Glottolog
Glottolog is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. There are two components: Languoid catalogue, the catalog of the world's languages and language families; and Langdoc, the bibliography. It differs from the better-known Ethnologue in several ways, in that it attempts only to accept languages which the editors have been able to confirm both exist and are distinct (varieties which have not been confirmed, but are inherited from another source, are tagged as "spurious" or "unattested");[1] it attempts only to classify languages into families which have been demonstrated to be valid; extensive bibliographic information is provided, especially for lesser-known languages; and, to a limited extent, alternative names are listed according to the sources which use them. In some cases, the language names used in the bibliographic entries in Langdoc are identified by ISO or Glottolog code; this is an area of ongoing expansion. Glottolog differs in several negative ways as well: Notably, apart from a single point-location on a map at its geographic center, no ethnographic or demographic information is provided. External links are provided to ISO, Ethnologue, and other online language databases.
Edition 2.2 was published online in 2013, and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License. Edition 2.4 was published in 2015.
Language families
Glottolog is more conservative in its classification than most online databases in establishing membership of languages and groups within families, but more liberal in considering unclassified languages to be isolates. Edition 2.4 lists 425 oral-language families, including isolates, and 75 sign-language families and isolates,[2] as follows.
| Name | Region[3] | Languages |
|---|---|---|
| Atlantic-Congo | Africa, North America | 1432 |
| Austronesian | Africa, Eurasia, Papunesia, South America | 1276 |
| Indo-European | Africa, Australia, Eurasia, North America, Papunesia, South America | 585 |
| Sino-Tibetan | Eurasia | 472 |
| Afro-Asiatic | Africa, Eurasia | 372 |
| Nuclear Trans New Guinea | Papunesia | 315 |
| Pama-Nyungan | Australia, Papunesia | 240 |
| Otomanguean | North America | 178 |
| Austroasiatic | Eurasia | 164 |
| Tai-Kadai | Eurasia | 96 |
| Dravidian | Eurasia | 81 |
| Arawakan | North America, South America | 76 |
| Mande | Africa | 74 |
| Tupian | South America | 71 |
| Uto-Aztecan | North America | 68 |
| Central Sudanic | Africa | 62 |
| Nuclear Torricelli | Papunesia | 55 |
| Nilotic | Africa | 51 |
| Algic | North America | 45 |
| Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit | North America | 45 |
| Quechuan | South America | 45 |
| Cariban | South America | 44 |
| Turkic | Eurasia | 44 |
| Uralic | Eurasia | 44 |
| Hmong-Mien | Eurasia | 39 |
| Panoan | South America | 38 |
| Sepik | Papunesia | 36 |
| Mayan | North America | 33 |
| Nuclear-Macro-Je | South America | 31 |
| Lower Sepik-Ramu | Papunesia | 30 |
| Nakh-Daghestanian | Eurasia | 30 |
| Chibchan | North America, South America | 27 |
| Tucanoan | South America | 26 |
| Salishan | North America | 25 |
| Timor-Alor-Pantar | Papunesia | 22 |
| Lakes Plain | Papunesia | 20 |
| Dogon | Africa | 19 |
| Mixe-Zoque | North America | 19 |
