Blonde versus brunette rivalry

Staged Hollywood protest march advertising Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, a 1953 movie

One aspect of how women are portrayed in popular culture is a purported rivalry between blondes and brunettes. The rivalry is a cultural phenomenon found in many countries that have a significant blonde population to include: Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Chile, France, Germany, Russia, and the United Kingdom. In the United States, evidence of a blonde vs. brunette rivalry is common in the popular media and especially in television and movies.

Competitive events

Team Blonde during the 2011 Blondes vs. Brunettes Charity Powderpuff Football game

An example of a competitive event are the blonde vs. brunette chess matches that began in 2011 as part of the World Chess Tournament held in Moscow. The match was hosted by the Botvinnik Central Chess Club and featured two teams of young girls, blondes dressed in light colors and brunettes dressed in dark colors. All of the contestants had to prove a degree of expertise to participate. The 2011 match, which was the first in the series, was won by the brunettes. The 2012 re-match was won by the blondes who defeated the brunettes, 36.5-24.5.[1][2] A third blonde vs. brunette chess match, also held at the Central Chess Club on April 1, 2013, resulted in a tie score.[3]

"It was April 1st and the world’s top chess players were involved in the thrilling finale of the Candidates Tournament in London. But at the same time the Central Chess Club in Moscow was the venue of fierce fighting between Blondes and Brunettes who set out to determine the prevailing color. This was the third match of the ladies. Two years ago Brunettes won, but a year later the Blondes struck back. The third tournament was seen as an opportunity to claim the supremacy of one color over another. The girls were motivated, exchanging punches round after round, but when the dust has cleared the overall score was a 50:50 tie! The claim of supremacy will be postponed until the next meeting."[4]

The existence of the blonde vs. brunette rivalry in American society dates back to at least 1875 when the first female professional baseball players were assigned to teams according to their hair color. Baseball historian John Thorn notes that blonde and brunette baseball teams barnstormed the country in the late 1800s.[5] A 1924 newspaper article referenced a female swimming meet and listed, among the many events, a "blonde vs. brunette" relay race, that was "Won by the blondes."[6] A more contemporary example is the gridiron football game called blondes vs. brunettes powderpuff football, a charity event that raises money for the Alzheimer's Association.[7] The annual contests were started in the fall of 2005, in Washington D.C. The games have received considerable publicity to include feature articles in The Washington Post and are now played in 16 cities around the United States.[8][9]

In some cases, blondes and brunettes on the same team may compete against each other. Anson Dorrance the women’s soccer coach at the University of North Carolina is known for dividing his team into blondes and brunettes and then having them compete against each other. Losers have been forced to stand in front of the goal facing the rear of the net while the winners take penalty shots against their posteriors.[10] Dorrance, in his years of coaching female athletes, claims to have learned that women are motivated differently from males and that his “blondes vs. brunettes drill” worked with his female team because it was a “matter of pride.” [10][11]

In the media and entertainment industry

The most enduring blonde vs. brunette rivalry in American culture may exist in the comic book industry where Betty Cooper and Veronica Lodge have been engaged in a mostly friendly competition for over 70 years.[12] The teenage girls form two-thirds of a blonde vs. brunette love triangle that is completed by their high school classmate and object of their affection, Archie Andrews. As Archie’s next door neighbor in the fictional town of Riverdale, the blonde and blue-eyed Betty Cooper is portrayed in the comic book series as a wholesome, popular, middle class girl.[13] Her high school friend and chief competitor for Archie's affection is the vain, spoiled, upper class brunette Veronica Lodge.[14] Despite their rivalry they remain good friends. Other comics have used a similar construct where two girls compete for the affections of a young man and the blonde girl is the "good girl, while her brunette rival is the bad girl."[15] The comic book industry's blonde vs. brunette rivalry over a male has been replicated in other forms of media, including television.[16]

Betty and Veronica form one of popular media's most famous blonde vs. brunette rivalries and are two parts of a blonde vs. brunette love triangle that is completed by Archie, the object of their affection

In a November 16, 2011 article titled "Blondes vs. Brunettes: TV Shows with Betty and Veronica-Style Love Triangles", media critic Tucker Cummings cited several TV shows that featured a "classic war between blonde and brunette love interests." Typically, she wrote, "... the blonde (is) stable, and typifies the 'girl next door,' while (the) ... brunette, is haughty, and a bit more exotic."[16] Shows cited by Cummings that feature blondes and brunettes competing for a man include:

