Battle of Borovo Selo

Battle of Borovo Selo
Part of the Croatian War of Independence
Borovo Selo
Date 2 May 1991 Location Borovo Selo, Croatia Result SAO Krajina and White Eagles victory
Belligerents
SAO Krajina White Eagles	Croatia
Commanders and leaders
Vukašin Šoškoćanin Vojislav Šešelj	Josip Džaja Josip Reihl-Kir
Strength
unknown	c. 180 policemen
Casualties and losses
unknown	12 killed 21 wounded 2 captured

The Battle of Borovo Selo on 2 May 1991 (known in Croatia as the Borovo Selo massacre, Croatian: Pokolj u Borovom Selu and in Serbia as the Borovo Selo incident, Serbian: Инцидент у Боровом Селу) was one of the first armed clashes in the conflict which became known as the Croatian War of Independence. The clash was precipitated by months of rising ethnic tensions and armed combat in Pakrac and at the Plitvice Lakes in March. The immediate cause for the confrontation in the heavily ethnic Serb village of Borovo Selo, just north of Vukovar, was a failed attempt to replace a Yugoslav flag in the village with a Croatian one. The unauthorised effort by four Croatian policemen resulted in the capture of two by a Croatian Serb militia in the village. To retrieve the captives, Croatian authorities deployed additional police, who drove into an ambush. At least twelve Croatian policemen and an unknown number of Serbs were killed in the battle before the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) intervened and stopped the fighting.

The confrontation resulted in a further deterioration of the overall situation in Croatia, leading Croats and Serbs to accuse each other of overt aggression and of being enemies of their nation. For Croatia, the event was provocative because the bodies of some of the dead Croat policemen killed in the incident were reportedly mutilated. The clash in Borovo Selo eliminated any hopes that the escalating conflict could be defused politically and made the war almost inevitable. The Presidency of Yugoslavia met days after the fighting and authorised the JNA to deploy to the area to prevent further conflict but despite this deployment, skirmishes persisted in the region. After the war, a former Serb irregular was convicted of war crimes for his role in abusing the two captured policemen, and ultimately sentenced to three years in prison. Four others were indicted in absentia but remain at large outside Croatia.

Background

In 1990, following the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia by the Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica – HDZ), ethnic tensions between Serbs and Croats worsened. The Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA) confiscated the weapons of Croatia's Territorial Defence (Teritorijalna obrana – TO) in order to minimise the possibility of violence following the elections.^[1] On 17 August, inter-ethnic tensions escalated into an open revolt of the Croatian Serbs,^[2] centred on the predominantly Serb-populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland around Knin,^[3] and parts of Lika, Kordun, Banovina and eastern Croatia.^[4] In July 1990, local Serbs established a Serbian National Council to coordinate opposition to Croatian President Franjo Tuđman's policy of pursuing Croatian independence from Yugoslavia. Milan Babić, a dentist from Knin, was elected president of the council, while Knin's police chief, Milan Martić, established a number of paramilitary militias. The two men eventually became the political and military leaders of the Serb Autonomous Oblast of Krajina (SAO Krajina), a self-declared state incorporating the Serb-inhabited areas of Croatia.^[5] In March 1991, SAO Krajina authorities, backed by the government of Serbia, began consolidating control over the Serb-populated areas of Croatia, resulting in a bloodless skirmish in Pakrac and the first fatalities in the Plitvice Lakes incident.^[6]

At the beginning of 1991, Croatia had no regular army. In an effort to bolster its defence, it doubled the number of police personnel to about 20,000. The most effective part of the police force was the 3,000-strong special police, which was deployed in twelve military-style battalions. In addition, Croatia had 9,000–10,000 regionally organised reserve police officers organised in 16 battalions and 10 companies, but they lacked weapons.^[7]

Prelude

Vukovar

Borovo Naselje

Borovo Selo

Dalj

Vinkovci

Osijek

Map of eastern Slavonia area between Osijek and Vukovar (Modern county lines provided for reference)