| Ta-Ne-Omotic | Africa | 19 |
| Siouan | North America | 18 |
| Morehead-Wasur | Papunesia | 17 |
| Mongolic | Eurasia | 16 |
| Border | Papunesia | 15 |
| North Halmahera | Papunesia | 15 |
| Japonic | Eurasia, Papunesia | 14 |
| Khoe-Kwadi | Africa | 14 |
| Angan | Papunesia | 13 |
| Ndu | Papunesia | 13 |
| Nubian | Africa | 13 |
| Tor-Orya | Papunesia | 13 |
| Chapacuran | South America | 12 |
| Eskimo-Aleut | Eurasia, North America | 12 |
| Gunwinyguan | Australia | 12 |
| Totonacan | North America | 12 |
| Tungusic | Eurasia | 12 |
| Iroquoian | North America | 11 |
| Miwok-Costanoan | North America | 11 |
| Western Daly | Australia | 11 |
| Worrorran | Australia | 11 |
| Geelvink Bay | Papunesia | 10 |
| Great Andamanese | Eurasia, Papunesia | 10 |
| Heiban | Africa | 10 |
| Ijoid | Africa | 10 |
| Maban | Africa | 10 |
| Nyulnyulan | Australia | 10 |
| Saharan | Africa | 10 |
| Songhay | Africa | 10 |
| Surmic | Africa | 10 |
| Chocoan | South America | 9 |
| Cochimi-Yuman | North America | 9 |
| Dagan | Papunesia | 9 |
| Sko | Papunesia | 9 |
| South Bougainville | Papunesia | 9 |
| Kiowa-Tanoan | North America | 8 |
| Kwerbic | Papunesia | 8 |
| Mailuan | Papunesia | 8 |
| Narrow Talodi | Africa | 8 |
| Tuu | Africa | 8 |
| Bosavi | Papunesia | 7 |
| Daju | Africa | 7 |
| Huitotoan | South America | 7 |
| Inland Gulf | Papunesia | 7 |
| Koiarian | Papunesia | 7 |
| Matacoan | South America | 7 |
| Muskogean | North America | 7 |
| Pomoan | North America | 7 |
| Tacanan | South America | 7 |
| Arawan | South America | 6 |
| Baining | Papunesia | 6 |
| Barbacoan | South America | 6 |
| Chumashan | North America | 6 |
| East Strickland | Papunesia | 6 |
| Goilalan | Papunesia | 6 |
| Kadugli-Krongo | Africa | 6 |
| Kartvelian | Eurasia | 6 |
| Kiwaian | Papunesia | 6 |
| Kxa | Africa | 6 |
| Left May | Papunesia | 6 |
| Marind | Papunesia | 6 |
| Nambiquaran | South America | 6 |
| South Bird's Head Family | Papunesia | 6 |
| Wakashan | North America | 6 |
| Yeniseian | Eurasia | 6 |
| Zaparoan | South America | 6 |
| Abkhaz-Adyge | Eurasia | 5 |
| Caddoan | North America | 5 |
| Chukotko-Kamchatkan | Eurasia | 5 |
| Guahibo | South America | 5 |
| Guaicuruan | South America | 5 |
| Lengua-Mascoy | South America | 5 |
| Mirndi | Australia | 5 |
| Misumalpan | North America | 5 |
| Nimboran | Papunesia | 5 |
| Nuclear Eleman | Papunesia | 5 |
| Pauwasi | Papunesia | 5 |
| Sahaptian | North America | 5 |
| South Omotic | Africa | 5 |
| Tirio | Papunesia | 5 |
| West Bird's Head | Papunesia | 5 |
| Xincan | North America | 5 |
| Yanomam | South America | 5 |
| Yareban | Papunesia | 5 |
| Yuat | Papunesia | 5 |
| Chinookan | North America | 4 |
| Chonan | South America | 4 |
| Eastern Jebel | Africa | 4 |
| Eastern Trans-Fly | Papunesia | 4 |
| Huavean | North America | 4 |
| Iwaidjan Proper | Australia | 4 |
| Jivaroan | South America | 4 |
| Kamakanan | South America | 4 |
| Koman | Africa | 4 |
| Maiduan | North America | 4 |
| Mangarrayi-Maran | Australia | 4 |
| Maningrida | Australia | 4 |
| Mao | Africa | 4 |
| Nadahup | South America | 4 |
| North Bougainville | Papunesia | 4 |
| Sentani | Papunesia | 4 |
| Suki-Gogodala | Papunesia | 4 |