Three's Company, an ABC sitcom that ran from 1977-1984 also featured a blonde and brunette triangle. The blonde, Chrissy Snow, was played by Suzanne Somers and the brunette, Janet Wood, was played by Joyce DeWitt. The man in the middle, Jack Tripper, was played by John Ritter.[17] Somers and DeWitt were continually faced with media stories that described both an on and off-screen "rivalry"[18] between the two co-stars. Both women repeatedly denied the stories and attempted to dispel "...the myth that women, especially blondes and brunettes, can’t get along in Hollywood."[18]

At the same time ABC was running the Three's Company sitcom, it was also running Dynasty, a night time soap opera. The show starred John Forsythe as Blake Carrington, an oil tycoon who was caught in the middle of a triangle that featured his wife Krystal Carrington, the blonde Linda Evans and his ex-wife, brunette Alexis Carrington Colby Joan Collins. During the show's 10-year run the women had a number of fights. The spectacle of two middle aged woman engaged in a catfight during prime time boosted the show's ratings considerably.[19] Feminist author and cultural critic Susan J. Douglas believed that the shows emphasis on the male lead character, highlighted by women fighting over him, confirmed the traditional patriarchal role of men in society. Notwithstanding, Douglas and other feminists were not only huge fans of the show but were captivated by the sight of two women engaged in a catfight. Douglas even suggested that in popular culture, the "purest" form of a catfight was between a blonde and a brunette.[20]

"Dynasty upped the ante ... On one side was the blonde stay at home Krystal Carrington ... in the other corner was the most delicious bitch ever seen on television, the dark haired, scheming, career vixen, Alexis Carrington Colby ... Krystal just wanted to make her husband happy; Alexis wanted to control the world. How could you not love a catfight between these two?"[20]

During Dynasty's run, Collins co-hosted Blondes vs. Brunettes for ABC.[21][22] The show featured a number of skits that gently poked fun at popular culture's blonde vs. brunette rivalry. The final skit featured Collins and co-host Morgan Fairchild in their elderly years offering a toast to each other.[23][24]

Pitting blondes and brunettes against each other, especially as romantic rivals, is a Hollywood technique that extends back to at least the early 1930s. In a 1932 interview with an Australian newspaper, Hollywood director Dorothy Arzner stated that lead women and women in supporting roles must always have different hair color to accentuate the contrasting beauty of each type. Arzner also stated that blondes were usually cast as the fickle types while brunettes are cast as the more serious and emotional types.[25]

Arraying blondes against brunettes, is not unique to the American film industry. The British film company Hammer Films produced a 1967 movie that took the blonde vs. brunette concept to an extreme. The film Slave Girls (also released under the title Prehistoric Women) starred Martine Beswick in the role of Kari, the queen of a tribe of brunettes who had enslaved a tribe of blondes.[26][27] Their existence was disrupted by the arrival of a male explorer who discovered the two tribes by means of a time portal. Witnessing the brunette’s cruel treatment of the blondes, he rejected Beswick's advances and was subsequently enslaved himself. He soon discovered a group of men who were also held in bondage. He eventually led a rebellion where the blondes overwhelmed the brunettes, Beswick was killed, and the explorer managed to escape back through the portal. The production has been described as one of the most bizarre films ever released.

"An eccentric and unloved Hammer film that uses a blondes vs. brunettes scenario."[28] -- The Hammer Vault
"Idiotic Hammer Film in which the Great White Hunter stumbles into a lost Amazon civilization where blondes have been enslaved by brunettes. Honest! Nevertheless it has developed a cult following due to Beswick’s commanding, sensual performance as the tribe’s leader."[29] -- Leonard Maltin's 2010 Movie Guide

The French reality TV program Les Gladiatrices featured 10 young bikini-clad women wrestling each other in oil,[30] divided into teams of blondes and brunettes.[31]

Although many countries have used the blonde vs. brunette construct in the media and entertainment industries, the French daily newspaper Le Monde believes that the phenomenon is more prevalent in the United States. In a 2012 article, Le Monde argued that American TV has almost, without exception, characterized blonde women as having the positive values of purity, goodness, and sincerity, frequently at the expense of their brunette counterparts.[32] The article provided several examples:

