Borra Caves

Borra Caves
బొర్రా గుహలు
(Borra Guhalu)
Borra Caves

Location in Andhra Pradesh, India

Coordinates: 18°10′N 83°0′E / 18.167°N 83.000°E / 18.167; 83.000Coordinates: 18°10′N 83°0′E / 18.167°N 83.000°E / 18.167; 83.000
Country India
State Andhra Pradesh
District Visakhapatnam
Area
 • Land 0.8 sq mi (2 km2)
Elevation 2,313 ft (705 m)
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Located in Borra village in the Ananthagiri hills of Eastern Ghats

The Borra Caves, also called Borra Guhalu in Telugu language ‘Borra’ means something that has bored into the ground and ‘guhalu’ means caves), are located on the East Coast of India, in the Ananthagiri hills of the Araku Valley (with hill ranges elevation varying from 800 m (2,624.7 ft) to 1,300 m (4,265.1 ft)) of the Visakhapatnam district in Andhra Pradesh. The caves, one of the largest in the country, at an elevation of about 705 m (2,313.0 ft), distinctly exhibit a variety of speleothems ranging in size and irregularly shaped stalactites and stalagmites.[1][2] The caves are basically karstic limestone structures extending to a depth of 80 m (262.5 ft) (considered the deepest cave in India).[3][4]

History

In 1807, William King of the Geological Survey of India discovered the caves.[5]

Legend

On the discovery of the caves, there are several legends, which the tribals (Jatapu, Porja, Kondadora, Nookadora, valmiki etc.[4]) who inhabit the villages around the caves narrate. The popular legend is that a cow, grazing on the top of the caves, dropped 60 m (196.9 ft), through a hole in the roof. The cowherd while searching for the cow came across the caves. He found a stone inside the cave that resembled a Lingam, which he interpreted as the Lord Shiva who protected the cow. The village folk who heard the story believed it and since then they have built a small temple for Lord Shiva outside the cave. People flock to the temple for worship and the cave to get a glimpse of the Lingam.[5]

Worship of Stalagmite Lingam inside the Borra Caves

Another lyrical legend is that the Shiva Lingam representing the Hindu God Lord Shiva, is found deep in the caves and above which is a stone formation of a cow (Sanskrit: Kamadhenu). It is surmised that the udder of this cow is the source of the Gosthani (Sanskrit: Cow’s udder) River which originates from here, flows through Vizianagram and Visakhapatnam districts before debouching into the Bay of Bengal near Bheemunipatnam.[5]

A view of Valley from the Borra caves

Geography and climate

The caves are located in the Araku Valley of the Ananthagiri hill range and is drained by the Gosthani River. At the entry, the cave measures up to 100 m (328.1 ft) horizontally and 75 m (246.1 ft) vertically. Stalagmite and Stalactite formations are found in the caves.[6]

The average annual temperature of Araku hills, where the caves are situated, is about 25 °C (77.0 °F). The average annual rainfall reported is 950 mm (3.1 ft) (mostly occurring during the northeast monsoon).[7] The Gosthani river provides water supply to the Visakhapatnam city.[4]

Geology

The regional geology in the Eastern Ghats mobile belt, where the caves are located, is represented by the khondalite suite of rocks (garnetiferrous sillimanite gneisses, quartzo-feldsphatic garnet gneisses) of Archaen age. Quaternary deposits consist of red bed sediments, laterites, pediment fans, colluvium, alluvium and coastal sands. Particularly, the Borra Caves are stated to be one of the most crowd puller cave caves in the Indian subcontinent.[1] The caves, in the reserved forest area consisting of 14 villages inhabited by tribals, basically host a variety of speleothems ranging from very small to big and irregularly shaped stalactites and stalagmites. The carbonate rocks are pure white, and coarsely crystalline and the deformed and banded marbles cover a triangular area of 2 km2 (0.8 sq mi); surrounded by diopside–scapolite–feldspar calc-granulites. The pyroxenite outcrops are dark and massive and include discontinuous calc-silicate bands, some of brown mica and others with calcite.[7]