| Tama | Africa | 4 |
| Tangkic | Australia | 4 |
| Turama-Kikori | Papunesia | 4 |
| Walio | Papunesia | 4 |
| Yokutsan | North America | 4 |
| Yukaghir | Eurasia | 4 |
| Arafundi | Papunesia | 3 |
| Aymara | South America | 3 |
| Bororoan | South America | 3 |
| Cahuapanan | South America | 3 |
| Charruan | South America | 3 |
| Dizoid | Africa | 3 |
| East Bird's Head | Papunesia | 3 |
| Giimbiyu | Australia | 3 |
| Jarrakan | Australia | 3 |
| Kalapuyan | North America | 3 |
| Katla-Tima | Africa | 3 |
| Kawesqar | South America | 3 |
| Kayagar | Papunesia | 3 |
| Kolopom | Papunesia | 3 |
| Kuliak | Africa | 3 |
| Kwalean | Papunesia | 3 |
| Mairasi | Papunesia | 3 |
| Mongol-Langam | Papunesia | 3 |
| Peba-Yagua | South America | 3 |
| Puri | South America | 3 |
| Saliban | South America | 3 |
| Shastan | North America | 3 |
| Tsimshian | North America | 3 |
| West Bomberai | Papunesia | 3 |
| Yangmanic | Australia | 3 |
| Zamucoan | South America | 3 |
| Amto-Musan | Papunesia | 2 |
| Araucanian | South America | 2 |
| Awin-Pa | Papunesia | 2 |
| Baibai-Fas | Papunesia | 2 |
| Bayono-Awbono | Papunesia | 2 |
| Boran | South America | 2 |
| Bulaka River | Papunesia | 2 |
| Bunaban | Australia | 2 |
| Chimakuan | North America | 2 |
| Coosan | North America | 2 |
| Doso-Turumsa | Papunesia | 2 |
| Eastern Daly | Australia | 2 |
| East Kutubu | Papunesia | 2 |
| Etrusco-Rhaetian | Eurasia | 2 |
| Furan | Africa | 2 |
| Garrwan | Australia | 2 |
| Haida | North America | 2 |
| Harakmbut | South America | 2 |
| Hatam-Mansim | Papunesia | 2 |
| Hibito-Cholon | South America | 2 |
| Huarpean | South America | 2 |
| Hurro-Urartian | Eurasia | 2 |
| Inanwatan | Papunesia | 2 |
| Jarawa-Onge | Eurasia | 2 |
| Jicaquean | North America | 2 |
| Kakua-Nukak | South America | 2 |
| Kariri | South America | 2 |
| Katukinan | South America | 2 |
| Kaure-Narau | Papunesia | 2 |
| Keresan | North America | 2 |
| Konda-Yahadian | Papunesia | 2 |
| Koreanic | Eurasia | 2 |
| Kresh-Aja | Africa | 2 |
| Kwomtari | Papunesia | 2 |
| Lencan | North America | 2 |
| Lepki-Murkim | Papunesia | 2 |
| Limilngan | Australia | 2 |
| Manubaran | Papunesia | 2 |
| Marrku-Wurrugu | Australia | 2 |
| Mombum | Papunesia | 2 |
| Monumbo | Papunesia | 2 |
| Namla-Tofanma | Papunesia | 2 |
| North-Eastern Tasmanian | Australia | 2 |
| Northern Daly | Australia | 2 |
| Nyimang | Africa | 2 |
| Pahoturi | Papunesia | 2 |
| Palaihnihan | North America | 2 |
| Piawi | Papunesia | 2 |
| Rashad | Africa | 2 |
| Senagi | Papunesia | 2 |
| Somahai | Papunesia | 2 |
| South-Eastern Tasmanian | Australia | 2 |
| Southern Daly | Australia | 2 |
| Tarascan | North America | 2 |
| Taulil-Butam | Papunesia | 2 |
| Teberan | Papunesia | 2 |
| Temein | Africa | 2 |
| Tequistlatecan | North America | 2 |
| Ticuna-Yuri | South America | 2 |
| Uru-Chipaya | South America | 2 |
| Western Tasmanian | Australia | 2 |
| Wintuan | North America | 2 |
| Yawa | Papunesia | 2 |
| Yuki-Wappo | North America | 2 |
| Abinomn | Papunesia | 1 |
| Abun | Papunesia | 1 |
| Adai | North America | 1 |
| Aewa | South America | 1 |
| Aikanã | South America | 1 |
| Ainu (Japan) | Eurasia | 1 |
| Alsea | North America | 1 |
| Andaqui | South America | 1 |
