned to their country of origin1 It may include Poles. See: Partitions of Poland.2
It may include Belarusians, Jews, Lithuanians, Ukrainians. See: Partitions of Poland and Russian Empire

Demographics

The top countries of origin for European immigrants (2010)[37]
Country Percent
United Kingdom United Kingdom
  
 14.0%
Germany Germany
  
 13.0%
Poland Poland
  
 10.0%
Russia Russia
  
 8.0%
Italy Italy
  
 8.0%
Ukraine Ukraine
  
 7.0%
Portugal Portugal
  
 5.0%
Rest of Europe
  
 35.0%
Region of birth for European immigrants (2010 Census)[37]
Region of birth Percent
Northern Europe (923,564)
  
 19.0%
Western Europe (961,791)
  
 20.0%
Southern Europe (779,294)
  
 17.0%
Eastern Europe (2,143,055)
  
 44.0%
Total population (2010): 4,817,437.[47]

At the 2010 Census there were 223,553,265 "White Americans", which includes 26.7 million White Hispanic Americans. That is, there are 196.8 million "Non-Hispanic Whites" (63.7% of the total population) and 26,735,713 people of[White Hispanic origin (8.7% of the population). The two groups collectively form the census category of "White Americans" - see Race and ethnicity - a group consisting mostly of those of European ancestry, though people of Middle Eastern and North African ancestry are also classified as white by the U.S. Census Bureau.[48]

The numbers below give numbers of European Americans as measured by the U.S. Census in 1980, 1990, and 2000. The numbers are measured according to declarations in census responses. This leads to uncertainty over the real meaning of the figures: For instance, as can be seen, according to these figures, the European American population dropped 40 million in ten years, but in fact this is a reflection of changing census responses. In particular, it reflects the increased popularity of the 'American' option following its inclusion as an example in the 2000 census forms.

It is important to note that breakdowns of the European American population into sub-components is a difficult and rather arbitrary exercise. Farley (1991) argues that "because of ethnic intermarriage, the numerous generations that separate respondents from their forbears and the apparent unimportance to many whites of European origin, responses appear quite inconsistent".[49]

In particular, a large majority of European Americans have ancestry from a number of different countries and the response to a single 'ancestry' gives little indication of the backgrounds of Americans today. When only prompted for a single response, the examples given on the census forms and a pride in identifying the more distinctive parts of one's heritage are important factors; these will likely adversely affect the numbers reporting ancestries from the British Isles. Multiple response ancestry data often greatly increase the numbers reporting for the main ancestry groups, although Farley goes as far to conclude that "no simple question will distinguish those who identify strongly with a specific European group from those who report symbolic or imagined ethnicity." He highlights responses in the Current Population Survey (1973) where for the main 'old' ancestry groups (e.g., German, Irish, English, and French), over 40% change their reported ancestry over the six-month period between survey waves (page 422).

The New York City Metropolitan Area is home to the largest European population in the United States.[50]

An important example to note is that in 1980 23.75 million Americans claimed English ancestry and 25.85 claimed English ancestry together with one or more other. This represents 49.6 million people. The table below shows that in 1990 when only single and primary responses were allowed this fell to 32 million and in 2000 to 24 million.[51]

The largest self-reported ancestries in 2000, reporting over 5 million members, were in order: German, Irish, English, American, Italian, French, and Polish. They have different distributions within the United States; in general, the northern half of the United States from Pennsylvania westward is dominated by German ancestry, and the southern half by English and American. Irish may be found throughout the entire country.

Italian ancestry is most common in the Northeast, Polish in the Great Lakes Region, and French in New England and Louisiana. U.S. Census Bureau statisticians estimate that approximately 62 percent of European Americans today are either wholly or partly of English, Welsh, Irish, or Scottish ancestry. Approximately 86% of European Americans today are of northwestern and central European ancestry, and 14% are of southeastern European and White Hispanic and Latino American descent.

Culture

American cultural icons, apple pie, baseball, and the American flag. All have European influence primarily from the British.
Mount Rushmore was sculpted by Danish-American Gutzon Borglum. Sculptures of the heads of former U.S. presidents Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt and Lincoln. It has become an iconic symbol of the United States.[52]

Cultural Roots

The culture of the Americans of European descent is the culture of the United States. As the largest component of the American population, the overall American culture reflects the European-influenced culture. The culture has been developing since long before the United States formed a separate country. Much of American culture shows influences from English culture. The colonial heritage means that the major early cultural influences came from English, Irish and Scottish settlers. Colonial ties to Great Britain spread the English language, legal system and other cultural attributes.[53]

