Body fluid

Body fluid, bodily fluids or biofluids are liquids originating from inside the bodies of living people. They include fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not.

The dominating content of body fluids is body water. Approximately 60-65% of body water is contained within the cells (in intracellular fluid) with the other 35-40% of body water contained outside the cells (in extracellular fluid). This fluid component outside the cells includes the fluid between the cells (interstitial fluid), lymph and blood. There are approximately 6 to 10 liters of lymph in the body, compared to 3.5 to 5 liters of blood.^[1]

List of body fluids

Amniotic fluid
Aqueous humour and vitreous humour
Bile
Blood serum
Breast milk
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerumen (earwax)
Chyle
Chyme
Endolymph and perilymph
Exudates
Feces - see diarrhea
Female ejaculate
Gastric acid
Gastric juice
Lymph
Mucus (including nasal drainage and phlegm)
Pericardial fluid
Peritoneal fluid
Pleural fluid
Pus
Rheum
Saliva
Sebum (skin oil)
Serous fluid
Semen
Smegma
Sputum
Synovial fluid
Sweat
Tears
Urine
Vaginal secretion
Vomit

By type:

Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
- Intravascular fluid (blood plasma)
- Interstitial fluid
- Lymphatic fluid (sometimes included in interstitial fluid)
- Transcellular fluid

In plants:

Plant exudates

Health

Body fluid is the term most often used in medical and health contexts. Modern medical, public health, and personal hygiene practices treat body fluids as potentially unclean. This is because they can be vectors for infectious diseases, such as sexually transmitted diseases or blood-borne diseases. Universal precautions and safer sex practices try to avoid exchanges of body fluids. Body fluids can be analyzed in medical laboratory in order to find microbes, inflammation, cancers, etc.

Clinical samples

Clinical samples are generally defined as non-infectious human or animal materials including, but not limited to, blood, saliva, excreta, body tissue and tissue fluids, and also FDA-approved pharmaceuticals that are blood products.^[2] In medical contexts, it is a specimen taken for diagnostic examination or evaluation, and for identification of disease or condition.^[3]

References

↑ "Lymphatic Congestion - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Information". Diagnose-me.com. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
↑ Packaging Guidelines for Clinical Samples - Retrieved 7 August 2014.
↑ specimen - www.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 7 August 2014

Sampling

Methods of sampling of body fluids include:

Blood sampling for any blood test, in turn including:
- Arterial blood sampling, such as radial artery puncture
- Venous blood sampling, also called venipuncture
Lumbar puncture to sample cerebrospinal fluid
Thoracocentesis to sample pleural fluid
Amniocentesis to sample amniotic fluid

Body fluids in art

A relatively new trend in contemporary art is to use body fluids in art, though there have been rarer uses of blood (and perhaps feces) for quite some time, and Marcel Duchamp used semen decades ago. Examples include:

The controversial Piss Christ (1987), by Andres Serrano, which is a photograph of a crucifix submerged in urine;
In Janine Antoni's Conduit (2009) she created a copper cast gargoyle device that she could pee through on the top of the Chrysler Building, Antoni's urine acting as the patina.
Andy Warhol's Oxidations series, begun in 1977, in which he invited friends to urinate onto a canvas of metallic copper pigments, so that the uric acid would oxidize into abstract patterns;
Self (1991, recast 1996) by Marc Quinn, a frozen cast of the artist's head made entirely of his own blood;
Piss Flowers, by Helen Chadwick (1991–92), are twelve white-enameled bronzes cast from cavities made by urinating in snow (though this might not be characterized as the use of bodily fluids in art, just their use in preparation);
performances by Lennie Lee involving feces, blood, vomit from 1990
many paintings by Chris Ofili, which make use of elephant dung (from 1992).
Gilbert and George's The Naked Shit Pictures (1995)
Hermann Nitsch and Das Orgien Mysterien Theatre use urine, feces, blood and more in their ritual performances.
Franko B from 1990 blood letting performances.
The cover of the Metallica's album Load is an original artwork entitled "Semen and Blood III", one of three photographic studies by Andres Serrano created in 1990 by mingling the artist's own semen and bovine blood between two sheets of Plexiglas.^[1]