Paratransit

Two Maui Bus buses engaged in paratransit services. One is picking up a person who uses a wheelchair, while another is discharging another person using a mobility scooter.

Paratransit is recognized in North America as special transportation services for people with disabilities, often provided as a supplement to fixed-route bus and rail systems by public transit agencies.[1] Paratransit services may vary considerably on the degree of flexibility they provide their customers. At their simplest they may consist of a taxi or small bus that will run along a more or less defined route and then stop to pick up or discharge passengers on request. At the other end of the spectrum—fully demand responsive transport—the most flexible paratransit systems offer on-demand call-up door-to-door service from any origin to any destination in a service area. In addition to public transit agencies, Paratransit services are operated by community groups or not-for-profit organizations, and for-profit private companies or operators.

Typically, minibuses are used to provide paratransit service. Most paratransit vehicles are equipped with wheelchair lifts or ramps to facilitate access.

In the United States, private transportation companies often provide paratransit service in cities and metropolitan areas under contract to local public transportation agencies. Veolia Transport, First Transit and MV Transportation are among the largest private contractors of paratransit services in the United States and Canada.

Terminology

"Definition: any type of public transportation that is distinct from conventional transit, such as flexibly scheduled and routed services such as airport limousines, carpools, etc. Etymology: para- 'alongside of' + transit"[2] The use of "paratransit" ("para transit", "para-transit") has evolved and taken on two somewhat separate broad sets of meaning and application.

The more general meaning involved projects starting in the early 1970s, documented by the Urban Institute in the 1974 book Para-transit: Neglected options for urban mobility,[3] followed a year later by the first international overview, Paratransit: Survey of International Experience and Prospects.[4] These are still extremely important in many parts of the world. Paratransit is an alternative mode of flexible passenger transportation that does not follow fixed routes or schedules.

Since the early 1980s, particularly in North America, the term began to be used increasingly to describe the second meaning: special transport services for people with disabilities. In this respect, paratransit has become a subsector and business in its own right.

The term paratransit is rarely used outside of North America.

A NYC Transit paratransit bus.

In the United States

Rehabilitation Act of 1973

Before passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), paratransit was provided by not-for-profit human service agencies and public transit agencies in response to the requirements in Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Section 504 prohibited the exclusion of the disabled from "any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance". In Title 49 Part 37 (49 CFR 37) of the Code of Federal Regulations, the Federal Transit Administration defined requirements for making buses accessible or providing complementary paratransit services within public transit service areas.

Most transit agencies did not see fixed route accessibility as desirable and opted for a flexible system of small paratransit vehicles operating parallel to a system of larger, fixed-route buses. The expectation was that the paratransit services would not be heavily used, making a flexible system of small vehicles a less expensive alternative for accessibility than options with larger, fixed-route vehicles.

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

With the passage of the ADA, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act was extended to include all activities of state and local government. Its provisions were not limited to programs receiving federal funds and applied to all public transit services, regardless of how the services were funded or managed. Title II of the ADA also more clearly defined a disabled person's right to equal participation in transit programs, and the provider's responsibility to make that participation possible.[5]

In revisions to Title 49 Part 37, the Federal Transit Administration defined the combined requirements of the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act for transit providers. These requirements included "complementary" paratransit to destinations within 3/4 mile of all fixed routes (49 CFR 37.131) and submission of a plan for complying with complementary paratransit service regulations (49 CFR 37.135). Paratransit service is an unfunded mandate.[6]

Under the ADA, complementary paratransit service is required for passengers who are 1) Unable to navigate the public bus system, 2) unable to get to a point from which they could access the public bus system, or 3) have a temporary need for these services because of injury or some type of limited duration cause of disability (49 CFR 37.123). Title 49 Part 37 details the eligibility rules along with requirements governing how the service must be provided and managed. In the United States, paratransit service is now highly regulated and closely monitored for compliance with standards set by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA).

