Brown Corpus

The Brown University Standard Corpus of Present-Day American English (or just Brown Corpus) was compiled in the 1960s by Henry Kučera and W. Nelson Francis at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island as a general corpus (text collection) in the field of corpus linguistics. It contains 500 samples of English-language text, totaling roughly one million words, compiled from works published in the United States in 1961.

History

In 1967, Kučera and Francis published their classic work Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English, which provided basic statistics on what is known today simply as the Brown Corpus. The Brown Corpus was a carefully compiled selection of current American English, totaling about a million words drawn from a wide variety of sources. Kučera and Francis subjected it to a variety of computational analyses, from which they compiled a rich and variegated opus, combining elements of linguistics, psychology, statistics, and sociology. It has been very widely used in computational linguistics, and was for many years among the most-cited resources in the field.

Shortly after publication of the first lexicostatistical analysis, Boston publisher Houghton-Mifflin approached Kučera to supply a million word, three-line citation base for its new American Heritage Dictionary. This ground-breaking new dictionary, which first appeared in 1969, was the first dictionary to be compiled using corpus linguistics for word frequency and other information.

The initial Brown Corpus had only the words themselves, plus a location identifier for each. Over the following several years part-of-speech tags were applied. The Greene and Rubin tagging program (see under part of speech tagging) helped considerably in this, but the high error rate meant that extensive manual proofreading was required.

The tagged Brown Corpus used a selection of about 80 parts of speech, as well as special indicators for compound forms, contractions, foreign words and a few other phenomena, and formed the basis for many later corpora such as the Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus. The tagged corpus enabled far more sophisticated statistical analysis, much of it carried out by graduate student Andrew Mackie. Some of the analysis appears in Frequency Analysis of English Usage: Lexicon and Grammar, by Winthrop Nelson Francis and Henry Kučera, Houghton Mifflin (January, 1983) ISBN 0-395-32250-2.

One interesting result is that even for quite large samples, graphing words in order of decreasing frequency of occurrence shows a hyperbola: the frequency of the n-th most frequent word is roughly proportional to 1/n. Thus "the" constitutes nearly 7% of the Brown Corpus, "to" and "of" more than another 3% each; while about half the total vocabulary of about 50,000 words are hapax legomena: words that occur only once in the corpus.[1] This simple rank-vs.-frequency relationship was noted for an extraordinary variety of phenomena by George Kingsley Zipf (for example, see his The Psychobiology of Language), and is known as Zipf's law.

Although the Brown Corpus pioneered the field of corpus linguistics, by now typical corpora (such as the Corpus of Contemporary American English, the British National Corpus or the International Corpus of English) tend to be much larger, on the order of 100 million words.

Sample distribution

The Corpus consists of 500 samples, distributed across 15 genres in rough proportion to the amount published in 1961 in each of those genres. All works sampled were published in 1961; as far as could be determined they were first published then, and were written by native speakers of American English.

Each sample began at a random sentence-boundary in the article or other unit chosen, and continued up to the first sentence boundary after 2,000 words. In a very few cases miscounts led to samples being just under 2,000 words.

The original data entry was done on upper-case only keypunch machines; capitals were indicated by a preceding asterisk, and various special items such as formulae also had special codes.

The corpus originally (1961) contained 1,014,312 words sampled from 15 text categories:

Part-of-speech tags used

Tag Definition
. sentence (. ; ? *)
( left paren
) right paren
* not, n't
-- dash
, comma
: colon
ABL pre-qualifier (quite, rather)
ABN pre-quantifier (half, all)
ABX pre-quantifier (both)
AP post-determiner (many, several, next)
AT article (a, the, no)
BE be
BED were
BEDZ was
BEG being
BEM am
BEN been
BER are, art
BEZ is
CC coordinating conjunction (and, or)
CD cardinal numeral (one, two, 2, etc.)
CS subordinating conjunction (if, although)
DO do
DOD did
DOZ does
DT singular determiner/quantifier (this, that)
DTI singular or plural determiner/quantifier (some, any)
DTS plural determiner (these, those)
DTX determiner/double conjunction (either)
EX existential there
FW foreign word (hyphenated before regular tag)
HV have
HVD had (past tense)
HVG having
HVN had (past participle)
IN preposition
JJ adjective
JJR comparative adjective
JJS semantically superlative adjective (chief, top)
JJT morphologically superlative adjective (biggest)
MD modal auxiliary (can, should, will)
NC cited word (hyphenated after regular tag)
NN singular or mass noun
NN$ possessive singular noun
NNS plural noun
NNS$ possessive plural noun
NP proper noun or part of name phrase
NP$ possessive proper noun
NPS plural proper noun
NPS$ possessive plural proper noun
NR adverbial noun (home, today, west)
OD ordinal numeral (first, 2nd)
PN nominal pronoun (everybody, nothing)
PN$ possessive nominal pronoun
PP$ possessive personal pronoun (my, our)
PP$$ second (nominal) possessive pronoun (mine, ours)
PPL singular reflexive/intensive personal pronoun (myself)
PPLS plural reflexive/intensive personal pronoun (ourselves)
PPO objective personal pronoun (me, him, it, them)
PPS 3rd. singular nominative pronoun (he, she, it, one)
PPSS other nominative personal pronoun (I, we, they, you)
PRP Personal pronoun
PRP$ Possessive pronoun
QL qualifier (very, fairly)
QLP post-qualifier (enough, indeed)
RB adverb
RBR comparative adverb
RBT superlative adverb
RN nominal adverb (here, then, indoors)
RP adverb/particle (about, off, up)
TO infinitive marker to
UH interjection, exclamation
VB verb, base form
VBD verb, past tense
VBG verb, present participle/gerund
VBN verb, past participle
VBP verb, non 3rd person, singular, present
VBZ verb, 3rd. singular present
WDT wh- determiner (what, which)
WP$ possessive wh- pronoun (whose)
WPO objective wh- pronoun (whom, which, that)
WPS nominative wh- pronoun (who, which, that)
WQL wh- qualifier (how)
WRB wh- adverb (how, where, when)

Note that some versions of the tagged Brown corpus contain combined tags. For instance the word "wanna" is tagged VB+TO, since it is a contracted form of the two words, want/VB and to/TO. Also some tags might be negated, for instance "aren't" would be tagged "BER*", where * signifies the negation. Additionally, tags may have hyphenations: The tag -HL is hyphenated to the regular tags of words in headlines. The tag -TL is hyphenated to the regular tags of words in titles. The hyphenation -NC signifies an emphasized word. Sometimes the tag has a FW- prefix which means foreign word.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kirsten Malmkjær, The Linguistics Encyclopedia, 2nd ed, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-415-22210-9, p. 87.

External links

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