In 1991, the village of Borovo Selo, situated on the right bank of the Danube opposite Serbia, was a part of the Vukovar municipality. While the city of Vukovar itself had an ethnically mixed population (47.2 percent Croats and 32.2 percent Serbs), smaller settlements in the area were more homogenous. Fourteen were predominantly populated by Croats, ten (including Borovo Selo) were inhabited primarily by Serbs, two by Ruthenians and the remaining two were ethnically mixed.^[8]

Amid the worsening ethnic tensions, Borovo Selo was barricaded on 1 April, one day after the Plitvice Lakes clash. Two days later, the JNA garrison in Vukovar increased its combat readiness to the maximum level.^[9] In early spring, the Croats and Serbs reached an agreement whereby Croatian police would not enter Borovo Selo without explicit consent from local Serb authorities.^[10] A political rally was held in Borovo Selo on 14 April, and by the end of the month the situation had become more volatile. Speakers at the rally—Serbian Radical Party (Srpska radikalna stranka – SRS) leader Vojislav Šešelj, Serbian National Assembly member Milan Paroški and Serbian Minister of Diaspora Stanko Cvijan—promoted the creation of Greater Serbia, a state which would unite all Serbs within a single country. They all repeated their speeches, together with an open call for dissenting Croats to be killed, a week later in Jagodnjak, north of Osijek.^[11] In addition, White Eagles paramilitaries arrived in Borovo Selo in mid-April at the request of Borovo Selo militia commander Vukašin Šoškoćanin.^[12][13] The paramilitaries were armed by the Serbian police directly,^[12] or the SAO Krajina-aligned local militia under the approval of Serbian officials.^[13] By the end of April 1991, the White Eagles in Borovo Selo were joined by Dušan Silni paramilitaries, who were linked to the Serbian National Renewal party.^[14]

In mid-April, three Armbrust rockets were fired from Croatian positions outside Borovo Selo into the village^[15] with the specific aim of inflaming ethnic tensions.^[16] One of the rockets hit a house and another landed in a field, failing to explode.^[15] There were no casualties,^[17] but the already tense situation was made worse when the unexploded rocket was shown on Serbian Television as evidence of Croatian aggression against Serbs. The rockets were fired by a group of men including Gojko Šušak, a high-ranking HDZ official who later became Croatia's Defence Minister. The men were led to the site by Osijek police chief Josip Reihl-Kir, who was later murdered by Croat irregulars.^[15] Šušak later claimed he had nothing to do with the incident but had been in the area at the time.^[12] Croatia's interior minister Josip Boljkovac said the group included Šušak, Branimir Glavaš and Vice Vukojević.^[18]

Timeline

Croatian police in Borovo Selo, 2 May 1991

During the evening of 1 May 1991, four Croatian policemen entered Borovo Selo in an unauthorised attempt to replace a Yugoslav flag in the village with a Croatian one.^[19][15] The attempt resulted in an armed clash.^[16] Two of the policemen were wounded and taken prisoner, and the other two fled after sustaining minor injuries (one a wounded foot and the other a grazing wound to the head).^[20] According to the Croatian Ministry of the Interior, the police had been patrolling the Dalj–Borovo Selo road at the time of the incident.^[19] Even though the officers were assigned to the Osijek police administration,^[21] the Vinkovci police administration—which was assigned authority over the Vukovar municipality—asked the Vukovar police station to contact Šoškoćanin about the incident. Vukovar police contacted him at 4:30 a.m., but Šoškoćanin reportedly said he knew nothing. At 9:00 a.m., Vinkovci police chief Josip Džaja telephoned Šoškoćanin and received the same answer. When Reihl-Kir contacted Šoškoćanin half an hour later, the latter confirmed the incident and said the police had shot at members of the local population, wounding one. Reihl-Kir failed to secure the release of the two captured officers.^[19]

