Xincan languages

Xincan
Ethnicity:	Xinca people
Geographic distribution:	Guatemala
Linguistic classification:	One of the world's primary language families
Subdivisions:	Yupiltepeque Jumaytepeque Chiquimulilla Guazacapán Sinacantán
ISO 639-3:	xin
Glottolog:	xinc1237[1]
The Xincan languages. Solid blue is the recorded range; transparent blue the range attested by toponyms.

Xinca (Szinca) is a small family of Mesoamerican languages, now nearly extinct, once spoken by the indigenous Xinca people in southeastern Guatemala, much of El Salvador, and bits of Honduras.

Classification

The Xincan languages have no demonstrated affiliations with other language families. Lehmann (1920) tried linking Xincan with Lencan, but the proposal was never demonstrated.^[2]

Languages

There were at least four Xincan languages, all of which are now either moribund or extinct (Campbell 1997:166). Yupiltepeque was spoken in Jutiapa Department, while the rest are spoken in Santa Rosa Department. Campbell also suggests that the Alagüilac language of San Cristóbal Acasaguastlán may have in fact been a Xincan language.

• Yupiltepeque: extinct before 1920. Once also spoken in Jutiapa.
• Jumaytepeque: discovered in the early 1970s by Lyle Campbell. It is spoken near the top of Volcán Jumaytepeque, and is moribund, or perhaps extinct. This is the most divergent variety, and is not mutually intelligible with that of Chiquimulilla.
• Chiquimulilla: moribund, perhaps extinct.
• Guazacapán: moribund.

To these, Glottolog adds

• Sinacantán^[3]

Sachse (2010) considers all Xincan speakers today to be semi-speakers, with the completely fluent speakers having already died.

History

Xincan languages have many loanwords from Mayan languages especially in agricultural terms, suggesting extensive contact with Mayan peoples.^[4]

In the 16th century the territory of the Xinca extended from the Pacific coast to the mountains of Jalapa. In 1524 the population was conquered by the Spanish Empire. Many of the people were forced into slavery and compelled to participate in the conquest of modern-day El Salvador. It is from this that the names for the town, river, and bridge "Los Esclavos" (The Slaves) are derived in the area of Cuilapa, Santa Rosa.

After 1575, the process of Xinca cultural extinction accelerated, mainly due to their exportation to other regions. This also contributed to a decrease in the number of Xinca-language speakers. One of the oldest references concerning this language was presented by the archbishop Pedro Cortés y Larraz during a visit to the diocese of Taxisco in 1769.

Historical distribution

Xincan languages were once more widespread, which is evident in various toponyms with Xincan origins (Campbell 1997:166). These toponyms are marked by such locative prefixes as ay- "place of" (e.g. Ayampuc, Ayarza), al- "place of" (Alzatate), san- "in" (e.g. Sansare, Sansur), or with the locative suffixes -(a)gua or -hua "town, dwelling" (e.g. Pasasagua, Jagua, Anchagua, Xagua, Eraxagua).

Kaufman (1970:66) lists the following towns as once being Xinca-speaking.^[5]

• Yupiltepeque
• Jumaytepeque (Nueva Santa Rosa)
• San Juan Tecuaco
• Chiquimulilla
• Taxisco
• Santa María Ixhuatán
• Guazacapán

Sachse (2010), citing colonial-era sources, lists the following villages in Santa Rosa Department and Jutiapa Department as having Xinca speakers during the Spanish colonial era.

Guanagazapa (Guanagazapan), in Escuintla Department Guaymango Itiquipaque (also known as Atiquipaque or Nextiquipaque) Tepeaco Tacuilula Taxisco Guazacapán Chiquimulilla Sinacantán Nancinta Tecuaco Ixhuatán (Izguatlán)

Jumaytepéque Jalpatagua Jutiapa Comapa Yupiltepeque Atescatempa La Zacualpa Contepeque Achuapa Valle Tierra Blanca (parish of Tacuilula) Santa Ana (parish of Xinacantán) San Juan Mixtán (a trilingual village where Spanish, Nahuatl, and Xinca were spoken)

Contemporary situation

Presently Xinca, one of the very few known indigenous languages of Guatemala not believed to be part of the family of Mayan languages, has nearly disappeared. According to recent studies, it is spoken in seven municipalities and a village in Santa Rosa and Jutiapa. In 1991 it was reported that the language had only 25 speakers, and the 2006 edition of the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics reported fewer than ten.^[6] Nonetheless, of the 16,214 Xinca who responded to the 2002 census,^[7] 1,283 reported being Xinka speakers.^[8]

See also

• Alaguilac language

References

1. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Xincan". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
2. Lyle Campbell, 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
3. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Sinacantan". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
4. Mayan Loan Words in Xinca
5. Kaufman, Terrence. 1970. Proyecto de alfabetos y ortografías para escribir las lenguas mayances. Antigua: Editorial José de Pineda Ibarra.
6. Xinca (2005). Keith Brown, ed. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2 ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044299-4.
7. "XI Censo Nacional de Población y VI de Habitación (Censo 2002) – Pertenencia de grupo étnico". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. 2002. Retrieved 2009-12-22.
8. "XI Censo Nacional de Población y VI de Habitación (Censo 2002) – Idioma o lengua en que aprendió a hablar". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. 2002. Retrieved 2009-12-22.

• Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Sachse, Frauke (2010). Reconstructive description of eighteenth-century Xinka grammar. Utrecht: Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics. ISBN 9789460930294.

This article draws heavily upon the corresponding article in the Spanish-language Wikipedia which was accessed in the version of 29 November 2005.