Brown hair

"Brunette" redirects here. For other uses, see Brunette (disambiguation).
Actress Jennifer Connelly with dark brown hair

Brown hair is the second most common human hair color, after black hair. It varies from light brown to almost black hair. It is characterized by higher levels of the dark pigment eumelanin and lower levels of the pale pigment pheomelanin. Its strands are thicker than those of fair hair but not as much as those of red hair. People with brown or black hair are often referred to as brunette, which in French is the feminine form of brunet, which is the diminutive of brun (brown, brown-haired or dark-haired).[1][2]

Brown hair is common among populations in Western world, especially among those from Central Europe, Southern Europe, Southern Cone, United States and also some populations in Greater Middle East where it transitions smoothly into black hair. Brown hair is common among Australian Aborigines and Melanesians. Dark Brown Hair is also found in Central Africa and Southern Africa [3][4][5]

Etymology and grammar

Brunette literally means "little brown-haired girl" or "young brown-haired woman", but, in modern English usage, it has lost the diminutive meaning and usually refers to any brown or black-haired girl or woman, or the associated hair color. Merriam-Webster defines "brunet" as "a person having brown or black hair"—with which they may have "a relatively dark complexion—spelled brunet when used of a boy or man and usually brunette when used of a girl or woman".[1] Although brunet is the masculine version of the popular diminutive form used to describe a little boy or young man with brown hair, the use of brunet is uncommon in English. One is more likely to say of a man or boy, "He has brown hair" or "He is brown-haired", than to say, "He is a brunette" (or brunet). The term brunette is the feminine form of the French word brunet which is a diminutive form of brun meaning "brown/brown-haired", the feminine of which is brune. All of these terms ultimately derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *bhrūn- "brown, grey". The form "brun" (pronounced /ˈbruːn/) is still commonly used in Scotland, particularly in rural areas.

Lighter or darker shades of brown hair may be referred to as "light brunette" or "dark brunette", though in such cases one is generally referring only to the hair color, not using the term as a metaphor for the person; one would be unlikely to say, "She is a light brunette." Rather, one would say, "She has light brown hair."

Geographic distribution

Brown-haired individuals predominate in most parts of Europe. In northern and central Europe medium to light brown shades are the most common, while darker shades prevail in the rest of the continent, especially in the Iberian Peninsula, where it transitions into black hair. Brown hair, mostly medium to light brown shades, are also dominant in Australia, Canada and the United States among descendants of the Northern, Central and Eastern European (British, German, Polish, and Russian) immigrants.

Similarly to blond hair, brown hair occurs commonly among Australian Aborigine and Melanesian populations.[3][4][5]

Dark brown hair is predominant in the Mediterranean parts of Europe, the Middle East, Central Africa and in Southern Africa. Further East, very dark brown hair, easily mistaken for proper black hair can be found among minorities in parts of India.[6] This is also true of Southern Cone of South America (Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Southern Brazil).

Biochemistry

A close-up view of brown hair

The pigment eumelanin gives brown hair its distinctive color. Brown hair has more eumelanin than blond hair but also has much less than black. There are two different types of eumelanin, which are distinguished from each other by their pattern of polymer bonds. The two types are black eumelanin and brown eumelanin. Black eumelanin is the darkest; brown eumelanin is much lighter than black.[7] A small amount of black eumelanin in the absence of other pigments causes grey hair. A small amount of brown eumelanin in the absence of other pigments causes yellow (blond) color hair. Often, natural blond or red hair will darken to a brown color over time. Brown-haired people have medium-thick strands of hair.

Brown-haired people are thought to produce more skin-protecting eumelanin and are associated with having a more even skin tone. The range of skin colors associated with brown hair is vast, ranging from the palest of skin tones to an olive complexion.

Varieties of brown hair

Brown hair

Brown hair comes in a wide variety of shades from the very darkest of brown (almost black) to light brown showing small signs of blondism.[8] Shades of brown hair include:

Culture

Cultural connotations

In Western popular culture, a common stereotype is that brunettes are stable, serious, smart and sophisticated. A British study into hair color and the intensity of attraction found that 62 percent of the men participating in the study associated brown-haired women with stability and competence. Brunettes were described as independent and self-sufficient by 67 percent of the men, and as intelligent by 81 percent.[10] According to Allure magazine, in 2005, 76 percent of American women believe that the first female president of the United States will have brown hair.[11]

Modern fiction

Anita Loos, the author of the novel and play Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, wrote a sequel entitled But Gentlemen Marry Brunettes. A film of this was made, Gentlemen Marry Brunettes, starring Jane Russell and Jeanne Crain.

Art and fiction

The Lady of Shalott from Lord Tennyson's poem is depicted as a brunette in most paintings. Leonardo da Vinci's most famous painting the Mona Lisa is also brunette. In the French folk song "Au Clair de la Lune", the likable Lubin visits his brunette neighbor at Pierrot's suggestion. In the Irish song "The Star of the County Down" the narrator falls in love with a woman with "nut-brown" hair, called Rose McCann. The Doctor, the eponymous character of Doctor Who, is able to regenerate his body and has had brown hair in seven of his incarnations, including the first three Doctors that have appeared in the revived series.

Rivalry with blondes

In popular culture, brunettes may be portrayed as being in a rivalry or competition with blonde women. The rivalry may take the form of competitive sports[12][13] or as part of a love triangle in which a blonde and a brunette woman compete for the affections of a man.[14]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Brunet". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  2. ↑ "Brunette". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  3. 1 2 "Modern Human Variation". Overview. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  4. 1 2 "Aborigines of Australia". popekfamily.org. Retrieved 16 December 2012. they mostly have dark brown hair that can be straight, wavy, or curly
  5. 1 2 "Gene Expression: Blonde Australian Aboriginals". Gene Expression. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  6. ↑ http://www.businessinsider.co.id/fascinating-facts-about-chinese-people-2015-8/#.VgGwu3tNJPO
  7. ↑ "Why is hair brown?".
  8. ↑ "The Best Brown Hair Colors Today". LadyInfo.com. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  9. ↑ McAfee, Clare. "Hair Color Chart". wiggoddess.com. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  10. ↑ "Why gentlemen no longer prefer blondes". Daily Mail (London). 4 September 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  11. ↑ Milk, Leslie (1 August 2005). "Great Hair: Coloring". The Washingtonian. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  12. ↑ Thorn, John (2011). Baseball in the Garden of Eden: The Secret History of the Early Game. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 191. ISBN 9780743294034. OCLC 646112785. Retrieved 25 October 2012. By the mid-1870s exhibitions of women's baseball had generally taken the form of Blondes versus Brunettes, with varying geographic modifiers applied to each.
  13. ↑ "Blondes vs. Brunettes". Blondes vs. Brunettes. Retrieved 25 October 2012. A sports-based charitable organization.
  14. ↑ Cummings, Tucker (16 November 2011). "Blondes vs. Brunettes: TV Shows with Betty and Veronica-Style Love Triangles". Yahoo! TV. Retrieved 25 October 2012.

External links

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