Brisbane punk rock

Brisbane punk rock had its main impact between 1975 and 1984 as part of the overall punk rock scene in Australia. According to rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, the Queensland capital provided "some of the most anarchistic bands" of that era whilst it was "arguably the most conservative city" in the country.[1] The development of the local punk movement differed from other cities because of its relative geographic isolation from other similar trends. The Brisbane scene also received a greater scrutiny by local police where early punk bands formed as "an obvious backlash to an oppressed society".[1][2] This generated antagonistic and individualistic groups or "snot" driven punk bands.

The Brisbane punk rock movement can be divided into four phases. First, there was the pioneering chapter, which lasted from 1975 to 1977. These bands were either innovators or part of the first wave of local punk bands. Foremost of all such groups are the Saints, which are acknowledged as "Aussie punk pioneers".[2][3] The second phase occurred between 1978 and 1980, which McFarlane described as "the second generation" of punk groups. The next period or "third-generation"[4] spanned from 1981 to 1984 and diverged into two subgenres: hardcore punk and post-punk (or dark punk). Brisbane's dark punk is similar to the subgenres of horror punk and deathrock from the West Coast United States, which started at that time. The fourth period, during 1985 to 1988, developed three styles: Detroit rock (and the closely aligned garage punk), hardcore punk and skate punk – the Brisbane punk rock movement had become alternative rock.

History

Pioneers (1975–77)

"For many bands Brisbane proved not to be the isolated haven in which they could polish their art, but a repressive, aggressive town, the very personification of the red neck deep South of America."

Doug Hutson and Gavin Sawford, Out Of The Unknown: Brisbane Bands 1976-1988, "Home Town Connection", p. 9.[5]

Brisbane punk rock developed under the state government of Joh Bjelke-Petersen, the Premier of Queensland from 1968 to 1987; his administration was investigated by the Fitzgerald Inquiry (1987–89),[6][7] which found "long-term, systemic political corruption and abuse of power."[7] Bjelke-Petersen resigned, two of his ministers and the state's police commissioner were jailed for corruption charges.[6] Doug Hutson and Gavin Sawford co-wrote in their book from 1988, Out of the Unknown: Brisbane Bands 1976-1988 that, "Authority's intolerance of anything different, which, to be fair has since considerably diminished, reflects the peculiar suspicious verging on animosity that Queenslanders as a whole hold for anyone who leaves the cultural straight and narrow of beer, beach and burgers."[5]

Kid Galahad and the Eternals were a garage rock band formed in 1973 in Brisbane by school mates: Chris Bailey on lead vocals, Ivor Hay on piano and Ed Kuepper on guitar.[2][8][9] Locally they earned a reputation for their punk attitude after a debut performance at a Returned and Services League venue in the western suburbs. Bailey described the first gig to a United Kingdom fanzine, Sniffin' Glue, in October 1976, "Then after our second drummer walked out and we almost called it 'quits' but we decided to keep playing to the 30 people (from an original 150 patrons) who were still with us. Before the last number the manager of the hall arrived with cops, turned off the power... The cops told us they would confiscate our equipment if we didn't go, so we went."[10] By the end of 1975 the band added Kym Bradshaw on bass guitar and moved Hay to drums; soon after they changed their name to the Saints.[8][9]

The Saints favourite rehearsal space was a shed behind Hay's home, which was near a police station; after the group were "ostracised" by the local music scene they established their own venue, 76 Club, to perform their material.[8][9] Kuepper later opined "we didn't play until we started putting on shows of our own, and then the cops would break them up anyway, as they did any sort of gathering."[2] The Saints' debut single, "(I'm) Stranded" (September 1976), was issued on their own Fatal Records label.[8][9] Copies were sent to local, national and international media and record labels.[8][9] "(I'm) Stranded" came to the attention of the UK musical press and fitted neatly into the punk sound and attitude in London. Sounds magazine's Jonh Ingham declared it "Single of this and every week."[11]:57–76[12] Jon Savage, UK journalist and punk historian, later wrote that the Saints "had been developing in near isolation for three years, but it took just one review in Sounds magazine to make their career."[13]

The Saints arrived in the UK in 1977 but found that their hair and image did not fit the UK punk dress codes. The locals were sporting spiky hair and brothel creepers, instead the group had appeared similar to street bums with attitude. Kuepper reflected on their reception, "By the time we got here the initial spirit already died out, it was very contrived. There were too many people following slavishly after. We had problems because we didn't look new wave."[14] The Saints reached the UK charts with their third single, "This Perfect Day" (July 1977), after the Sex Pistols had released their second single, "God Save the Queen" (May).

