Bretons

For other uses, see Breton and Briton (disambiguation).
Bretons
Bretons (French)
Bretoned/Breizhiz (Breton)
Total population
c. 6–8 million
Regions with significant populations
 France 6–7 million
     Brittany 3,120,288[1] · [note 1]
             Loire-Atlantique 1,246,798[2] · [note 2]
     Île-de-France 1,500,000 [3]
             Le Havre 70,000[4]
 Canada (predominantly  Quebec) 14,290[5]
unknown
Languages
French, Breton, Gallo
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic
Related ethnic groups
Celts : Britons (Cornish, English, Welsh), Gaels (Irish, Manx, Scots),[6]

The Bretons are an ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. They trace much of their heritage to groups of Brittonic speakers who emigrated from southwestern Great Britain including Cornwall to avoid invading Germanic tribes. They also descend from the Gauls and in some parts from Vikings. They migrated in waves from the 3rd to 9th century (most heavily from 450 to 600) into the Armorican peninsula, which was subsequently named Brittany after them.[7]

The main traditional language of Brittany is Breton (Brezhoneg), spoken in Lower Brittany (i.e. the western part of the peninsula). Today, Breton is spoken by approximately 365,000 people, of whom about 240,000 speak it fluently.[8] Another minority language of Brittany is Gallo; Gallo is spoken only in Upper Brittany, where Breton is less dominant, and adjacent parts of France including the Pays de Nantes. As one of the Brythonic languages, Breton is related closely to Cornish and more distantly to Welsh, while the Gallo language is a Romance language of the langue d'oïl group. Currently, most Bretons' native language is standard French.

Brittany and its people are counted as one of the six Celtic nations. Ethnically, along with the Cornish and Welsh, the Bretons are the last vestiges of the ancient Britons. The actual number of ethnic Bretons in Brittany and France as a whole is difficult to assess as the French government does not collect statistics on ethnicity. The population of Brittany, as of a January 2007 estimate, was 4,365,500.[9] It is said that, in 1914, over 1 million people spoke Breton west of the boundary between Breton and Gallo-speaking regions – roughly 90% of the population of the western half of Brittany. In 1945, it was about 75%, and today, in all of Brittany, the most optimistic estimate would be that 20% of Bretons can speak Breton. Brittany has a population of roughly 4 million, including the department of Loire-Atlantique, which the Vichy government separated from "official" Brittany in 1941. Three-quarters of the estimated 200,000 to 250,000 Breton speakers using Breton as an everyday language today are over the age of 65.

A strong historical emigration has created a Breton diaspora within the French borders and in the overseas departments and territories of France; it is mainly established in the Paris area, where more than 1 million people claim Breton heritage. Many Breton families have also emigrated to the Americas, predominantly to Canada (mostly Québec and Atlantic Canada) and the United States. People from the region of Brittany were among the first white settlers to permanently settle the French West Indies, i.e. Guadeloupe and Martinique, where remnants of their culture can still be seen to this day. The only places outside of Brittany that still retain significant Breton customs are in Ile-de-France (mainly Le Quartier du Montparnasse in Paris), Le Havre and in Îles des Saintes, where a group of Breton families settled in the mid-17th century.

History

Main article: History of Brittany

Historical origins of the Bretons

The Brythonic community around the 6th century. The sea was a communication medium rather than a barrier.

In the late 4th century AD, large numbers of British auxiliary troops in the Roman army may have been stationed in Armorica. The 9th-century Historia Brittonum states that the emperor Magnus Maximus, who withdrew Roman forces from Britain, settled his troops in the province. Nennius and Gildas mention a second wave of Britons settling in Armorica in the following century to escape the invading Anglo-Saxons and Scoti. Modern archaeology also supports a two-wave migration.[10]

It is generally accepted that the Brythonic speakers who arrived gave the region its current name as well as the Breton language, Brezhoneg, a sister language to Welsh and Cornish.

There are numerous records of Celtic Christian missionaries migrating from Britain during the second wave of Breton colonisation, especially the legendary seven founder-saints of Brittany as well as Saint Gildas. As in Cornwall, many Breton towns are named after these early saints. The Irish Saint Colombanus was also active in Brittany and is commemorated accordingly at Saint-Columban in Carnac.

In the Early Middle Ages, Brittany was divided into three kingdoms — Domnonia, Cornouaille (Kernev), and Bro Waroc'h (Broërec) — which eventually were incorporated into the Duchy of Brittany. The first two kingdoms seem to derive their names from the homelands of the migrating tribes in Britain, Cornwall (Kernow) and Devon (Dumnonia). Bro Waroc'h ("land of Waroch") derives from the name of one of the first known Breton rulers, who dominated the region of Vannes (Gwened). The rulers of Domnonée, such as Conomor, sought to expand their territory, claiming overlordship over all Bretons, though there was constant tension between local lords.