| Andoque | South America | 1 |
| Anem | Papunesia | 1 |
| Ap Ma | Papunesia | 1 |
| Arutani | South America | 1 |
| Atacame | South America | 1 |
| Atakapa | North America | 1 |
| Banaro | Papunesia | 1 |
| Bangime | Africa | 1 |
| Basque | Eurasia | 1 |
| Beothuk | North America | 1 |
| Berta | Africa | 1 |
| Betoi | South America | 1 |
| Bilua | Papunesia | 1 |
| Birri | Africa | 1 |
| Bogaya | Papunesia | 1 |
| Burmeso | Papunesia | 1 |
| Burushaski | Eurasia | 1 |
| Camsá | South America | 1 |
| Candoshi-Shapra | South America | 1 |
| Canichana | South America | 1 |
| Cayubaba | South America | 1 |
| Cayuse | North America | 1 |
| Chimariko | North America | 1 |
| Chiquitano | South America | 1 |
| Chitimacha | North America | 1 |
| Chono | South America | 1 |
| Coahuilteco | North America | 1 |
| Cofán | South America | 1 |
| Comecrudo | North America | 1 |
| Cotoname | North America | 1 |
| Cuitlatec | North America | 1 |
| Culli | South America | 1 |
| Damal | Papunesia | 1 |
| Dem | Papunesia | 1 |
| Dibiyaso | Papunesia | 1 |
| Duna | Papunesia | 1 |
| Elamite | Eurasia | 1 |
| Elseng | Papunesia | 1 |
| Esselen | North America | 1 |
| Fasu | Papunesia | 1 |
| Fulniô | South America | 1 |
| Gagadu | Australia | 1 |
| Guachi | South America | 1 |
| Guaicurian | North America | 1 |
| Guamo | South America | 1 |
| Guató | South America | 1 |
| Gule | Africa | 1 |
| Gumuz | Africa | 1 |
| Guriaso | Papunesia | 1 |
| Hadza | Africa | 1 |
| Hattic | Eurasia | 1 |
| Hruso | Eurasia | 1 |
| Iberian | Eurasia | 1 |
| Irántxe | South America | 1 |
| Itonama | South America | 1 |
| Jalaa | Africa | 1 |
| Jirajaran | South America | 1 |
| Kaki Ae | Papunesia | 1 |
| Kamula | Papunesia | 1 |
| Kanoê | South America | 1 |
| Kapori | Papunesia | 1 |
| Karankawa | North America | 1 |
| Karok | North America | 1 |
| Kehu | Papunesia | 1 |
| Kembra | Papunesia | 1 |
| Kenaboi | Eurasia | 1 |
| Kibiri | Papunesia | 1 |
| Kimki | Papunesia | 1 |
| Klamath-Modoc | North America | 1 |
| Kol (Papua New Guinea) | Papunesia | 1 |
| Kosadle | Papunesia | 1 |
| Kujarge | Africa | 1 |
| Kunama | Africa | 1 |
| Kungarakany | Australia | 1 |
| Kunza | South America | 1 |
| Kuot | Papunesia | 1 |
| Kusunda | Eurasia | 1 |
| Kutenai | North America | 1 |
| Kwaza | South America | 1 |
| Laal | Africa | 1 |
| Lafofa | Africa | 1 |
| Laragia | Australia | 1 |
| Lavukaleve | Papunesia | 1 |
| Leco | South America | 1 |
| Lule | South America | 1 |
| Máku | South America | 1 |
| Maratino | North America | 1 |
| Massep | Papunesia | 1 |
| Matanawí | South America | 1 |
| Mato Grosso Arára | South America | 1 |
| Mawes | Papunesia | 1 |
| Maybrat | Papunesia | 1 |
| Meroitic | Africa | 1 |
| Mimi-Gaudefroy | Africa | 1 |
| Minkin | Australia | 1 |
| Mochica | South America | 1 |
| Molale | North America | 1 |
| Molof | Papunesia | 1 |
| Mor (Bomberai Peninsula) | Papunesia | 1 |
| Morori | Papunesia | 1 |
| Mosetén-Chimané | South America | 1 |
| Movima | South America | 1 |
| Mpur | Papunesia | 1 |
| Muniche | South America | 1 |
| Mure | South America | 1 |
| Nara | Africa | 1 |
| Natchez | North America | 1 |
| Nihali | Eurasia | 1 |
| Nivkh | Eurasia | 1 |
| Odiai | Papunesia | 1 |