For the most part European American cultural lineage can be traced back to Western and Northern Europe and is institutionalized in the government, traditions, and civic education in the U.S.[54] Since most later European Americans have assimilated into American culture, most European Americans now generally express their individual ethnic ties sporadically and symbolically and do not consider their specific ethnic origins to be essential to their identity; however, European American ethnic expression has been revived since the 1960s.[21] Southern Europeans, specifically Italian and Greeks (see Greek American), have maintained high levels of ethnic identity. Same applied to Polish Americans. In the 1960s, Mexican Americans, Jewish Americans, and African Americans started exploring their cultural traditions as the ideal of cultural pluralism took hold.[21] European Americans followed suit by exploring their individual cultural origins and having less shame of expressing their unique cultural heritage.[21]

The Solutrean hypothesis suggested that Europeans may have been among the first in the Americas.[55][56][57] More recent research has argued this not to be the case and that the founding Native American population came from Siberia through Beringia. An article in the American Journal of Human Genetics states "Here we show, by using 86 complete mitochondrial genomes, that all Native American haplogroups, including haplogroup X, were part of a single founding population, thereby refuting multiple-migration models."[58]

Law

The American legal system also has its roots in French philosophy with the separation of powers and the federal system[59] along with English law in common law.[60] For example, elements of the Magna Carta in it contain provisions on criminal law that were incorporated into the Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution. It as well as other documents had elements influencing and incorporated into the United States constitution.[61]

American cultural icons

American flag

Cuisine

Thanksgiving

Sports

Main article: Origins of baseball

Music

Another area of cultural influence are American Patriotic songs:

Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom.

Motorcycle maker

European ancestries table

Ancestry1980%1990% 2000% Change
1990 - 2000
Albania Albanian[75] 38,658 0.02% 47,710 0.02% 113,661 0.04% +138.2%
Armenia Armenian[76] 214,362 0.09% 296,672 0.1% 385,488 0.1% +29.3%
United States American1[77] (see notes) no data no data 12,395,999 5.0% 20,188,305 7.2% +62.9%
Austria Austrian[78] 948,558 0.42% 864,783 0.3% 730,336 0.3% -15.5%
Basque Country (autonomous community) Basque[79] 43,140 0.02% 47,956 0.02% 57,793 0.02% +20.5%
Belarus Belarusian 25,639 0.2%
Belgium Belgian[80] 360,277 0.16% 380,403 0.2% 348,531 0.1% -08.4%
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian 350,000 0.1%
United Kingdom British[81] ? ? 1,119,140 0.4% 1,085,718 0.4% -03.0%
Bulgaria Bulgarian[82] 42,504 0.02% 29,595 0.01% 55,489 0.02% +87.5%
Catalonia Catalan[83] 1,738
Croatia Croatian[84] 252,970 0.11% 544,270 0.2% 374,241 0.1% -31.2%
