Orya–Tor languages

Orya–Tor
Geographic
distribution:
New Guinea
Linguistic classification:

Tor–Kwerba?

  • Orya–Tor
Subdivisions:
Glottolog: toro1256  (Tor–Orya)[1]
saus1247  (Sause)[2]

The Orya–Tor languages are a family of Papuan languages spoken in Indonesia.

Classification

The Tor family is clearly established. Its closest relative appears to be Orya. The inclusion of Sause is uncertain; it is a holdover of earlier classifications, as it was not addressed by Ross due to a lack of data.

Orya–Tor

Stephen Wurm (1975) linked Orya and the Tor languages with the Lakes Plain languages, forming a branch of his Trans–New Guinea phylum. Clouse (1997) found no evidence of such a connection.[3] Malcolm Ross (2005) linked them instead with part of another erstwhile branch of TNG in a Tor–Kwerba proposal. Glottolog accepts only the link with Orya as having been demonstrated.[1]

A purported Wares language is sometimes reported.[4] However, no such language is attested. The Wares people are not known to have a distinct language, and the language of the village of Wares is Mawes.[5]

Pronouns

The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto-Orya–Tor are,

I *ai exclusive we ?
inclusive we *ne
thou *emei you *em
s/he *je they ?

References

  1. 1 2 Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Tor–Orya". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  2. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Sause". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  3. Clouse, Duane A. (1997). Karl Franklin, ed., ed. "Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plains languages of Irian Jaya". Papers in New Guinea Linguistics 2: 133–236. ISSN 0078-9135. OCLC 2729642.
  4. Wares at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  5. Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
  • Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide, Jack Golson, eds. Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 1566. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782. 


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