| Omurano | South America | 1 |
| Ongota | Africa | 1 |
| Oti | South America | 1 |
| Otomaco | South America | 1 |
| Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport | Australia | 1 |
| Páez | South America | 1 |
| Pankararú | South America | 1 |
| Papi | Papunesia | 1 |
| Pawaia | Papunesia | 1 |
| Payagua | South America | 1 |
| Pele-Ata | Papunesia | 1 |
| Pirahã | South America | 1 |
| Puelche | South America | 1 |
| Puinave | South America | 1 |
| Pumé | South America | 1 |
| Puquina | South America | 1 |
| Purari | Papunesia | 1 |
| Pyu | Papunesia | 1 |
| Ramanos | South America | 1 |
| Salinan | North America | 1 |
| Sandawe | Africa | 1 |
| Sapé | South America | 1 |
| Sause | Papunesia | 1 |
| Savosavo | Papunesia | 1 |
| Sechuran | South America | 1 |
| Seri | North America | 1 |
| Shabo | Africa | 1 |
| Shom Peng | Eurasia | 1 |
| Siuslaw | North America | 1 |
| Suarmin | Papunesia | 1 |
| Sulka | Papunesia | 1 |
| Sumerian | Eurasia | 1 |
| Tabo | Papunesia | 1 |
| Taiap | Papunesia | 1 |
| Takelma | North America | 1 |
| Tallán | South America | 1 |
| Tambora | Papunesia | 1 |
| Tanahmerah | Papunesia | 1 |
| Taruma | South America | 1 |
| Taushiro | South America | 1 |
| Timote-Cuica | South America | 1 |
| Timucua | North America | 1 |
| Tinigua | South America | 1 |
| Tiwi | Australia | 1 |
| Tonkawa | North America | 1 |
| Touo | Papunesia | 1 |
| Trumai | South America | 1 |
| Tunica | North America | 1 |
| Tuxá | South America | 1 |
| Umbugarla | Australia | 1 |
| Urarina | South America | 1 |
| Usku | Papunesia | 1 |
| Vilela | South America | 1 |
| Wadjiginy | Australia | 1 |
| Wageman | Australia | 1 |
| Waorani | South America | 1 |
| Warao | South America | 1 |
| Washo | North America | 1 |
| Wiru | Papunesia | 1 |
| Xukurú | South America | 1 |
| Yale | Papunesia | 1 |
| Yámana | South America | 1 |
| Yana | North America | 1 |
| Yele | Papunesia | 1 |
| Yerakai | Papunesia | 1 |
| Yetfa | Papunesia | 1 |
| Yuchi | North America | 1 |
| Yuracaré | South America | 1 |
| Yurumanguí | South America | 1 |
| Yuwana | South America | 1 |
| Zuni | North America | 1 |
| LSFic | (sign) | 32 |
| ASLic | (sign) | 20 |
| BSLic | (sign) | 10 |
| Arab Sign | 6 | |
| Russian Sign | 6 | |
| CSLic | (sign) | 5 |
| DGSic | (sign) | 4 |
| JSLic | (sign) | 3 |
| Old Chiangmai-Bangkok-Haiphong Sign | 3 | |
| Spanish Sign | 3 | |
| Paraguay-Uruguay Sign | 2 | |
| Providencia-Cayman Sign | 2 | |
| Afghan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Albanian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Argentine Sign Language | 1 | |
| Armenian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Bamako Sign Language | 1 | |
| Brazilian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Burkina Faso Sign Language | 1 | |
| Ecuadorian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Estonian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Guatemalan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Hausa Sign Language | 1 | |
| Indian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Kenyan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Lyons Sign Language | 1 | |
| Maltese Sign Language | 1 | |