Reihl-Kir and Džaja concluded that a party should be sent to Borovo Selo,^[19] and Šoškoćanin agreed to grant the police safe passage under a white flag.^[22] However, when the force of between 20 and 30 policemen^[23][19] entered Borovo Selo under the white flag, they were ambushed by paramilitaries and members of a local militia.^[22] Approximately 150 police arrived from Osijek and Vinkovci on buses and were deployed as reinforcements.^[23] The force dispatched from Vinkovci entered Borovo Selo and was ambushed, while the reinforcements sent from Osijek via Dalj were stopped at a roadblock north of Borovo Selo and failed to enter the village. A firefight ensued and lasted until 2:30 p.m., when seven JNA armoured personnel carriers (APCs) moved into the village from Dalj. Another convoy of APCs deployed by the JNA through Borovo Naselje, just south of Borovo Selo, was stopped by a crowd of Croat women who refused to let them through.^[19]

Aftermath

The Borovo Selo memorial as it appeared prior to 2012

At least a dozen Croatian policemen were killed and 21 injured in the ambush.^[6] The two captured policemen were ferried across the Danube and transported to Novi Sad, but were released and returned to Osijek by the evening of 2 May.^[24][19] Several Serbs in Borovo Selo were also killed in the fighting, but the exact figure was never officially released.^[25] Sources disagree on the number of Serb casualties. The figure ranges from three dead,^[16] to 17 militiamen and 20 civilians killed.^[26] Šešelj said only one civilian died in Borovo Selo, while a 22-strong defending force he led in the battle killed 100 policemen. Residents of Borovo Selo interviewed by reporters said 13 policemen were killed after they took women and children hostage and that the residents defeated the police unassisted, freeing the hostages and sustaining one fatality.^[23]

Some of the police killed at Borovo Selo were found to have been mutilated; their ears were cut, their eyes gouged out and their throats slit.^[22][16] These acts were meant to inflame ethnic hatred.^[27] The clash led Tuđman's advisers to advocate an immediate declaration of independence from Yugoslavia and retaliation against the JNA, which Croats viewed as being pro-Serb.^[24][6] On 3 May, Tuđman opined that Croatia and Serbia were virtually at war, but said he hoped the international community would stop the violence.^[24][6] The outcome of the fighting reinforced the cautious approach of the Croatian leadership towards long-term decisions. According to Croatian historian Davor Marijan, Tuđman's decision not to retaliate against the JNA was often interpreted at the time as cowardice bordering treason, leading to public criticism and the resignation of General Martin Špegelj from the post of Defence Minister. Nonetheless, the decision afforded Croatia much-needed time to prepare for war, as Yugoslav Navy Fleet Admiral Branko Mamula later acknowledged.^[28] The incident shocked the Croatian public, causing a massive shift in public opinion towards demonization of Serbs, supported by the Croatian media.^[29] Serbs were collectively labelled "Chetniks", "terrorists" and "enemies of Croatia". Similarly, Serbs referred to Croats as "Ustaše" and "enemies of the Serb people". Hence, chances for a political settlement to avoid all-out war were greatly reduced.^[25] After the clash, war appeared unavoidable.^[30]

On 8–9 May, the Presidency of Yugoslavia met to discuss the events in Borovo Selo and a JNA request for military intervention. Presidents of all Yugoslav constituent republics were present at the meeting, where the Croatian leadership accepted the decision to deploy the JNA in crisis areas of Croatia.^[31] On 9 May, representatives of the federal and Croatian governments visited Vukovar. The federal representatives also visited Borovo Selo, unlike the Croatian government officials who stated that they "refused to talk to terrorists".^[32] In response to the Borovo Selo clash, the JNA redeployed a part of the 12th Proletarian Mechanised Brigade from Osijek and the 1st Mechanised Battalion of the 453rd Mechanised Brigade based in Sremska Mitrovica to the Vukovar area. At the same time, the 2nd Mechanised Battalion of the 36th Mechanised Brigade was moved from Subotica to Vinkovci.^[33] Despite the deployment of the JNA in the area, ethnically motivated skirmishes persisted until the start of the Battle of Vukovar in late August.^[6]

