Business class

Business-class seat on a British Airways Boeing 747-400
Business-class seats of Air India's Boeing 777-300ER
Emirates Airline Business-class lie-flat seats on the Boeing 777-300ER

Business class is a travel class available on many commercial airlines and rail lines, known by brand names which vary by airline or rail company. In the airline industry, it was originally intended as an intermediate level of service between economy class and first class, but many airlines now offer business class as the highest level of service, having eliminated first class seating.[1] Business class is distinguished from other travel classes by the quality of seating, food, drinks, ground service and other amenities. In commercial aviation, full business class is usually denoted 'J' or 'C' with schedule flexibility, but can be many other letters depending on circumstances.[2][3][4]

Airlines

History

Airlines began separating full-fare and discounted economy class passengers in the late 1970s. In 1976, KLM introduced a Full Fare Facilities (FFF) service for its full fare economy class passengers, which allowed them to sit at the front of the economy cabin immediately behind first class, and this concept was quickly copied by several other airlines including Air Canada.[5] Both United Airlines and Trans World Airlines experimented with a similar three-class concept in 1978, but abandoned it due to negative reactions from discount economy class travelers who felt that amenities were being taken away from them.[6] United also cited the difficulty of tracking which passengers should be seated in which section of the economy cabin on connecting flights.[7] American Airlines also began separating full-fare economy passengers from discounted economy passengers in 1978, and offered open middle seats for full-fare passengers.[8]

Around this time, there was speculation in the airline industry that supersonic aircraft would corner the market for the highest-paying premium passengers, and that a three-class market would emerge consisting of supersonic first class and subsonic business and economy classes.[5] In 1977, El Al announced plans to reconfigure its aircraft with a small first class cabin and larger business class cabin on the assumption that most transatlantic first-class passengers would shift their business to the Concorde.[9]

British Airways introduced "Club Class," a separate premium cabin with numerous amenities, in October 1978 under CEO Colin Marshall as a means of further distinguishing full-fare business travelers from tourists flying on discounted fares.[10] Pan Am announced that it would introduce "Clipper Class" in July 1978,[11] and both Air France and Pan Am introduced business class in November 1978.[12] Qantas claims to have launched the world's first Business Class in 1979.[13]

On November 1, 1981, Scandinavian Airlines System introduced EuroClass with a separate cabin, dedicated check-in counters and lounges for full-fare passengers. Simultaneously, first class disappeared from their European fleet.

Domestic and regional

Australia and New Zealand

Both Qantas and Virgin Australia offer Business Class on their domestic networks as well as on trans-Tasman flights to New Zealand. Flights between Perth and Sydney typically feature lie-flat seats, with deep recline cradle seats on other routes.

On the other hand, Air New Zealand does not offer Business Class on its domestic network. Business Class is available on flights between New Zealand, Australia and the Pacific Islands when operated by a Boeing 767-300, Boeing 777-200, Boeing 777-300 or Boeing 787-9. The 777s and 787 have lie-flat seats, while the 767 has recliner seats.

North America

Canada

Air Canada calls its domestic business class product "executive class", which evolved from a premium economy "Connoisseur Class" that was available for full fare paying economy passengers, essentially a guarantee of a vacant adjacent seat if possible and free alcohol service. Business seats in Air Canada Regional are wider with less seat density in the forward cabin. While regional planes are not as stand out some domestic flights, for example Toronto to Vancouver have fully lie back seats on the 777 and 787 as well as 767 (767 fly regional too).

United States

In the United States, true business class is usually only offered on transcontinental flights (and even then typically only on premium routes between New York-JFK and Los Angeles or San Francisco) and flights from the East Coast to Hawaii. US carriers generally designate "first class" as the front cabin on other domestic two-cabin aircraft.

Europe

European carriers generally offer a "business class" consisting of enhanced economy seating with better service. There may be a curtain to separate business from economy class, based on demand, but the seats are in the same cabin. Some airlines such as Air France and Lufthansa use convertible seats that seat three people across in economy, or adjust with a lever to become two seats with a half seat length between them for business class use.

Business class has started to disappear from some short/medium haul routes, to be replaced with full fare economy and discount economy (KLM and SAS). On these routes, the seats are the same for all passengers, only the flexibility of the ticket and the food and beverage service differs. On shorter routes (typically less than one hour) many airlines have removed business class entirely (e.g. BMI on many routes) and offer only one class of service. British Airways offers "UK Business" on their domestic system, offering the same service as Economy with the addition of expedited check-in, baggage reclaim, lounge access and priority boarding. In flight drink, tea or coffee and a snack are served to all customers, with a Hot breakfast on flights prior to 9.29am.

Discount carriers

Interior of business class cabin of Biman Bangladesh Airlines Boeing 777-300ER en route to Dhaka from Jeddah.