| Mauritian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Mofu-Gudur Sign Language | 1 | |
| Mozambican Sign Language | 1 | |
| Nepalese Sign Language | 1 | |
| Pakistan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Penang Sign Language | 1 | |
| Persian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Rennellese Sign Language | 1 | |
| Salvadoran Sign Language | 1 | |
| Saudi Arabian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Sri Lankan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Tanzanian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Tijuana Sign Language | 1 | |
| Turkish Sign Language | 1 | |
| Venezuelan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Yoruba Sign Language | 1 | |
| Zambian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Zimbabwe Sign Language | 1 | |
| Adamorobe Sign Language | 1 | |
| Alipur Sign Language | 1 | |
| Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language | 1 | |
| Ban Khor Sign Language | 1 | |
| Bengkala Sign Language | 1 | |
| Bribri Sign Language | 1 | |
| Brunca Sign Language | 1 | |
| Bura Sign Language | 1 | |
| Chatino Sign Language | 1 | |
| Enga Sign Language | 1 | |
| Ghandruk Sign Language | 1 | |
| Ghardaia Sign Language | 1 | |
| Guinea-Bissau Sign Language | 1 | |
| Inuit Sign Language | 1 | |
| Jamaican Country Sign Language | 1 | |
| Jhankot Sign Language | 1 | |
| Jumla Sign Language | 1 | |
| Kajana Sign Language | 1 | |
| Keresan Pueblo Indian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Mardin Sign Language | 1 | |
| Martha's Vineyard Sign Language | 1 | |
| Mbour Sign Language | 1 | |
| Nanabin Sign Language | 1 | |
| Nicaraguan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Old Kentish Sign Language | 1 | |
| Original Costa Rican Sign Language | 1 | |
| Tebul Sign Language | 1 | |
| Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language | 1 | |
| Yolngu Sign Language | 1 | |
| Yucatec Maya Sign Language | 1 |
Creoles are classified with the language that supplied their basic lexicon.
In addition to languages classified into families, Glottolog recognizes 79 pidgins (including one sign pidgin), 24 mixed languages, 8 artificial languages, 9 speech registers (including 3 auxiliary sign systems), 118 attested but unclassifiable languages (including 2 sign languages), 61 unattested languages, and 270 spurious languages (such as retired ISO entries, and including 3 sign languages) kept for bookkeeping purposes.
References and notes
- ↑ See for example the bookkeeping section for ISO languages that Glottolog has deemed to be spurious distinctions.
This discrimination does not apply to dialects, many of which have been inherited from MultiTree or other sources without verification. - ↑ Sign languages are listed together, including those grouped typologically as village sign languages, as are pidgins and unclassified languages, but without a claim that they are necessarily related.
- ↑ Geographic regions include "Papunesia" (a portmanteau of Papua (New Guinea) and Austronesia), which refers to the islands of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania.
External links
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, April 18, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.