Memorial controversy and prosecution

During the 1996–98 United Nations administration established pursuant to the Erdut Agreement to restore the area to Croatian control, three Croatian non-governmental organizations erected a memorial on public property at the entrance to Borovo Selo, but the site was quickly vandalised. A new monument was erected in the centre of the village in 2002, but this was also vandalised soon after completion. A new plaque bearing the names of the 12 Croatian policemen killed in the incident was added to the monument in 2012,^[34] but was also subject to vandalism.^[35] Although the vandalism was condemned by local Serb politicians, they complained that the memorial was offensive to the Serb minority and imposed guilt on the entire community because it branded Serb forces at Borovo Selo in 1991 as "Serb terrorists".^[36]

In February 2012, an Osijek court convicted Milan Marinković of war crimes and sentenced him to 3 ½ years in prison for mistreating the two captured Croatian police officers.^[37] In 2014, Marinković's sentence was reduced to three years on appeal.^[38] Four other men were indicted in relation to the officers' mistreatment, but all four live outside Croatia, and are not subject to prosecution by the Croatian judiciary.^[37]

Footnotes

1. Hoare 2010, p. 117.
2. Hoare 2010, p. 118.
3. The New York Times 19 August 1990.
4. ICTY 12 June 2007.
5. Repe 2009, pp. 141–142.
6. CIA 2002, p. 90.
7. CIA 2002, p. 86.
8. Sučić 2011, p. 19.
9. Sučić 2011, p. 32.
10. Štitkovac 2000, p. 157.
11. Nazor 2007, p. 64.
12. O'Shea 2012, p. 10.
13. Thomas 1999, p. 97.
14. Thomas 1999, p. 96.
15. Hockenos 2003, p. 58.
16. Nation 2003, p. 105.
17. Silber & Little 1996, p. 141.
18. Nacional 13 February 2009.
19. MUP 2008.
20. Hockenos 2003, pp. 58–59.
21. Bjelajac & Žunec 2012, p. 249.
22. Ramet 2002, p. 64.
23. Štitkovac 2000, p. 158.
24. Hockenos 2003, p. 59.
25. Grandits & Leutloff 2003, p. 37.
26. Crnobrnja 1996, p. 157.
27. Donia & Van Antwerp Fine 1994, p. 225.
28. Marijan 2012, p. 118.
29. Silber & Little 1996, p. 142.
30. Štitkovac 2000, p. 159.
31. Nazor 2007, p. 67.
32. Sučić 2011, p. 33.
33. Marijan 2002, p. 368.
34. Pullan & Baillie 2013, p. 122.
35. Glas Slavonije 2 June 2012.
36. Politika Plus 10 May 2012.
37. Pavelić 1 February 2012.
38. Glas slavonije 14 May 2014.

References

Books

• Bjelajac, Mile; Žunec, Ozren (2012). "The War in Croatia, 1991–1995". In Ingrao, Charles; Emmert, Thomas A. Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. pp. 232–273. ISBN 9781557536174.
• Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis (2002). Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. OCLC 50396958.
• Crnobrnja, Mihailo (1996). The Yugoslav Drama. Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 9780773566156.
• Donia, Robert J.; Van Antwerp Fine, John (1994). Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed. London, England: C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 9781850652120.
• Grandits, Hannes; Leutloff, Carolin (2003). "Discourses, Actors, Violence: The Organisation of War-Escalation in the Krajina Region of Croatia 1990–91". In Koehler, Jan; Zürcher, Christoph. Potentials of Disorder: Explaining Conflict and Stability in the Caucasus and in the Former Yugoslavia. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. pp. 23–45. ISBN 9780719062414.
• Hoare, Marko Attila (2010). "The War of Yugoslav Succession". In Ramet, Sabrina P. Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–136. ISBN 9781139487504.
• Hockenos, Paul (2003). Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism & the Balkan Wars. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801441585.
• Nation, R. Craig (2003). War in the Balkans, 1991–2002. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Strategic Studies Institute. ISBN 9781584871347.
• Nazor, Ante (2007). Počeci suvremene hrvatske države: kronologija procesa osamostaljenja Republike Hrvatske: od Memoranduma SANU 1986. do proglašenja neovisnosti 8. listopada 1991 [Beginnings of the Modern Croatian State: A Chronology of the Independence of the Republic of Croatia: from 1986 SANU Memorandum to the Declaration of Independence on 8 October 1991] (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Homeland War Memorial Documentation Centre. ISBN 9789537439019.
• Pullan, Wendy; Baillie, Britt (2013). Locating Urban Conflicts: Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Everyday. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137316882.
• O'Shea, Brendan (2012). Perception and Reality in the Modern Yugoslav Conflict: Myth, Falsehood and Deceit 1991–1995. London, England: Routledge. ISBN 9780415650243.
• Ramet, Sabrina P. (2002). Balkan Babel: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia From the Death of Tito to the Fall of Milošević. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 9780813339870.
• Repe, Božo (2009). "Balkan Wars". In Forsythe, David P. Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 1. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 138–147. ISBN 9780195334029.
• Silber, Laura; Little, Allan (1996). The death of Yugoslavia. London, England: Penguin Books. ISBN 9781575000053.
• Štitkovac, Ejub (2000). "Croatia: The First War". In Udovicki, Jasminka; Ridgeway, James. Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. pp. 154–174. ISBN 9780822325901.
• Thomas, Robert (1999). Serbia Under Milošević: Politics in the 1990s. London, England: C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 9781850653417.

