Bloch wave – MoM method

Bloch wave – MoM is a first principles technique for determining the photonic band structure of triply periodic electromagnetic media such as photonic crystals. This technique uses the method of moments (MoM) in combination with a Bloch wave expansion of the electromagnetic field in the structure. It is based on the 3-dimensional spectral domain method (Kastner [1987]). This approach is very efficient in terms of the number of plane waves needed for good convergence and is analogous to the spectral domain MoM method commonly used for analyzing 2D periodic structures such as frequency selective surfaces (FSS). In both cases, the field is expanded in terms of a set of eigenfunction modes (either a Bloch wave in 3D or a plane wave spectrum in 2D), and an integral equation is enforced on the surface of the scatterers in each unit cell. In the FSS case, the unit cell is 2-dimensional and in the photonic crystal case, the unit cell is 3-dimensional.

Field equations for 3D PEC photonic crystal structures

For perfectly electrically conducting (PEC) structures admitting only electric current sources J, the electric field E is related to the vector magnetic potential A via the well-known relation:

$\bold E ~ = ~ -j k \eta \left [ \bold A + \frac {1}{k^2} \nabla (\nabla \bullet \bold A) \right ] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(1.1)$

and the vector magnetic potential is in turn related to the source currents via:

$\nabla^2 \bold A + k^2 \bold A ~ = ~ -\bold J ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (1.2)$

where

$k^2 ~ = ~ \omega^2 (\mu \epsilon) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (1.3)$

Bloch wave expansion of the fields

To solve equations (1.1) and (1.2) within the periodic volume, we may assume a Bloch wave expansion for all currents, fields and potentials:

$\bold J(x,y,z) ~ = ~ \sum_{mnp} ~ \bold J(\alpha_m,\beta_n, \gamma_p) ~ e^{j(\alpha_m x + \beta_n y + \gamma_p z)} ~~~~~(2.1a)$

$\bold E(x,y,z) ~ = ~ \sum_{mnp} ~ \bold E(\alpha_m,\beta_n, \gamma_p) ~ e^{j(\alpha_m x + \beta_n y + \gamma_p z)} ~~~~(2.1b)$

$\bold A(x,y,z) ~ = ~ \sum_{mnp} ~ \bold A(\alpha_m,\beta_n, \gamma_p) ~ e^{j(\alpha_m x + \beta_n y + \gamma_p z)} ~~~(2.1c)$

where for simplicity, we assume an orthogonal lattice in which α only depends on m, β only depends on n and γ only depends on p. In the equations above,

$\alpha_m ~ = ~ k_0 ~ \sin \theta_0 ~ \cos \phi_0 ~ + ~ \frac{2m\pi}{l_x} ~~~~~~~~~~~(2.2a)$

$\beta_n ~ = ~ k_0 ~ \sin \theta_0 ~ \sin \phi_0 ~ + ~ \frac{2n\pi}{l_y} ~~~~~~~~~~~~~(2.2b)$

$\gamma_p ~ = ~ k_0 ~ \cos \theta_0 ~ + ~ \frac{2p\pi}{l_z} ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(2.2c)$

and,

$k_0 ~ = ~ 2\pi/\lambda ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(2.3)$

where l_x, l_y, l_z are the dimensions of the unit cell in the x,y,z directions respectively, λ is the effective wavelength in the crystal and θ₀, φ₀ are the directions of propagation in spherical coordinates. Note that k in equations (1.1) and (1.2) comes from the time derivative in Maxwell's equations and is the free space propagation constant, proportional to frequency as we see in equation (1.3). On the other hand, k₀ in the equations above comes from our assumed Bloch wave solution given by equations (2.1) & (2.2). As a result, it represents the propagation constant in the periodic medium. These two k's, i.e. the free space propagation constant and the propagation constant of the Bloch wave, are in general different thereby allowing for dispersion in our solution.

Integral equation for PEC media

Substituting equations (2.1) into (1.1) and (1.2) yields the spectral domain Greens function relating the radiated electric field to its source currents:

$\bold E(\alpha_m,\beta_n, \gamma_p) ~ = ~ \frac {jk\eta}{k^2-\alpha_m^2-\beta_n^2-\gamma_p^2} ~ \bold G_{mnp} ~ \bold J(\alpha_m,\beta_n, \gamma_p) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(3.1)$

where,

$\bold G_{mnp} ~ = ~ \left ( \begin{matrix} 1-\frac{\alpha_m^2}{k^2} & -\frac{\alpha_m \beta_n}{k^2} & -\frac{\alpha_m \gamma_p}{k^2} \\ -\frac{\alpha_m \beta_n}{k^2} & 1- \frac {\beta_n^2}{k^2} & -\frac{\beta_n \gamma_p}{k^2} \\ -\frac{\alpha_m \gamma_p}{k^2} & - \frac {\beta_n \gamma_p}{k^2} & 1- \frac {\gamma_p^2}{k^2} \end{matrix} \right ) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(3.2)$

is the tensor Green's function in the spectral domain. Note that the spatial domain convolution has been transformed into a simple multiplication in the spectral domain, consistent with the convolution theorem for Fourier transforms.