Formation

The Gosthani River, which originates from these caves and flows between the solidified stalactites and stalagmites in the karstic limestones formation, is the cause for the development of the odd shapes of structures. Water percolating from the roof of the caves dissolve limestone and trickle drop by drop to form stalactite at the roof of the cave and then dripping down to the ground form stalagmite. These deposits have developed into interesting forms and structures inside the caves such as Shiva–Parvati, Mother–Child, Rishi’s beard, human brain, mushrooms, crocodile, temple, church, etc. These shapes have captured the imagination of tourists, while some have been given religious interpretations.[7][8]

Formations in the Caves

The caves are deep and totally aphotic. There is a twilight zone in the caves with limited light penetration. The stalactites seen in the caves are about 0.1 m (0.3 ft) to 3.5 m (11.5 ft) in length while the stalagmites are 1.2 m (3.9 ft) long and columns are 6 m (19.7 ft) in height and 0.75 m (2.5 ft) in width. The height of the cave is 12 m (39.4 ft) and the length is about 200 m (656.2 ft). The average temperature of the inner cave wall is reported to be about 16 °C (60.8 °F). Sulfur springs discharge into the cave passages causing corrosion of limestone. The spring waters display floating mucus-like biofilms.

These are thick orange microbial mats (2.5 cm (1.0 in)–3 cm (1.2 in) thick) with patches of yellow biofilms extending 3 m (9.8 ft) from the aphotic deep cave orifice.[7]

While the caves are basically limestone formations, the area surrounding these are of mica formations which are prospected for precious stones like rubies.[6]

The geological features of these caves are stated to be found only in Borra in India. Archeological artifacts (Paleolithic implements) have been found in the caves.[9] The excavations carried out in the caves by the archeologists of the Andhra University, have unearthed stone tools of middle Paleolithic culture dating back to 30,000 to 50,000 years, which confirm human habitation.[4]

Genesis

Speleothem carbonates (considered as inorganic precipitates) found in the caves have been subject to scientific studies. In fluviatile, spring, cave and soil environments microbial carbonates are important. In the biofilms and/or microbial mats, which are formed in the caves, the principal organisms associated are bacteria, particularly cyanobacteria, small algae and fungi. Petrographic analysis of a thin section has uncovered the presence of lithified structures and micrite, present as laminated to clotted with chocolate-brown blebs. These are identical to microbialites observed in modern and ancient stromatolitic carbonates. Laboratory observations with scanning electron microscope (SEM) have also confirmed the presence of calcified bacteria, micro-rods, and needle calcite. Organic mats (yellow-orange in colour) are made up of mineralized filamentous bacteria, bacterial stalks, cells and sheaths. Thus, these studies have indicated that biological (microorganisms) have actively influenced in the genesis of speleothem carbonates of the Borra Caves.[7]

Biological environment

Microorganisms

The effect of microorganisms in the mats on the cave formation and their role on iron mineral precipitation has been further studied. A report indicates a link between iron–rich mats formation and iron precipitating bacteria[10]

Fauna and flora

The fauna observed in the caves are predominantly bats, as well as the golden gecko. The type of bat reported is the fulvous fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaultii) – a species which roosts in large caves, old buildings, dungeons and dark areas of old forts. This species has short and slender musculature with large, well developed eyes. They feed on flowers and fruits, particularly jamun, guava, silk, cotton and mango.[7][9][11]

First cavernicolous Habrobathynellid discovered by Shabuddin Shaik from Borra caves, Visakhapatnam, India.