The Saints released (I'm) Stranded (February 1977) and followed with Eternally Yours (May 1978), which included their single, "Know Your Product" (February).[8] Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, declared that "Know Your Product" was "one of the greatest R&B-fuelled rock songs of all time."[8] A third album, Prehistoric Sounds, was released in October before Kuepper left.[8][9] Bailey formed a new line-up of the Saints in 1980; however, their punk edge was lost without "Ed Kuepper's relentless power chords."[8] In May 2001 "(I'm) Stranded" was listed in Australian Performing Rights Association's Top 30 Australian songs of all time.[15][16] (I'm) Stranded was listed at No. 20 in the book, 100 Best Australian Albums (October 2010), with Prehistoric Sounds at No. 41.[17]

In 1976 the Leftovers were formed in Sandgate, as "Australia's first true punks in the Sex Pistols mould" according to music writer, Clinton Walker.[18] Walker felt they were "obnoxious, anarchic, anti-social, powerful, violent and with a strong self-destructive bent."[18] They gained local recognition for their existentialist approach. On Behind the Banana Curtain (2000, a CD compilation sponsored by the radio station, 4ZZZ) they were described as "Raw, intoxicated, energetic and antisocial."[19] The Leftovers experienced "continuous harassment from the local constabulary";[18] and a history that included, a "story of prison, the shocking aftermath of attempted suicide and now-numerous deaths."[20] In June 1979 they released their only single, "Cigarettes and Alcohol", which McFarlane declared was "one of the classics of the late 1970s Australian punk rock era."[18] They disbanded later that year.[18]

Also from this period were the Survivors (formed in 1976 as Rat Salad), which issued a sole single, "Baby Come Back", in December 1977.[21] It was included on the Lethal Weapons (May 1978) compilation by various Australian punk bands.[21] During this era Brisbane punk rock venues included the Hamilton Hall and Toowong RSL hall. Hutson and Sawford stated that "Two of the more notorious DIY venues were the Saint's 76 Club ... and the Baroona Road Hall, scene of numerous 'one-off' multiple band gigs."[22]

From November 1975 4ZZZ broadcast local punk music; John Stanwell, its original Arts Administrator, explained, in September 2006, that it was "The first (Radio) station in the world to play The Saints."[23] The era was documented in a fanzine SSuicide Alley, arguably Australia's second punk fanzine, which was printed in Brisbane in April 1977 by Walker and Andrew McMillan.[24][25] Walker detailed the late 1970s Brisbane scene through his contemporary work for University of Queensland paper, Semper, and another fanzine, Pulp.[26]:12 His later books include Inner City Sound (1982)[27] and Stranded: The Secret History of Australian Independent Music 1977–1991 (1996).[28]

Second phase (1978–80)

The Brisbane punk movement expanded from 1978: the "second generation" of bands were formed.[29] They were given air time on 4ZZZ, David Macpherson of ToxicH website described how the "DJs Michael Finucane, Bill Riner, Tony Biggs, Andy Nehl and others were influential in playing the new music."[30] One band, which benefited from such airplay, was Razar with their track, "Task Force (Undercover Cop)" (1978).[19][31] Hutson and Sawford described them as a "Youthful and popular punk outfit which attracted a lot of attention due to their controversial material."[32] The lyrics of "Task Force" dealt with the Queensland Police special branch, or "Brisbane's notorious undercover police."[19][32]

Razar, and most high profile Brisbane punk groups, received intense scrutiny from the local constabulary with their venues often raided and closed.[33] 4ZZZ's Dave Darling, and an independent concert promoter, recalled: "We encountered problems with police just like everybody else did that tried to run a venue... 9 out of 10 of them I don't think ever made the final song... and [we would] disguise them from Task Force knowing they were on, but eventually in the course of the night one of them would find out and next thing you know you had all of them there..."[33] Hutson and Sawford elucidated that, "In fact it wasn't uncommon for police, both uniformed and Special Branch plainclothes, to regularly break up concerts by bands such as Razar, the Leftovers and the Sharks, who were considered among the more subversive and threatening local talent."[5]