Most low-cost carriers, such as Ryanair and Easyjet in Europe, Tiger Airways in Australia, Southwest Airlines in the United States, and even some national carriers such as Aer Lingus and Air New Zealand on their domestic and regional networks do not offer any premium classes of service. Some, however, have options above a standard coach seat:

Long haul

Qantas' A330 Business seat with mattress overlay
Business Class Seat in lie flat mode
Cradle seat on Singapore Airlines, used on shorter flights
Angled lie flat seat on Air China Boeing 747-400
Fully flat herringbone seat on Air Canada
Pakistan International Airlines Business Plus+ Class on the Boeing 777-300ER

Business class is a much more significant upgrade from economy class for long haul flights, in contrast to a regional or domestic flight where business class offers a few advantages over economy class. The innovations in business class seating, incorporating features previously only found in First class (see below), has narrowed the comfort and amenities gap with First class. These advances and added features, as well as the late 2000s recession, have caused some airlines to remove or not install First class seating in their aircraft (as First class seats are usually double the price of business class but can take up more than twice the room), leaving business class the most expensive seats on such planes.

As with first class, all alcoholic beverages are complimentary and meals are of higher quality than economy class. Economy class passengers are usually not permitted in the business class cabin though First class passengers are generally allowed to cross the curtain between Business and First class.

Seating

Long haul business class seats are substantially different from economy class seats and many airlines have installed "lie flat" seats into business class, whereas previously seats with such a recline were only available in international first class. There are essentially three types of long haul business class seats today. These are listed in ascending order of perceived "quality".

Menus

While flying on a long haul business class flight, airlines such as Swiss, Lufthansa, SAS Scandinavian Airlines, and many more offer in-flight gourmet meals with a choice of entree. Once one sits in one's seat, one is presented with a choice of champagne or water, with a 3 - 5 course meal to follow during the flight. Some airlines such as US Airways allow travelers to request a specific meal to their liking if it is not on the menu. The bar choices for the business class cabin are generous, with airlines offering different premium wines, and an assortment of beers and liqueurs.[18] Singapore Airlines offer a "book the cook" service allowing you to choose from a selection of gourmet dishes prior to your departure, while Garuda Indonesia offers a chef on board for its premium passenger needs.

Branding

The exact name for business class may vary between operators. Bold text indicates airlines for which business class is the highest class of service offered.

Defunct

Trains

Business class cabin of a China Railways CRH380AL electric multiple unit

On Amtrak in the United States, "business class" is the premium class of service on medium-haul trains, such as most Northeast Corridor trains and the Pacific Surfliner, and the main class of service on Acela Express. "First class" is the premium class of service on Acela Express and is also the designation for bedroom accommodations on sleeper trains.

Until June 2009, Via Rail in Canada premium class service was called "Via 1", on short range routes oriented towards business travel. The premium service on the transcontinental route (The Canadian) is called "Silver & Blue". In June 2009, "Via 1" was renamed "Business Class" and "Silver & Blue" (The Canadian) and "Easterly" (The Ocean) were renamed "Sleeper Touring Class" and "Totem" (The Skeena) was renamed "Touring Class".

Limousine (chauffeured service)

In France, "business class" is a premium service of chauffeured limousine.[19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Perry Garfinkel (2008-03-10). "On some airlines, business class goes first". The International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
  2. ↑ "UN TRAVEL POLICY SUMMARY" United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved: 20 September 2012.
  3. ↑ "Understanding Airfares". Retrieved: 20 September 2012.
  4. ↑ Bennett, Andrea. "Deciphering Airline Fare Codes" Airfare Watchdog, 21 October 2008. Retrieved: 20 September 2012.
  5. 1 2 https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FGM_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=sFMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3911%2C2956115
  6. ↑ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3U1SAAAAIBAJ&sjid=M3wDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5550%2C2787679
  7. ↑ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZtoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1263%2C913435
  8. ↑ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aH9IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NG0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7067%2C2493773
  9. ↑ Williams, Winston (1977-08-18). "El Al Sees Financial Drain Resulting From Fare Cuts – El Al Expecting Reduced Fares To Cause Severe Financial Drain – Article – NYTimes.com". Select.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
  10. ↑ Petzinger, Thomas (1996). Hard Landing: The Epic Contest For Power and Profits That Plunged the Airlines into Chaos. Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-77449-1.
  11. ↑ "Pan Am Profit Hit High in 2nd Quarter; Revenue Rose 16%". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 1978-07-27. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
  12. ↑ "air france | 1983 | 1806 | Flight Archive". Flightglobal.com. 1983-10-01. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
  13. ↑ "Boeing Aircraft Take Qantas Further". Qantas.com.au. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
  14. ↑ Woodyard, Chris (2003-08-05). "More airlines to offer seat-beds". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
  15. ↑ Tom McGhie (1999-05-26). "Losing economy seats to launch club class 'flying bed' revolution may not add up". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
  16. ↑ "Airlines in the hot seat over Virgin’s Upper Class patents". Business.timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
  17. ↑ Peter Rusanoff. "US Airways Business Class Around The World". waytofly.com. Retrieved 2013-09-26.
  18. ↑ Peter Rusanoff. "Business Class Review". waytofly.com. Retrieved 2013-09-26.
  19. ↑ Business Classe Services – Location de véhicule avec chauffeur à Lille

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