As the ADA became effective in 1992 (49 CFR 37.135), the FTA required transit systems in the United States to plan and begin implementing ADA compliant services, with full implementation by 1997 (49 CFR 37.139). During this period, paratransit demand and services rapidly expanded. This growth led to many new approaches to manage and provide these services. Computerized reservation, scheduling and dispatching for paratransit have also evolved substantially and are now arguably among the most sophisticated management systems available in the world of rubber tire transit (land-based non-rail public transit).

Since the passage of the ADA, paratransit service has grown rapidly as a mode of public transit in the United States. Continued growth can be expected due to the aging of baby boomers and disabled Iraq War veterans.[7]

Future

Beginning in 2004, the bus, rail and motorcoach trade magazine Metro Magazine began conducting annual surveys of public and private paratransit providers:

Year Highlighted Topic(s)
2004[8] Budget and Cost-Related Items
2005[9] Meeting Service Demands with Limited Resources
2006[10] Recruitment and retention of drivers
2007
2008[11] Technology
2009
2010[12] Technology
2011[13] Technology and New Types of Vehicles
2012[14] Customer Service
2013[15] Funding, Demand, Retention

US Government Accountability Office GAO released a report in November 2012 for the Federal Transit Administration which "examined: (1) the extent of compliance with ADA paratransit requirements, (2) changes in ADA paratransit demand and costs since 2007, and (3) actions transit agencies are taking to help address changes in the demand for and costs of ADA paratransit service." The report found that "average number of annual ADA paratransit trips provided by a transit agency increased 7 percent from 2007 to 2010" and that the average cost of providing a paratransit trip is "an estimated three and a half times more expensive than the average cost of $8.15 to provide a fixed-route trip." .[16]

MTA Mobility vehicle operator assisting a customer board a paratransit vehicle

The Maryland Transit Administration reported paratransit ridership increases of 15% in fiscal 2012, with double-digit increases expected in fiscal 2013 and 2014.[17] The cost of providing paratransit service is considerably higher than traditional fixed-route bus service, with Maryland's Mobility service reporting per-passenger costs of over $40 per trip in 2010.[18] Paratransit ridership growth of more than 10% per year was reported in the District of Columbia metropolitan area for 2006 through 2009. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority's MetroAccess service in Washington, D.C. conducted a peer review of large urban paratransit systems in the US in 2009:[19]

2008 Ridership 2008 Budget 2008 Cost/Passenger
NYCTA 4.4M $284M $64
LAMTA 1.9M $83M $44
WMATA 1.7M $67M $38
MBTA 1.5M $50M $33
King County Metro 1.1M $42M $38

In response to increasing ridership and costs of providing paratransit service, WMATA made two significant changes beginning in 2010: the paratransit service area was reduced from jurisdictional boundaries to the ADA requirement of within a 3/4 mile corridor of fixed-route services;[20] and, fares were linked to WMATA's fixed route services and charged to the ADA allowable maximum of two times the fastest equivalent bus or rail fare.[21][22] These changes helped result in the first-ever reduction in the number of year-over-year trips between 2011 and 2012.[23]

Technology

The complicated nature of providing paratransit service in accordance with ADA guidelines led to the development of sophisticated software for the industry. TransitExec Software, RouteMatch[24] and Stratagen Systems[25] all provide technology solutions, with Trapeze Software's Paratransit Scheduling System (PASS) occupying a major foothold on most large paratransit systems in the US. Recent entries into the market include Ecolane[26] and Veolia Transportation's Intelliride model.

Intelligent transportation systems technologies, primarily GPS, mobile data terminals, digital mobile radios, and cell phones, and scheduling, dispatching and call reservation software are now in use increasingly in North America and Europe. Interactive voice response systems and web-based initiatives are the next technology innovation anticipated for Paratransit services.[27]

Outside North America

In the United Kingdom, services are called community transport and provided locally. The Community Transport Association [28] is a central organization recognized by the government which "promotes excellence through training, publications, advice, events and project support on voluntary, community and accessible transport."

In Hong Kong, Rehabus service is provided by the Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation.[29] The New Zealand Transport Agency provides a comprehensive list of options in the country,[30] including Total Mobility (TM) in Auckland [31] In Australia, Disability Standards for Accessible Public Transport under subsection 31 (1) of the Disability Discrimination Act of 1992 mandated that as of 2002 "all new public transport conveyances, premises and infrastructure must comply with the transport standards. Facilities already in operation at that time have between five and thirty years to comply with the standards."[32] In some parts of the world, transportation services for the elderly and disabled are obtainable through Share Taxi options, often without formal government involvement.