The Fun Things, originally known as The Aliens, were an outfit that characterised the Detroit sound inspired by Sydney-based punk group, Radio Birdman.[34][35] Fun Things recorded a track, "When the Birdmen Fly", released on their self-titled EP. According to McFarlane, "The Fun Things issued what has emerged as one of the most collectable artefacts of the Australian punk rock era, the Fun Things EP which came in a pressing of only 500 copies."[1] The band members, John Hartley, Brad Shepherd and, his older brother, Murray Shepherd, went on to join other bands, including the Hoodoo Gurus for Brad and The Screaming Tribesmen for Hartley and Murray.[35]

Zero, a feminist-styled punk band,[36] (although some critics considered Zero to play a more quirky sort of pop,[37] or New wave music) were present on the local scene. Their contributions were seen as "colourful and imaginative".[38] Zero changed their name in the 1980s to Xero and released an EP in 1982.[37] The line-up included John Willsteed and Lindy Morrison, who both went on to the Go Betweens.[37]

Another youthful Brisbane punk band was the Young Identities. According to Mc.Farlane the band presented, "plenty of youthful energy, belligerent spirit and all-important punk attitude. Young Identities issued two rare EPs of ultra-primitive, snot-nosed punk".[29] In the 1980s the band changed its name to Kicks and joined the rising Goth rock sound. [39]

Other artists from this second phase included the 31st., the Alphabet Children, the Bodysnatchers, Flying Squad, Gerry Mander and the Boundaries, Just Urbain, the Leftovers, the Pits, Same 13, the Survivors, the Swell Guys, the Toy Watches, the Upsets.[40][41] Fuller Banks & the Debentures, supported UK group the Stranglers at the Queens Hotel, other groups played spasmodically, generally at hall gigs.[42] The Stranglers issued a single in October 1979, Nuclear Device (The Wizard of Aus), which focussed on Premier Bjelke-Peterson and his political style.[42] It peaked at No. 36 in the UK singles chart.[43]

Also during 1979 a track, "Sunset Strip", released by the Numbers (later renamed the Riptides), was a punk-like tune, which had regular 4ZZZ airplay. It was regarded by Stephen J. McParland as "punchy and energetic and featured a brilliant, English-flavoured 1960s-inspired pop sound."[44]

Venues that hosted punk gigs, largely booked and promoted by 4ZZZ, during this second phase include Exchange Hotel, Queens Hotel, The Curry Shop, Baroona Hall and the Silver Dollar Disco. Rotten Import Records was a shop dedicated to punk music in 1978 and The Elizabeth Street Bar (nicknamed White Chairs) – a hang out for punk, new wave or alternative rockers from 1980 to 1987.

Third generation (1981–84)

This phase centred on the early to mid-1980s. The dark mood of the bands reflected the changing dynamics of punk. "As the restrictive measures of punk, and all the clichéd fashion statements it entailed, came to a close, post punk groups took up the gauntlet. These exciting new bands used the DIY spirit to launch a more introspective, even gloomy, but still vibrant sound." said Jason C. Reeher in his review of Post Punk. Many of the Brisbane bands absorbed the darker edge due to the post-punk fashion; however, several of these newer groups continued on the same seditious punk path that was distinctive to Brisbane.

Zits, a punk venue in the Fortitude Valley during 1982, was instrumental for putting on the early appearances of last wave punk groups such as Mystery of Sixes (mix of hardcore punk and death rock influenced by The Stranglers and Bauhaus[45]), Vampire Lovers (garage[4] – death rock[46] style of punk) and Public Execution (Black Flag inspired[47]). After the closure of another punk venue in 1984, The Aussie Nash (at the Australian National Hotel) [48] there was a general decline in punk band numbers participating in the local scene.[49]

The Black Assassins were another popular live punk band from the early 1980s. The band claimed that, "Their songs and stage act were energetic and highly political, focussing on issues of the day...".[50] The Black Assassins supported the Dead Kennedys at Brisbane's Festival Hall in 1983.[51] This group eventually released their recorded material in 2005 on CD called "Black Assassins Greatest Hits".[52]

The Mystery of Sixes self-titled song, "Mystery of Sixes", received substantial airplay on 4ZZZ. Jello Biafra, (Dead Kennedys) reviewed their EP's songs as such, "this Brisbane band is a little more on the post-punk side. They definitely live in their own world, especially when the Arabic – style vocals on the title song are taken into account. The lyrics have Satanic overtones."[53] It was asserted in 2000 that "the band quickly gained a reputation for courting controversy," by being banned by the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal and by the acts of violence at various times perpetrated upon them with knives and guns.[45] The Mystery of Sixes, along with Public Execution supported the Dead Kennedys in Brisbane in 1983.[47]