With this, the electric field boundary condition on the surface of PEC material within a unit cell becomes:

$~ \sum_{mnp} ~ \frac {1}{k^2-\alpha_m^2-\beta_n^2-\gamma_p^2} ~ \bold G_{mnp} ~ \bold J(\alpha_m,\beta_n,\gamma_p) ~ e^{j(\alpha_m x + \beta_n y + \gamma_p z)} ~ = ~ \bold 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(3.3)$

Since we are seeking characteristic modes (eigenmodes) of the structure, there is no impressed E-field on the RHS of this electric field integral equation (EFIE). Equation (3.3) is not strictly correct, since only the tangential electric field is zero on the surface of the PEC scatterer. This inexactness will be resolved presently when we test with the current basis functions, defined as residing on the surface of the scatterer.

Method of Moments solution

As is usual in the method of moments, we assume an expansion for the source currents over some known set of basis functions with unknown weighting coefficients J_j:

$~ \bold J(x,y,z) ~ = ~ \sum_j ~ J_j ~ \bold J_j(x,y,z) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(3.4)$

Substituting (3.4) into (3.3) and then testing the resulting equation with the i-th current basis function (i.e., dotting from the left and integrating over the domain of the i-th current basis function, thereby completing the quadratic form) produces the i-th row of the matrix eigenvalue problem as:

$~ \sum_j ~ J_j ~\left[~ \sum_{mnp} ~ \frac {\bold J_i(-\alpha_m,-\beta_n,-\gamma_p) ~ \bold G_{mnp} ~ \bold J_j(\alpha_m,\beta_n, \gamma_p)}{k^2-\alpha_m^2-\beta_n^2-\gamma_p^2} \right]~ = ~ \bold 0 ~~~(3.5)$

This matrix equation is very simple to implement and requires only that the 3D FT of the basis functions be computed, preferably in closed form. With this method, computing bands of a 3D photonic crystal is as easy as computing reflection and transmission from a 2D periodic surface. In fact, equation (3.5) is identical to the basic EFIE for a freestanding PEC FSS (Scott [1989] or Frequency selective surface eq. (4.2)), the only difference being the stronger singularity in 3D which accelerates convergence of the triple sums. We see from (3.5) that the EFIE can be singular whenever the free space wavenumber is exactly equal to one f the wave numbers in any of the 3 periodic coordinate directions. This is a statistically rare occurrence in practice and corresponds to a propagation anomaly similar to a Wood's anomaly for gratings.

The advantages of this method over the plane wave expansion method include both mathematical and computational simplicity. Electric current unknowns are only needed on the surface of the scatterers in the unit cell, so the matrix eigenvalue problem can be as small as 1x1 for simple scatterers at low frequencies.

Computing bands

To compute bands of the crystal (i.e. k-k₀ diagrams), we may assume values for (k₀, θ₀, φ₀) and then search for those values of k which drive the determinant of the impedance matrix to zero. Equation (3.5) has been used to compute bands in various types of doped and undoped photonic crystals (Scott[1998], Scott [2002], both available on ResearchGate).

See also

• Bloch wave
• Photonic crystal
• Metamaterial
• Frequency selective surface
• Fourier optics
• Bragg diffraction

References

• Kastner, Raphael (1987), On the Singularity of the Full Spectral Green's Dyad, IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-35, No. 11, pp. 1303–1305
• Scott, Craig (1989), The Spectral Domain Method in Electromagnetics, Artech House, ISBN 0-89006-349-4
• Scott, Craig (1998), Analysis, Design and Testing of Integrated Structural Radomes Built Using Photonic Bandgap Structures, 1998 IEEE Aerospace Conf. Aspen CO, pp. 463 - 479, available on ResearchGate
• Scott, Craig (2002), Spectral Domain Analysis of Doped Electromagnetic Crystal Radomes Using the Method of Moments, 2002 IEEE Aerospace Conf. Big Sky MT, paper #504, pp. 2-957 - 2-963, available on ResearchGate

External links