Cyprus Cypriot[85] 4,897 7,643
Czech Republic Czech[86] 1,892,456 0.84% 1,296,369 0.5% 1,258,452 0.4% -02.9%
Denmark Danish[87] 1,518,273 0.67% 1,634,648 0.7% 1,430,897 0.5% -12.5%
Netherlands Dutch[88] 6,304,499 2.78% 6,226,339 2.5% 4,541,770 1.6% -27.1%
England English[89] 49,598,035 21.89% 32,651,788 13.1% 24,509,692 8.7% -24.9%
Estonia Estonian 25,994 0.01% 26,762 0.01% 25,034 0.01% -06.5%
Finland Finnish[90] 615,872 0.27% 658,854 0.3% 623,559 0.2% -05.4%
France French[91] 12,892,246 5.69% 10,320,656 4.1% 13,172,178 4.0% +27.6%
Georgia (country) Georgian 6,298
Germany German[92] 49,224,146 21.73% 57,947,171 23.3% 42,841,569 15.2% -26.1%
Greece Greek[93] 959,856 0.42% 1,110,292 0.4% 1,153,295 0.4% +03.9%
Hungary Hungarian[94] 1,776,902 0.78% 1,582,302 0.6% 1,398,702 0.5% -11.6%
Iceland Icelandic 32,586 0.01% 40,529 0.02% 42,716 0.01% +05.4%
Republic of Ireland Irish[95] 40,165,702 17.73% 38,735,539 15.6% 30,524,799 10.8% -21.2%
Italy Italian[96] 12,183,692 5.38% 14,664,189 5.9% 15,638,348 5.6% +06.6%
Latvia Latvian[97] 92,141 0.04% 100,331 0.04% 87,564 0.03% -12.7%
Liechtenstein Liechtensteiner[98] 1,244 0.0004
Lithuania Lithuanian[99] 742,776 0.33% 811,865 0.3% 659,992 0.2% -18.7%
Luxembourg Luxembourg[100] 45,139 0.01% -/+ 0%
Republic of Macedonia Macedonia[76] 57,200 0.02% -/+ -6,927%
Malta Maltese[100] 31,645 0.01% 39,600 0.02% 40,159 0.01% +01.4%
Moldova Moldovan [98] 7,859 0.003
Monaco Monégasque[98] 486
Montenegro Montenegrin 2,528 0.03%
Norway Norwegian[101] 3,453,839 1.52% 3,869,395 1.6% 4,477,725 1.6% +15.7%
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Dutch[100] 255,807 0.1%
Poland Polish[102] 8,228,037 3.63% 9,366,051 3.8% 8,977,235 3.2% -04.2%
Portugal Portuguese[103] 1,024,351 0.45% 1,148,857 0.5% 1,173,691 0.4% +02.2%
Romania Romanian[104] 315,258 0.14% 365,531 0.1% 367,278 0.1% +0.5%
Russia Russian[105] 2,781,432 1.23% 2,951,373 1.2% 2,652,214 0.9% -10.1%
Ulster Scots-Irish[106] 16,418 0.007% 5,617,773 2.3% 4,319,232 1.5% -23.1%
Scotland Scottish[107] 10,048,816 4.44% 5,393,581 2.2% 4,890,581 1.7% -09.3%
Serbia Serbian[108] 100,941 0.04% 116,795 0.05% 51,679 0.05% -50%
Slovakia Slovak[109] 776,806 0.3% 1,882,897 0.8% 797,764 0.3% -57.6%
Slovenia Slovene[110] 126,463 0.06 124,437 0.1% 176,691 0.1% +42%
San Marino Sammarinese[111] 538
Spain Spanish[112] 94,528 0.04% 360,858 0.1% 299,948 0.1% -16.9%
Sweden Swedish[113] 4,345,392 1.92% 4,680,863 1.9% 3,998,310 1.4% -14.6%
Switzerland Swiss[114] 981,543 0.43% 1,045,492 0.4% 911,502 0.3% -12.8%
Turkey Turkish[115] 75,988 0.03% 86,427 0.17% 117,575 0.1% +36%
Ukraine Ukrainian[116] 730,056 0.32% 740,723 0.3% 892,922 0.3% +20.5%
Wales Welsh[117] 1,664,598 0.73% 2,033,893 0.82% 1,753,794 0.6% -13.8%
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavs[100] 328,547 0.1%
Europe Other European[100] 1,968,696 0.7%
Scandinavian[100] 425,099 0.2%
United States Total 214,726,269 94.78% 223,371,445 89.81% 201,290,597 71.53% -18,28%
Source: United States Census. Number and (%) percentage of total United States population.
1 American ethnicity - 12,395,999 (5.0%, 1990) and 20,188,305 (7.2%, 2000).