Meanwhile, the Vampire Lovers were the type of group, according to the Bucket full of Brains magazine, to "embody an enjoyably snotty early eighties zombie-punk-schlock vibe."[54] It was claimed that "Through their intermittent break ups and infrequent gigs, has enjoyed special cult status throughout Australia".[55] Buzzsaw Popstar their most recognisable song was declared by Rob Younger (from Radio Birdman) "a masterpiece".[56] They disbanded in 1984 only to reform in 1988 after the popularity of the Buzzsaw Popstar 1987 single re-release.[55]

During the same early 1980s period 'hardcore' punk bands also appeared in Brisbane, particularly from 1983 onwards. Two of the more prominent hardcore groups were New Improved Testament and the La Fetts. New Improved Testament, existed from 1983 - 1984 with Fred Noonan on drums.[57] Fred Noonan also drummed previously with Public Execution and went on much later to Six Ft Hick.[49]

"Hard and abrasive 4 piece which attracted a large and often violent reaction", was how Hutson and Sawford described La Fetts.[58] La Fetts' track, "SEQEB Scabs" (1985),[19] was written by the group's Peter de Hesse in protest against Bjelke-Peterson's government sacking over 1000 electrical industry workers for going on strike.[11]:174–175[59]

Of other Punk bands of Brisbane's third generation were Aftermath, Dumb Show, Kicks, Pictish Blood, The Pits, Strange Glory, Toxic Garden Gnomes, Xero,[40] The Differentials[60] and studio band the Parameters – who were known for their punk spirited song, '"Pig City", which was released as a single in September 1984.[61] Andrew Stafford used it in the title of his book, Pig City: from the Saints to Savage Garden (2004).[11] He explained the choice: "it was really a rallying call, and a signature song for Brisbane at that time. Certainly if you listened to ZZZ in that period, the song was inescapable and it was so symbolic of living in Brisbane at that time, it described so vividly what it was like to live here. And also, it described police and political corruption in this State three or four years before anyone had heard of Tony Fitzgerald."[62]

Popular venues from this particular time include Amyl's Nitespace, Zits, The Australian National Hotel, and the South Brisbane Blind Hall. The Treasury Hotel downstairs, near the Elizabeth Street Bar (White Chairs) became an important hang out for those of a Hardcore Punk and Oi! persuasion during the stretch of 1983 to 1987.

From punk to alternative rock (1985–88)

During 1983 a large number of Alternative acts appeared in the local underground music scene. Brisbane's original spirit of punk begun to wane; eventually it was lost in 1985. It was superseded by the Alternative Rock movement. It has been said, "Essentially, "alternative" is a catch-all for post-punk bands that appeared as new wave began to die out in 1983–84, and runs all the way into 1995, when alternative pop/rock is the mainstream."[63]

Although a number of Brisbane bands continued with punk after 1984, they became absorbed as part of the alternative rock scene. The Brisbane punk groups of the late 1980s were influenced by the strong Sydney music scene as well as from California.[64]

Generically speaking, the punk music scene in Brisbane during the mid to late 1980s period split mostly into three main basic categories. These categories during this time were the Detroit rock and the closely aligned Garage punk groups, with Hardcore punk bands being almost as large in number. A smaller contingent of Skate punk groups made the third category. Stylistically or in a Punk fashion sense, many of the bands (except for some of the hardcore scene) and their fans replaced the generic style of outlandish hair (for the period), cheap items of attire, sewn-in tight trousers, leather and PVC for longer hair, casual clothing sometimes incorporating skater shorts and skateboards, which was in line with the skate punk style.

Bands of the early 1980s, such as The Screaming Tribesmen[65] and Presidents 11[66] originally began with aspects of punk, however, they quickly diverged beyond the punk genre to explore wider alternative tastes. Also since the early 1980s, an assortment of Punk fusion bands speckled the local punk movement, with a mixture of various musical styles that belonged outside punk rock including Country and Western (The Kingswoods and Tex Deadly and the Dum Dums, both early to mid 1980s),[67] Ska (Blow Hard, late 1989 to 1990s),[68] Rockabilly (The Skeletones, mid 1980s) [69] and Heavy Metal (The Dreamkillers, late 1989 to 1990s)[70]

Brisbane punk bands that belonged to the particular era between 1985 to 1988 are as follows. ACT, The Adorable Ones, Bad Ronald, Criminally Insane/ Rabid Souls, Death of a Nun, The Dinky Flyers, Disorderly Public Outbreak, The Egyptians, The Four Horsemen, The Girlies, The Horny Toads, Hotel Breslin, La Fetts, Insane Hombres, The Pineapples from the Dawn of Time, Post No Bills, Prince of Weasels, Psycho Circus, Reality Damage, Sanity Assassins, The Slam, Subsonic Barflies, Thrash this Trash, Vampire Lovers, Voodoo Lust,[71] Crucified Truth,[72] Dementia 13, Mungabeans, Water Rats Picnic, Aloha Pussycats and one of Brisbane only all female bands Batswing Saloon, Sentinel and Trash of all Nations.[73]

Venues include The Outpost, The Lands Office Hotel, Sensoria and The Love Inn.

