Bus bunching
In public transport, bus bunching, clumping, convoying, or platooning refers to a group of two or more transit vehicles (such as buses or trains), which were scheduled to be evenly spaced running along the same route, instead running in the same location at the same time. This occurs when at least one of the vehicles is unable to keep to its schedule and therefore ends up in the same location as one or more other vehicles of the same route at the same time.
The result is unreliable service and longer and more inconsistent effective wait times than scheduled. Another unfortunate result can be overcrowded vehicles followed closely by near-empty ones.
Theory
A bus that is only slightly late will, in addition to its normal load, pick up passengers who would have taken the next bus had the first bus not been late. These extra passengers delay the first bus even further. In contrast the bus behind the late bus has a lighter passenger load than it otherwise would have, and may therefore run ahead of schedule. The classical theory causal model for irregular intervals is based on the observation that a late bus tends to get later and later as it completes its run, while the bus following it tends to get earlier and earlier. Eventually these buses form a pair, one right after another, and the service deteriorates as the headway degrades from its nominal value. The buses that are stuck together are called a bus bunch or banana bus; this may also involve more than two buses. This effect is often theorized to be the primary cause of reliability problems on bus and metro systems.
The classical bus bunching theory is an example of chaos theory. The orderly procession of buses is presumed inherently unstable, and buses are presumed to tend towards bunches if left unchecked. According to proponents of this theory, it is impossible to predict from the outset which buses will be bunched and which buses will proceed on schedule to the destination, because bunching is presumed to be caused by random conditions such as traffic congestion, stoplights, and the number of passengers at a stop.
Simulation studies have successfully demonstrated the extent of possible factors influencing bus bunching, and they may also be used to understand the impact of actions taken to overcome negative effects of bunching.[1]
Hypothesized causes
Clumping can be caused by random heavy usage of any particular vehicle, resulting in it falling behind schedule. The leading vehicle eventually lapses towards the time slot of a later scheduled vehicle. Sometimes, the later scheduled vehicle gets ahead of its own timetable, and the two vehicles meet in a location in between their scheduled times. In some cases, a later scheduled vehicle may actually get ahead of an earlier scheduled one.[2][3][4]
When buses clump, one can physically pass another on the street or road. When trains clump, this is often not possible due to the limitations of a single track in a given direction.
Abnormal passenger loads
The time taken for a bus to complete its duties is related to the number of people attempting to board or alight at stops. The bus that is already late tends to collect a higher number of waiting riders due to the longer headway between it and the previous bus. The higher number of riders boarding the bus results in delaying it further. At the same time, the following bus tends to collect fewer passengers, because its headway is shorter due to the delay of its predecessor, and hence it spends less than expected time on stops, which further shortens its headway. These effects tend to accumulate, unless the later vehicle deliberately idles on stops or slows down, or the lead vehicle skips some stops where it has no drop-offs, leaving the pickups for the following bus.
Speed of individual drivers
Another cause is that some drivers are faster than others. This results in catching up on long or high-frequency routes.
Deliberate acts
Bus bunching may sometimes be deliberately caused by individual bus drivers, so that the bus ahead of them picks up their passengers and decreases their own workload.[5]
Corrective measures
When a transit vehicle becomes overcrowded as well as delayed, the transit operator may choose to designate the vehicle as a temporary "express" trip. This means that the expedited vehicle will bypass many of its usual stops, operating on a limited stop basis, or heading non-stop directly to the route terminus. This usually entails some additional delay, required to notify passengers already on board, and to allow some of them to disembark to avoid being taken past their intended destinations.
These non-express passengers, as well as others waiting to board, may be told that another less-crowded vehicle is "right behind them". This may or may not be true; in extreme cases, the following vehicle(s) may also be overcrowded or even more severely delayed. On rare occasions, some long-suffering riders have violently expressed their anger at chronically poor service.
Other corrective measures include adding more vehicle trips or higher-capacity equipment. Aside from possible extra costs, the chief difficulty is in responding quickly enough to delays and overcrowding before they spontaneously dissipate. It is preferable to closely monitor transit headways and take immediate corrective measures, rather than allowing delays to "snowball", causing a near-complete breakdown of service.
Prevention
Clumping can be prevented or reduced as follows:
- Scheduling minimum and maximum amounts of time at each stop[3]
- Scheduling some crowded runs to skip certain stops[2]
- If, on a popular route with frequent service, a crowded vehicle arrives, passengers can be urged to wait for the next vehicle, which may be less crowded[2]
A different approach is to abandon the idea of a schedule and keep buses equally spaced by strategically delaying them at designated stops.[6] This is used to control the buses on the campus of Georgia Institute of Technology, where it outperforms the previously scheduled system.
More efficient on-board fare collection, or preferably prepaid fare collection can reduce dwell time at stops and greatly speed up service. Multiple-door, level-boarding setups can also greatly reduce stop durations, as demonstrated by the best Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) services.
Heavy ridership caused by special events (such as sporting events, large concerts, inaugurations, or holiday celebrations) is even more likely to cause problems with bunching and delays. Extra service may be added, and special rules (such as waiving of fare collection) may be used to improve service.
Merely adding more vehicles to the schedule without making other changes has been proven not to be a reliable solution to the problem of bunching.[3]
See also
References
- ↑ Bellei, Giuseppe; Konstantinos Gkoumas (2010). "Transit vehicles’ headway distribution and service irregularity" (PDF). Public Transport 2 (4): 269–289. doi:10.1007/s12469-010-0024-7. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
- 1 2 3 MacKenzie, Debora (29 October 2009). "Why three buses come at once, and how to avoid it". NewScientist. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- 1 2 3 Leiba, Barry (December 9, 2009). "Clumping, and throughput in public transportation". Science 2.0.
- ↑ "Bus Clumping". The Tomes. 11 August 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- ↑ Lyndsey Layton "Progress Has Passed Metrobus", Washington Post, December 27, 2005
- ↑ Bartholdi J. and D. Eisenstein (2012). "A self-coordinating bus route to resist bus bunching", Transportation Research Part B, Vol 46(4) 481-491, doi:10.1016/j.trb.2011.11.001