Orya–Tor languages
| Orya–Tor | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution: | New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification: |
|
| Subdivisions: | |
| Glottolog: |
toro1256 (Tor–Orya)[1] saus1247 (Sause)[2] |
The Orya–Tor languages are a family of Papuan languages spoken in Indonesia.
Classification
The Tor family is clearly established. Its closest relative appears to be Orya. The inclusion of Sause is uncertain; it is a holdover of earlier classifications, as it was not addressed by Ross due to a lack of data.
- Orya–Tor
- ? Sause
- Orya (Uria)
- Tor family: Berik, Bonerif, Dabe–Keijar–Betaf, Itik, Jofotek-Bromnya, Kwesten, Kwinsu, Mander, Maremgi (Dineor), Vitou
Stephen Wurm (1975) linked Orya and the Tor languages with the Lakes Plain languages, forming a branch of his Trans–New Guinea phylum. Clouse (1997) found no evidence of such a connection.[3] Malcolm Ross (2005) linked them instead with part of another erstwhile branch of TNG in a Tor–Kwerba proposal. Glottolog accepts only the link with Orya as having been demonstrated.[1]
A purported Wares language is sometimes reported.[4] However, no such language is attested. The Wares people are not known to have a distinct language, and the language of the village of Wares is Mawes.[5]
Pronouns
The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto-Orya–Tor are,
I *ai exclusive we ? inclusive we *ne thou *emei you *em s/he *je they ?
References
- 1 2 Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Tor–Orya". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Sause". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ↑ Clouse, Duane A. (1997). Karl Franklin, ed., ed. "Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plains languages of Irian Jaya". Papers in New Guinea Linguistics 2: 133–236. ISSN 0078-9135. OCLC 2729642.
- ↑ Wares at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide, Jack Golson, eds. Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
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