Scientific journal articles

• Marijan, Davor (October 2002). "Bitka za Vukovar 1991." [Battle of Vukovar]. Scrinia Slavonica (in Croatian) (Croatian Historical Institute – Department of History of Slavonia, Srijem and Baranja) 2 (1): 367–402. ISSN 1332-4853.
• Marijan, Davor (May 2012). "The Sarajevo Ceasefire – Realism or strategic error by the Croatian leadership?". Review of Croatian History (Croatian Institute of History) 7 (1): 103–123. ISSN 1845-4380.
• Sučić, Stjepan (June 2011). "Značaj obrane Vukovara u stvaranju hrvatske države" [Significance of Vukovar Defence in Creation of the Croatian State]. National Security and the Future (in Croatian) (St. George Association, Zagreb) 12 (3): 11–69. ISSN 1332-4454.

News reports

• Butigan, Sanja (2 June 2012). "Na spomenik ubijenim redarstvenicima četiri "S" ispisao mladić (20) iz Borova" [A 20-Year Old Youth from Borovo Writes Four S-es on the Monument to the Killed Constables]. Glas Slavonije (in Croatian) (Osijek, Croatia). ISSN 0350-3968. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013.
• Čizmić, Martina (13 February 2009). "Josip Boljkovac: Hrvatska je prva napala Srbe" [Josip Boljkovac: Croatia Attacked Serbs First]. Nacional (in Croatian) (Zagreb, Croatia). ISSN 1331-8209. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013.
• Deželić, Vanja (10 May 2012). "Puhovski: Spomen ploča u Borovu Selu osuđuje srpske teroriste, a ne Srbe kao manjinu" [Puhovski: Borovo Selo Memorial Plaque Condemns Serb Terrorists Rather Than Serbs as a Minority] (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Politika Plus. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013.
• Pavelić, Boris (1 February 2012). "Milan Marinkovic Sentenced for War Crimes in Borovo Selo". Balkan Insight. Archived from the original on 17 August 2015.
• "Roads Sealed as Yugoslav Unrest Mounts". The New York Times (New York City). Reuters. 19 August 1990. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013.
• "Tri godine zatvora za mučenje hrvatskih redarstvenika 1991." [Three years in prison for the torture of two Croatian policemen in 1991]. Glas slavonije. 14 May 2014.

Other sources

• "Memorijal 12 redarstvenika, 2008." [12 Constables Memorial, 2008] (in Croatian). Ministry of the Interior (Croatia). 2008. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013.
• "The Prosecutor vs. Milan Martic – Judgement" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 12 June 2007.

Coordinates: 45°22′51.60″N 18°57′27.00″E / 45.3810000°N 18.9575000°E