The article argues that in recent years, the American TV industry has begun to move away from the positive blonde stereotype and has begun to portray brunettes in a more favorable manner.[32]

Research and studies

A number of studies have been conducted over the years to measure society’s attitude toward blondes and brunettes. Many of the studies have shown that men, especially those of European descent, find blonde women more attractive than brunettes, redheads, or women of other races who had darker hair, eyes, or complexion.[33][34] Other studies have supported the findings by examining behavior shown in public settings. As an example, a Cornell University study showed that blonde waitresses receive larger tips than brunettes, even when controlling for other variables such as age, breast size, height and weight.[35]

In a 2012 interview with NBC News, Dr. Lisa Walker, Sociology Department Chair at the University of North Carolina said that hair colour "absolutely" plays a role in the way people are treated and claimed that numerous studies had shown that blonde women were paid higher salaries than other women.

"Most people would tell you, if asked, that it doesn't matter what your hair colour is. What style your hair is in. They would say whatever is best for your face," explained Walker. "But from a very young age these stereotypes appear. In cartoons and children's programming, we see the way women are portrayed based on their hair. The associations continue through childhood into adulthood.”[36]

The local NBC news affiliate in Charlotte tested Walker’s theory by asking a natural blonde to walk around the Charlotte business area, drop a scarf and keep going. The volunteer did it 20 times as a blonde and then 20 times wearing a brunette wig. As a blonde, every time she dropped the scarf a bystander picked it up for her, but when wearing a dark haired wig, people simply mentioned that the scarf was dropped or ignored it altogether.[36]

A well publicised 2011 University of Westminster study evaluated how men perceived women who entered a London nightclub as a blonde or a brunette. The study, published in the Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, used the same woman and had her dye her hair a different colour for each visit.[37]

After spending some time in the club, she departed and then researchers entered to club and interviewed the men who had engaged her in conversation. The results showed that, as a blonde, she was more likely to be approached for conversation than as a brunette. However, when the researchers interviewed the men who spoke to her, the men rated her more intelligent and attractive as a brunette than as a blonde.[38][39] Many news organizations covered the story as evidence that blondes were not preferred over brunettes.[40][41]

In March 2016 a study by the Ohio State University was published in the Economics Bulletin.[42] According to Jay Zagorsky, author of the study, the results show that: "the average IQ of blondes was actually slightly higher than those with other hair colors, but that finding isn’t statistically significant." He adds:"I don’t think you can say with certainty that blondes are smarter than others, but you can definitely say they are not any dumber." [43]