Stygofauna

Habrobathynella borraensis n. sp. was described from the Borra Caves. The first Indian cavernicolous species of the genus Habrobathynella.[12]

Location and access

Official Information Board outside the Borra Caves

The caves are located in the Ananthagiri hills range of the Araku valley of the Visakhapatnam district in Andhra Pradesh. The distance of caves from nearby cities is as follows: Bhubaneshwar in Odisha 448 km via National Highway 5; Hydrabad 656 km via National Highway 5. The caves are well connected by road, rail and air services. The nearest international airport is Visakhapatnam Airport, 76 km (47.2 mi) from Borra caves and 12 km from the Visakhapatnam city center. Vishkapatnam is 90 km (55.9 mi) away by road. It is mostly a hill road and the journey takes about 3 hours.[6]

Train services operate on the Kothavalasa-Kirandul railway line in East Coast Railway, Indian Railways. The train journey over a distance of 100 km (62.1 mi) from the Vishkapatanam railway station passes through Eastern Ghats (hill) section), which has 30 tunnels en route. The journey by train takes about 5 hours to the Railway Station near the caves called the Borra Guhalu Railway station’.[5]

Visitor information

Borra Caves (Guhalu) Train station

Guided tours for a day trip to the Borra Caves cover interesting attractions like the Tyada Railway Tunnel, Damuku View Point, Ananthagiri Coffee Plantation, Padmapuram Gardens and the Araku Valley. For the benefit of the visitors, an information board at the entry point to the caves gives some details of the caves and its surroundings (pictured).[4][8] An Arraku and Borra rail-cum-road package tour organized by the Andhra Pradesh State Tourism Department is available for visitors keen to see the Borra caves.[13]

Beautifully lit Borra Caves

A walk around the caves provides an impressive view of the mountainous area which is rich in flora and fauna. The Andhra Pradesh State Tourism Department has installed 26 mercury, sodium vapor and halogen electric lamps, which provide beautiful views of the formations (pictured). Geologists and tourists visiting the caves are enchanted by the lighted caves. The Araku valley, a famous hill station, about 29 km (18.0 mi) from the Borra caves is also an interesting tourist attraction for people visiting the caves.[6][8]

November and December are ideal months to visit the caves.[6] Andhra pradesh Government is going to launch facilities soon.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Astrobiology & Geomicrobiology". Division Microbial Systems Ecology, Department of Microbiology, Technische Universität München, Germany. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
  2. ↑ "Borra Caves Country : India State : Andhra Pradesh City : Araku Valley". Retrieved 14 February 2009.
  3. ↑ Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Sinkholes and Karst by Barry F. Beck, Adrianne Hagen, Florida Sinkhole Research, pages 392. Taylor & Francis. 1 January 1989. ISBN 978-90-6191-987-2. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 File:Borra Caves Info board.JPG
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Borra Caves". WWW showcaves. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "Borra Caves, Eco India". Retrieved 14 February 2009.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Evidences for microbial involvement in the genesis of speleothem carbonates, Borra Caves, Visakhapatnam, India by Sushmitha Baskar, R. Baskar and Anubha Kaushik" (PDF). Current Science Journal , Vol 92, No.3. 10 February 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
  8. 1 2 3 "Borra Caves – A Million-Year old Wonder". Retrieved 14 February 2008.
  9. 1 2 Applying Ecological Principles to Land Management by Virginia H. Dale, Richard A. Haeuber,pages346 and page 103. Springer. 2001. ISBN 978-0-387-95100-3. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
  10. ↑ "Precipitation of iron in microbial mats of the spring waters of Borra Caves, Visakhapatnam, India: some geomicrobiological aspects by Sushmitha Baskar,et all of Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India". Spring Link, Springer Berlin,Environmental Geology. 4 December 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
  11. ↑ "Biodiversity News of Andhra Pradesh,Volume 2, Issue 1, Fruit Bats of Andhra Pradesh, page 4" (PDF). April–June 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
  12. ↑ http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/1937240x-00002210
  13. ↑ "Valley of enchantment". Retrieved 14 February 2009.

13. Habrobathynella borraensis n. sp. (Syncarida: Bathynellacea: Parabathynellidae) from the Borra Caves of southeastern India, with a note on the taxonomic significance of paragnath morphology by Yenumula Ranga Reddy, Shabuddin Shaik and Venkateswara Rao Totakura Source: Journal of Crustacean Biology, Volume 34, Issue 1, pages 90 – 106 Publication Year : 2014 DOI: 10.1163/1937240X-00002210. ISSN 0278-0372. E-ISSN 1937-240X Document Type: Research Article http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/1937240x-00002210

Notes

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