See also

Bibliography

References

  1. 1 2 3 McFarlane, 'the Fun Things' entry. Archived from the original on 30 September 2004. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Cockington, James (August 2001). "Sunshine Sounds". Long Way to the Top. Sydney, NSW: ABC Books (Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)). pp. 209–222. ISBN 0-73330-750-7.
  3. ↑ "The Saints – Nostalgia Central". Nostalgia Central.
  4. 1 2 'McFarlane, 'the Vampire Lovers' entry. Archived from the original on 29 August 2004. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 Hutson and Sawford,"Home Town Connection", p. 9.
  6. 1 2 McBride, Frank; et al. (2009). Brisbane 150 Stories. Brisbane City Council Publication. pp. 288–289. ISBN 978-1-876091-60-6.
  7. 1 2 Fitzgerald, G. E. (3 July 1989). "Report of a Commission of Inquiry Pursuant to Orders in Council" (PDF). pp. 358–367. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 McFarlane, 'the Saints' entry. Archived from the original on 6 April 2004. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nimmervoll, Ed. "The Saints". Howlspace – The Living History of Our Music. White Room Electronic Publishing Pty Ltd (Ed Nimmervoll). Archived from the original on 27 July 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  10. ↑ Perry, Mark (October 1976). "The Saints". Sniffin' Glue (4): 1–10.
  11. 1 2 3 Stafford, Andrew (2006). Pig City: from the Saints to Savage Garden (2d rev. ed.). Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0-7022-3561-X.
  12. ↑ Jenkins, Jeff; Meldrum, Ian (2007). Molly Meldrum presents 50 years of rock in Australia. Melbourne: Wilkinson Publishing. pp. 252–253. ISBN 978-1-921332-11-1.
  13. ↑ Savage, p. 246.
  14. ↑ Savage, p. 384.
  15. ↑ "APRA-AMCOS 2001 Top 30 Songs". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  16. ↑ Kruger, Debbie (2 May 2001). "The songs that resonate through the years" (PDF). Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  17. ↑ O'Donnell, John; Creswell, Toby; Mathieson, Craig (October 2010). 100 Best Australian Albums. Prahran, Vic: Hardie Grant Books. pp. 78–79, 124–125. ISBN 978-1-74066-955-9.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 McFarlane, 'the Leftovers' entry. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Behind the Banana Curtain (Media notes). Various artists. 4ZZZ. 2000. p. 2.
  20. ↑ (2005) Album notes for Tales from the Australian Underground, p. 7. Shock Records.
  21. 1 2 Nichols, David (22 October 2007). "Lethal Weapons 30 years on". Mess+Noise. Sound Alliance. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  22. ↑ Hutson and Sawford, "Home Town Connection", p. 7.
  23. ↑ Museum of Brisbane (10 September 2006), "4ZZZ", Taking to the streets: two decades that changed Brisbane, 1965-1985, Museum of Brisbane. National Library of Australia, retrieved 24 August 2015
  24. ↑ Walker, Clinton. "Fanzines (1970s)". Clinton Walker. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  25. ↑ "Fanzines to DIY For". The History of the Melbourne Punk Scene. Punk Journey (Melynda von Wayward). Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  26. ↑ Vuleta, Thomas. Ups and Downs: Music Venues and Popular Music in Brisbane 1959–1989 (PDF) (PDF). University of Queensland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  27. ↑ Walker, Clinton (1982), Inner city sound, Wild & Woolley, ISBN 978-0-909331-48-1
  28. ↑ Walker, Clinton (1996), Stranded: the secret history of Australian independent music, 1977-1991, Pan Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-7329-0883-6
  29. 1 2 McFarlane, 'Young Identifiers' entry. Archived from the original on 31 July 2004. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  30. ↑ Macpherson, David. "Early Punk Brisbands (1977–1982)". ToxicoH. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
  31. ↑ McFarlane, 'Grooveyard' entry. Archived from the original on 20 August 2004. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  32. 1 2 Hutson and Sawford, "Razar", p. 30.
  33. 1 2 Darling, Dave (2004). Young, Fast & Non-Boring. Queensland Performance Arts Centre Museum. p. 53.
  34. ↑ Hutson and Sawford, "Fun Things", p. 15.
  35. 1 2 Spencer et al, "Fun Things", p. 282.