Bretons were the most prominent of the non-Norman forces in the Norman invasion of England. A number of Breton families were of the highest rank in the new society and were tied to the Normans by marriage.[11] The Scottish Clan Stewart and the royal House of Stuart have Breton origins. Alan of Penthièvre, also known as Alan the Red, was both a cousin and knight in the retinue of William the Conqueror. Following his service at Hastings, he was rewarded with large estates in Yorkshire. At the time of his death, he was by far the richest noble in England. His manorial holding at Richmond ensured a Breton presence in northern England. The Earldom of Richmond later became an appanage of the Dukes of Brittany.

Modern Breton identity

The modern flag of Brittany: Gwenn Ha Du (White and Black)

Many people throughout France claim Breton ethnicity, including a few French celebrities such as Marion Cotillard,[12] Malik Zidi,[13] Patrick Poivre d'Arvor, Yoann Gourcuff, Nolwenn Leroy and Yann Tiersen[14]

After 15 years of disputes in the French courts, the European Court of Justice recognized Breton Nationality to the 6 children of Jean-Jacques and Mireille Manrot-Le Goarnig, they are "European Citizens of Breton Nationality".[15] In 2015, Jonathan Le Bris started a legal battle against the French administration to claim this status.

Breton diaspora

The Breton diaspora includes Breton immigrants in some cities of France like Paris, Le Havre and Toulon, Breton Canadians and Breton Americans, along with other French immigrants in other parts of the Americas. Some of the more notable examples include Jack Kerouac, Celine Dion, Augusto Pinochet, Jim Carrey and Sylvester Stallone.[16]

Culture

Religion

The Breton people are predominantly Roman Catholic, with minorities of Protestant Reformed and non-religious people. Brittany was one of the most staunchly Roman Catholic regions in all of France. Attendance at Sunday mass dropped during the 1970s and the 1980s, but other religious practices such as pilgrimages have experienced a revival. This includes the Tro Breizh, which takes place in the shrines of the seven founding saints of Breton Christianity. The Christian tradition is widely respected by both believers and nonbelievers, who see it as a symbol of Breton heritage and culture.

Sculpted calvaries can be found in many villages.

Breton religious tradition places great emphasis on the "Seven Founder Saints":

Pardons

A Pardon is the patron saint's feast day of the parish. It often begins with a procession followed by mass in honour of the saint. Pardons are often accompanied by small village fairs. The three most famous pardons are:

Tro Breizh

There is an ancient pilgrimage called the Tro Breizh (tour of Brittany) which involves pilgrims walking around Brittany from the grave of one of the Seven Founder Saints to another. Nowadays pilgrims complete the circuit over the course of several years. In 2002, the Tro Breizh included a special pilgrimage to Wales, symbolically making the reverse journey of the Welshmen Saint Paul Aurelian, Saint Brioc, and Saint Sampson. According to Breton religious tradition, whoever does not make the pilgrimage at least once in his lifetime will be condemned to make it after his death, advancing only by the length of his coffin each seven years.[17]

Folklore and traditional belief

Some pagan customs from the old pre-Christian tradition remain the folklore of Brittany. The most powerful folk figure is the Ankou or the "Reaper of Death".

Language

Regional statistics of Breton speakers, in 2004
Main article: Breton language

The Breton language is a very important part of Breton identity. Breton itself is a Brythonic Celtic language closely related to Cornish and a bit more distantly to Welsh.[18] The Breton language as such is part of the Insular Celtic language group, and more distantly related to the extinct Continental Celtic languages such as Gaulish that were formerly spoken on the European mainland. In eastern Brittany, a regional romance langue d'oïl named Gallo developed; it shares certain points of vocabulary, idiom, and pronunciation with Breton. Neither language has official status under French law; however, some still use Breton as an everyday language (particularly those of the older generation) and bilingual road signs are common in the west of Brittany. From 1880 to the mid-20th century, Breton was banned from the French school system and children were punished for speaking it in a similar way to the application of the Welsh Not in Wales during the 19th and 20th centuries. The situation changed in 1951 with the Deixonne Law allowing Breton language and culture to be taught 1–3 hours a week in the public school system on the proviso that a teacher was both able and prepared to do so. In modern times, a number of schools and colleges have emerged with the aim of providing Breton-medium education or bilingual Breton/French education.[8]

There are four main Breton dialects: Gwenedeg (Vannetais), Kerneveg (Cornouaille), Leoneg (Leon) and Tregerieg (Trégor), which have varying degrees of mutual intelligibility. In 1908, a standard orthography was devised. The fourth dialect, Gwenedeg, was not included in this reform, but was included in the later orthographic reform of 1941.[8]

Breton-language media

Newspapers, magazines and online journals available in Breton include Al Lanv,[19] based in Quimper, Al Liamm,[20] Louarnig-Rouzig, and Bremañ.