In Russia, according to a 2011 survey by the Southern Federal University, brunettes are considered more attractive than blondes.[44]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Chess Match: Blondes vs. Brunettes in Moscow" (May 23, 2012) Chessmate News Retrieved April 7, 2013
  2. ↑ "Blondes Take Revenge on Brunettes" (May 22, 2012) Susan Polgar Chess Daily News and Information. Retrieved on December 22, 2012
  3. ↑ Kublashvili, Eteri (April 3, 2013) “Blondes and Brunettes tie the match 50:50” ChessDom
  4. ↑ Kosteniuk, Alexandra (April 3, 2013) “Blondes-Brunettes Chess Match Drawn” ChessBlog.com
  5. ↑ Thorn, John (2011) Baseball in the Garden of Eden: The Secret History of the Early Game. New York: Simon and Schuster, page 191
  6. ↑ Greene, Dorothy M. (December 11, 1924) "The Sportswoman" The Washington Post, page S3. Retrieved October 12, 2013
  7. ↑ Blondes vs. Brunettes Powderpuff Fundraiser
  8. ↑ “Athletes First, Stylistas Second” (Nov 19, 2011) The Washington Post page A13
  9. ↑ "Hair’s The Thing: Blondes vs. Brunettes is a Win-Win" The Washington Post. Retrieved March 12, 2012
  10. 1 2 Crothers, Tim (2006) The Man Watching: Anson Dorrance and the University of North Carolina Women’s Soccer Dynasty. New York: St. Martin’s Press, page 221
  11. ↑ Brockway, Kevin (November 19, 2011) “UNC women find offense in NCAA” The Raleigh News and Observer. Retrieved December 30, 2012
  12. ↑ Goulart, Ronald (1986) Ron Goulart’s Great History of Comic Books: The Definitive Illustrated History from the 1890s to the 1980s. Chicago: Contemporary Books. Pages 248-249
  13. ↑ "Betty Cooper"
  14. ↑ "Veronica Lodge"
  15. ↑ Duncan, Randy (2009) The Power of Comics: History, Form and Culture. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, page 204.
  16. 1 2 Cummings, Tucker (November 16, 2011) "Blondes vs. Brunettes: TV Shows with Betty and Veronica-Style Love Triangles." Yahoo.com Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  17. ↑ "Three's Company Official Website." Retrieved September 25, 2012
  18. 1 2 Mann, Chris (1998) Come and Knock on Our Door: A Hers and Hers and His Guide to Three's Company. New York: St. Martin’s Press, page 108-109.
  19. ↑ Collins, Joan (1999) Second Act: An Autobiography. New York: St. Martin’s Press, pages 192-193
  20. 1 2 Douglas, Susan J. (1994) Where the Girls Are: Growing Up Female With The Mass Media. New York: Random House, pages 241-242
  21. ↑ Terrace, Vincent. Encyclopedia of Television: Series, Pilots and Specials 1974-1984. New York: BASELine Publications, page 50
  22. ↑ "Blondes vs. Brunettes" (1984) Internet Movie Database (IMdB). Retrieved September 23, 2012
  23. ↑ "The TV Column" (May 14, 1984) The Washington Post page C9
  24. ↑ Flander, Judy (May 14, 1984) “Blondes battle brunettes” Lakeland Ledger, page 16. Retrieved October 2, 2013
  25. ↑ "Blondes versus Brunettes" (August 30, 1932) Morning Bulletin (Queensland, Australia) Retrieved December 15, 2012
  26. ↑ Prehistoric Women (1967) Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
  27. ↑ "Hammer Glamour - Prehistoric Women"
  28. ↑ Hearn, Marcus (2011) The Hammer Vault. London: Titan Books, page 90.
  29. ↑ Maltin, Leonard (2009) 2010 Movie Guide. New York: Signet Books, page 90.
  30. ↑ Les Gladiatrices: Blondes vs. Brunes (2004) Internet Movie Database. Retrieved April 19, 2013
  31. ↑ "Critique Les gladiatrices" (June 6, 2004) Krinein Magazine. Retrieved April 20, 2013
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 Leblin, Arnaud (December 20, 2012) "Semaine des lecteurs – Blondes vs. Brunes" Le Monde. Retrieved April 27, 2013
  33. ↑ Simpson, Jeffry A. and Douglas T. Kenrick (1997) Evolutionary Social Psychology. Oxford, U.K.: Taylor and Francis, pages 109-140
  34. ↑ Feinman, S., & Gill, G. W. (1978). “Sex differences in physical attractiveness preferences". Journal of Social Psychology, 105, 43-52.
  35. ↑ Lynn, Michael, Ph.D., (2009) "Determinants and Consequences of Female Attractiveness and Sexiness: Realistic Tests with Restaurant Waitresses". Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, School of Hotel Administration.
  36. 1 2 Gallagher, Dianne (October 30, 2012). “Blonde vs. Brunette: Does it Determine How You Get Treated?” WCNC, NBC Charlotte, retrieved November 17, 2012
  37. ↑ Swami, Verin and Seishin Barrett (August 28, 2011) “British men’s hair colour preferences: An assessment of courtship solicitation and stimulus ratings” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, Volume 52, Issue 6, pages 595-600
  38. ↑ Saad, Gad, Ph.D., (February 28, 2012) “Do Gentlemen Prefer Blondes? Blonde women: Approached more frequently but judged more harshly.” Psychology Today
  39. ↑ Macrae, Fiona (January 2, 2012) “Men find brunettes more attractive and intelligent than blondes” Daily Mail On-Line
  40. ↑ ”Blondes vs. Brunettes: Blondes Lose, Study Says” (January 2, 2012) Fox 4 News, Kansas City, MO. Retrieved December 30, 2012
  41. ↑ Elser, Amanda “The Battle of Blondes vs. Brunettes Ensues” beautyhigh.com
  42. ↑
  43. ↑
  44. ↑ Исследование. Убойная Сила XXI века.” rg.ru
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