See also

Notes

Presidents of European descent

Most of the heritage that all forty-four US presidents come from (or in some combination thereof): is British (English, Scottish, Scotch-Irish or Welsh) ancestry. Others include John F. Kennedy of Irish descent, Martin Van Buren of Dutch descent and two presidents whose fathers were of German descent: Dwight D. Eisenhower (whose original family name was Eisenhauer) and Herbert Hoover (Huber). Later U.S. Presidents' ancestry can often be traced to ancestors from multiple nations in Europe.[120]

1st George Washington 1789-1797 (English through great-grandfather John Washington, German through maternal grandfather Joseph Matthäus Ball, French through great-great-great-grandfather Nicolas Martiau)
2nd John Adams 1797-1801 (English)
3rd Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809 (Welsh, Scotch-English)
4th James Madison 1809-1817 (English)
5th James Monroe 1817-1825 (Scottish)
6th John Quincy Adams 1825-1829 (English)
7th Andrew Jackson 1829-1837 (Scotch-Irish)
8th Martin Van Buren 1837-1841 (Dutch)
9th William Henry Harrison 1841 (English)
10th John Tyler 1841-1845 (English)
11th James Knox Polk 1845-1849 (Scotch-Irish)
12th Zachary Taylor 1849-1850 (English)
13th Millard Fillmore 1850-1853 (Scottish, English)
14th Franklin Pierce 1853-1857 (English)
15th James Buchanan 1857-1861 (Scotch-Irish)
16th Abraham Lincoln 1861-1865 (Welsh, English through ancestor Samuel Lincoln)
17th Andrew Johnson 1865-1869 (Scotch-Irish, English)
18th Ulysses Simpson Grant 1869-1877 (Scotch-Irish, English, Scottish, Walloon)
19th Rutherford Birchard Hayes 1877-1881 (English, Scottish)
20th James Abram Garfield 1881 (Welsh, English, French)
21st Chester Alan Arthur 1881-1885 (Scotch-Irish, English)
22nd Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 (English, Anglo-Irish, German)
23rd Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893 (Scotch-Irish, English)
24th Grover Cleveland 1893-1897 (English, Anglo-Irish, German)
25th William McKinley 1897-1901 (Scotch-Irish, English)
26th Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909 (Dutch, Scotch-Irish, Scottish, English, Walloon)
27th William Howard Taft 1909-1913 (Scotch-Irish, English)
28th Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 (Scotch-Irish, Scottish)
29th Warren Gamaliel Harding 1921-1923 (Scotch-Irish, English)
30th Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929 (English)
31st Herbert Clark Hoover 1929-1933 (German, Swiss, English)
32nd Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945 (Dutch, Walloon, English)
33rd Harry S. Truman 1945-1953 (English, German, Scotch-Irish)
34th Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953-1961 (German, Swiss)
35th John F. Kennedy 1961-1963 (Irish)
36th Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-1969 (English)
37th Richard Nixon 1969-1974 (English, Scotch-Irish, Irish, German)
38th Gerald Ford 1974-1977 (English)
39th Jimmy Carter 1977-1981 (English, Scotch-Irish)
40th Ronald Reagan 1981-1989 (Irish, Scottish, English)
41st George H. W. Bush 1989-1993 (English, German, Scotch-Irish, Dutch, Swedish)
42nd Bill Clinton 1993-2001 (Scotch-Irish, English)
43rd George W. Bush 2001- 2009 (English, German, Scotch-Irish, Dutch, Swedish, Welsh)
44th Barack Obama 2009 - present (English, Irish, German through his mother Ann Dunham)

Admixture

In a recent study, Gonçalves et al. 2007 reported Sub-Saharan and Amerindian mtDNA lineages at a frequency of 3.1% (respectively 0.90% and 2.2%) in white North Americans of European descent.[121]

Based on a study of U.S. Census Bureau figures from 1980, 1990, and 2000, Census Bureau statisticians determined that one out of three European Americans is descended from only one European ethnicity; one out of three is descended from two European nationalities; and one out of three is descended from three or more European ethnic origins.

Another study, Lao et al.2010 was done on a total of 664 Americans, among them, 246 were self-declared U.S. African Americans, 127 were self-declared U.S. Hispanic Americans, and 245 were self-declared U.S. European Americans from Temple and Killeen, TX, Louisville, KY, Baltimore, MD, Philadelphia, PA, Memphis, TN and Miami, FL and 46 were self-declared U.S. Asian Americans from the Fairfield, OH source. Self-declared U.S. Europeans showed on average 93.2% of European ancestry (95% CI from 73.23% to 98.09%).[122]

Chromosomal DNA, compared to mtDNA, tend to show a broader admixture in European Americans. DNA analysis of White Americans by geneticist Mark D. Shriver showed an average of 0.7% Sub-Saharan African admixture and 3.2% Native American admixture.[123] In another study, about 30% of all White Americans, approximately 66 million people, have a mean of 2.3% of Black African admixture.[124] Southern states with the highest African American populations, tended to have the highest percentages of hidden African ancestry.[125] Also, from the 23andMe database, about 5 to at least 13 percent of self-classified white American Southerners have greater than 1 percent African ancestry.[125]

References

  1. ↑ ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates
  2. ↑ "Euro-American". Merriam Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  3. ↑ Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia: By James B. Minahan - Americans of European descent (Page: 17-18)
  4. ↑ "A Spanish Expedition Established St. Augustine in Florida". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
  5. ↑ "Latino Chronology". google.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-02-04.
  6. ↑ "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States (DP02): 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  7. ↑ Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America By Dominic J. Pulera.
  8. ↑ Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
  9. ↑ Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44-6.
  10. ↑ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82-86.
  11. 1 2 Karen R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez (March 2011). "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  12. ↑ "The Census Can't Fit Latinos Into A Race Box And It's Causing More Confusion". The Huffington Post. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2015-02-04.
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  16. ↑ Sandra Soo-Jin Lee; Joanna Mountain; Barbara A. Koenig (May 24, 2001). "The Meanings of Race in the New Genomics: Implications for Health Disparities Research" (PDF). Yale University. p. 54. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
  17. ↑ Thierry Devos; Kelly Gavin; Francisco J. Quintana (January 2010). "Say "Adios" to the American Dream? The Interplay Between Ethnic and National Identity Among Latino and Caucasian Americans". nih.com. pp. 37–49. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  18. ↑ Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief Webster's Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.:1994--Merriam-Webster See original definition (definition #1) of Anglo in English: It is defined as a synonym for Anglo-American--Page 86
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