Paratransit systems in many developing world cities are operated by individuals and small business. The fragmented, intensely competitive nature of the industry makes government regulation and control much harder than traditional public transport. Government authorities have cited problems with unsafe vehicles and drivers as justifying efforts to regulate and "formalize" paratransit operations. However, these efforts have been limited by ignorance on the part of regulatory authorities and mistrust between authorities and operators.[33]

Specific services

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ Fact Sheet: Paratransit Services Retrieved 2014-04-26
  2. ↑ paratransit Dictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon. Retrieved 2014-03-19
  3. ↑ Ronald F. Kirby, Urban Institute, et al (1974) Para-transit:neglected options for urban mobility ISBN 0-87766-121-9
  4. ↑ Eric Britton et al (1975) Paratransit: Survey of International Experience and Prospects, EcoPlan International and U.S. Department of Transportation
  5. ↑ The Americans with Disabilities Act Title II Technical Assistance Manual Covering State and Local Government Programs and Services Department of Justice ADA website. Retrieved 2010-2-12
  6. ↑ Funding crunch puts paratransit service in jeopardy Next-day transportation services for disabled mandated by federal judge
  7. ↑ University of Detroit Mercy (2008-5-12).Improving Paratransit Services in the Toledo Metropolitan Area. Research in Progress. Transportation Research Board. Retrieved 2010-1-27
  8. ↑ A Laundry list of challenges. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  9. ↑ Operators Squeezed by Lean Finances. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  10. ↑ Providers Strive to Balance Costs & Demand. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  11. ↑ Providers Tap Technology to Meet Increasing Demand. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  12. ↑ Technology Helps Paratransit Services Go Lean. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  13. ↑ Paratransit Providers Cite Ever-Higher Demand. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  14. ↑ Customer Service a Growing Concern for Operators. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  15. ↑ Operators Continue to Grapple with Funding, Demand, Retention. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  16. ↑ ADA Paratransit Services. Demand Has Increased, but Little is Known About Complaince. Retrieved 2014-03-19
  17. ↑ Analysis of the FY 2014 Maryland Executive Budget, 2013. Retrieved 2014-04-12
  18. ↑ Maryland Transit Administration 2010 Annual Report. Retrieved 2014-04-12
  19. ↑ "Review of MetroAccess Ridership, Costs and Policy" (PDF). WMATA Finance Committee Report. June 11, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
  20. ↑ MetroAccess paratransit service to be scaled back because of rising cost, demand. Retrieved 2014-04-13
  21. ↑ MetroAccess fare changes to begin Feb. 27. Retrieved 2014-04-13
  22. ↑ MetroAccess Service Guide Fares and Service Area Retrieved 2014-04-13
  23. ↑ Vital Signs Report - A Scorecard of Metro's Key Performance Indicators 2012. Retrieved 2014-04-13
  24. ↑ RouteMatch Demand Response and Paratransit. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  25. ↑ Stratagen Markets. Retrieved 2014-04-13
  26. ↑ Ecolane Demand Response Software. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  27. ↑ WMATA’s MetroAccess Service, Washington, D.C.: Demand Response Traveler Information. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  28. ↑ Community Transport Association UK, retrieved 2014-04-12
  29. ↑ A Guide to Public Transport for People with Disabilities, Chapter 3: Rehabus Service, Government of Hong Kong Transport Department, retrieved 2009-12-10
  30. ↑ Services for Disabled People, retrieved 2014-04-12
  31. ↑ Total Mobility scheme, retrieved 2014-04-12
  32. ↑ Disability standards for accessible public transport, retrieved 2014-04-12
  33. ↑ H. Schalekamp, D. Mfinanga, P. Wilkinson, R. Behrens (2009). An international review of paratransit regulation and integration experiences African Centre of Excellence for Studies in Public and Non-Motorised Transport. retrieved 2010-1-27


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