There are a number of radio stations with broadcasts in the Breton language, namely Arvorig FM, France Bleu Armorique, France Bleu Breizh-Izel, Radio Bro Gwened, Radio Kerne, and Radio Kreiz Breizh.

Television programmes in Breton are also available on France 3 Breizh, France 3 Iroise, TV Breizh and TV Rennes. There are also a number of Breton language weekly and monthly magazines available to Breton speakers.[8]

Music

A fest-noz in the Pays Gallo in September 2007 as part of the Mill Góll festival

Fest-noz

A fest-noz is a traditional festival (essentially a dance) in Brittany. Many festoù-noz are held outside Brittany, taking regional Breton culture outside Brittany. Although the traditional dances of the fest-noz are old, some dating back to the Middle Ages, the fest-noz tradition is itself more recent, dating back to the 1950s. Fest-Noz was officially registered on Wednesday, December 5, 2012 by UNESCO on the "Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity."

Traditional dance

There are many traditional Breton dances, the most well-known being gavottes, an dro, the hanter dro, and the plinn. During the fest-noz, most dances are practised in a chain or in a circle (holding a finger), however there are also dances in pairs and choreographed dances with sequences and figures.

Traditional Breton music

Two main types of Breton music are a choral a cappella tradition called kan ha diskan, and music involving instruments, including purely instrumental music. Traditional instruments include the bombarde (similar to an oboe) and the Breton bagpipes (binioù kozh). Other instruments often found are the diatonic accordion, the clarinet, and occasionally violin as well as the hurdy-gurdy. After the Second World War, Scottish bagpipes (and binioù bras) became commonplace in Brittany through the bagadoù (Breton pipe bands) and thus often replaced the binioù-kozh. The basic clarinet (treujenn-gaol) had all but disappeared but has regained popularity over the past few years.

Modern Breton music

Nowadays groups with many different styles of music may be found, ranging from rock to jazz such as Red Cardell, ethno-rock, Diwall and Skeduz as well as punk. Some modern fest-noz groups also use electronic keyboards and synthesisers, for example Strobinell, Sonerien Du, Les Baragouineurs, and Plantec.

Breton cuisine

Chouchenn

Breton cuisine contains many elements from the wider French culinary tradition. Local specialities include:

Symbols of Brittany

Traditional Breton symbols and/or symbols of Brittany include the national anthem Bro Gozh ma Zadoù based on the Welsh Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau. The traditional motto of the former Dukes of Brittany is Kentoc'h mervel eget bezañ saotret in Breton, or Potius mori quam fœdari in Latin. The "national day" is observed on 1 August,[21] the Feast of Saint Erwann (Saint Yves). The ermine is an important symbol of Brittany reflected in the ancient blazons of the Duchy of Brittany and also in the chivalric order, L’Ordre de l’Hermine (The Order of the Ermine).

See also

Images of Brittany

Notes

  1. ↑ Legal population of the administrative region of Brittany in 2007
  2. ↑ Legal population of Loire-Atlantique in 2007

References

  1. ↑ Population by region of France in 2007 - Insee
  2. ↑ Legal population of Loire-Atlantique in 2007 - Insee
  3. ↑ http://bretagneici.gwalarn.org/paris.html
  4. ↑ http://www.normandie-actu.fr/ils-sont-70-000-notre-dossier-sur-les-bretons-du-havre_1126/
  5. ↑ 2011 National Household Survey; includes 4,770 people of single and 9,525 of mixed Breton origin.
  6. ↑ Ed. Wade Davis and K. David Harrison (2007). Book of Peoples of the World. National Geographic Society. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-4262-0238-4.
  7. ↑ Koch, John (2005). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABL-CIO. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Omniglot.com
  9. ↑ Breizh.net Television for the Defense
  10. ↑ Léon Fleuriot, Les origines de la Bretagne: l’émigration, Paris, Payot, 1980.
  11. ↑ Keats-Rohan 1991, The Bretons and Normans of England 1066-1154
  12. ↑ "Marion Cotillard: 'Before my family, everything was dedicated to the character'". The Guardian. August 2, 2014.
  13. ↑ ifrance.com
  14. ↑
  15. ↑
  16. ↑ "Cinéma. Stallone est de Brest « même » !" (French), Le Télégramme de Brest, October 6, 2009
  17. ↑ Bretagne: poems (in French), by Amand Guérin, published by P. Masgana, 1842: page 238.
  18. ↑ Britannica.com
  19. ↑ Allanv.microopen.org
  20. ↑ Alliamm.com
  21. ↑ Pierre Le Baud, Cronicques & Ystoires des Bretons.

External links

Breizh.net – a non-profit association dedicated to the promotion of Brittany and the Breton language on the Internet Breizh.net

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