  36. ↑ True, Everett. "Prehistoric: the punk and politics of Brisbane's darkest days rebooted". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  37. 1 2 3 Spencer et al, "Xero", p. 842.
  38. ↑ Hutson and Sawford, "A to Z listing", p. 45.
  39. ↑ McLeod, Rod. "Young Identities". Break my face. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
  40. 1 2 Hutson and Sawford, pp. 9–43.
  41. ↑ Spencer et al., pp. 16–846.
  42. 1 2 Cornwell, Hugh; Drury, Jim (2001). The Stranglers Song By Song. Sanctuary Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-86074-362-5.
  43. ↑ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 535. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
  44. ↑ McParland, Stephen J. "The Riptides... History". Waltzing the Plank: The Australian Illustrated Encyclopedia of Australian Surf Music 1963–2003. GANGgajang Official Website. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  45. 1 2 "Mystery of Sixes, Dangerous Days". Time Off Magazine. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  46. ↑ Eaton, Matthew (24 November 1988). "The Blitz column". The Courier-Mail (Queensland Newspapers (News Limited (News Corporation))). p. 44.
  47. 1 2 Matty Talent (18 March 2011). "Mystery of Sixes – Single 7" 'ST. 1982'". That Striped Sunlight Sound. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  48. ↑ "28624 Brisbane Punk Bands 1983-84". One Search. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  49. 1 2 Donat (17 March 2011). "Public Execution – 'Methadone Slave' B/W 'SS Brigade'". That Striped Sunlight Sound. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  50. ↑ "Who is Brisbane's Ugliest Band?". The Black Assassins. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  51. ↑ "Black Assassins – Legend". The Black Assassins. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  52. ↑ "The Black Assassins Greatest Hits". Waterfront. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  53. ↑ Biafra, Jello (1983). "The Mystery of Sixes". Maximum RocknRoll (10).
  54. ↑ Gulland, Hugh (2004). "Vampire Lovers". Bucket Full of Brains.
  55. 1 2 Hutson and Sawford, "Vampire Lovers", p. 41.
  56. ↑ The Barman (18 November 2008). "13 Tasteless Masterpieces – Vampire Lovers". I-94 Bar. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  57. ↑ Hutson and Sawford, "New Improved Testament", p. 27.
  58. ↑ Hutson and Sawford, "La Fetts", p. 37.
  59. ↑ bazzil (6 December 2008). "4zzz Eternally Ours – Part 5 Brisbane bands 1975–1995". That Striped Sunlight Sound. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  60. ↑ "Differentials – Thriving Metropolis 7" EMI Custom 13061, 1981". Wallaby Beat. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  61. ↑ The Parameters; Kneipp, Tony (1984). "Pig city". Sundown Records. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  62. ↑ Whittle, Helen (26 September 2004). "Pig City: An Interview with Andrew Stafford". Media and Culture (Francisco Burz). Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  63. ↑ "American Alternative Rock / Post-Punk". Allmusic. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  64. ↑ Matt Kennedy (6 January 2012). " Brisbane independent music in the 80's "". Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  65. ↑ "The Screaming Tribesmen 7" EMI Custom 13349, 1982". Wallaby Beat. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  66. ↑ "Brisbane's Presidents Eleven Uncovered". Turkeyneck. 18 February 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  67. ↑ Hutson and Sawford, "A-Z band listing", pp. 22, 38.
  68. ↑ Kenada Quinlan (28 May 2014). "Rollo. Breaking Ground (And Bad) Since the 80's". FRANKEN SOUNDS. FRANKEN SOUNDS. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  69. ↑ Hutson and Sawford, "A-Z band listing", p. 35.
  70. ↑ Kris Peters (11 March 2015). "The Dreamkillers – Les Jobson". NQ Music Press. NQ Music Press. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  71. ↑ Out of the Unknown: Brisbane Bands 1976-1988, p.9 to 43
  72. ↑ Spencer et al., "Crucified Truth", p. 177
  73. ↑ McKinnon, Robert; Negric, Frank (1986). The Absolute Beginners Guide to Brisbane Bands. Semper Floreat. p. 13.
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