Bozal Spanish

Bozal Spanish
Zpañol Bozall
Native to	The Americas
Extinct	1850
Language family	Spanish-based creole?
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	None

Bozal Spanish is a possible extinct Spanish-based creole language that may have been a mixture of Spanish and Congolese, with Portuguese influences.^[1] Attestation is insufficient to indicate whether Bozal Spanish was ever a single, coherent or stable language, or if the term merely referred to any idiolect of Spanish that included African elements.

Bozal Spanish was spoken by African slaves in Cuba^[1] and other areas of South and Central America from the 17th century up until its possible extinction at around 1850.^[2] Although Bozal Spanish is extinct as a language, its influence still exists. ^[2] In some Cuban folk religious rituals today, people speak what they call "Bozal".^[3]

References

1. Clements, J. Clancy. "Bozal Spanish of Cuba", The Linguistic Legacy of Spanish and Portuguese, Cambridge University Press, 2009. 9780511576171
2. Lipski, John M. "Where and how does bozal Spanish survive?", Spanish in Contact: Policy, Social and Linguistic Inquiries, John Benjamins Publishing Co., 2007.
3. Wirtz, Kristina. 2014. Performing Afro-Cuba: Image, Voice, Spectacle in the Making of Race and History. [See Chapter 4.] Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-11905-2