Calochortus albus

Calochortus albus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
Order:	Liliales
Family:	Liliaceae
Genus:	Calochortus
Species:	C. albus
Binomial name
Calochortus albus Dougl. ex Benth.

Flower detail

Calochortus albus^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]} is a species in the genus Calochortus in the family Liliaceae. It is also known by the common names fairy lantern,^{[1][2][3][5][7]} white fairy lantern,^[2][4] pink fairy lantern,^[2] lantern of the fairies,^[6] globe lily,^[3][7] white globe lily,^[1][2][5] white globe-tulip,^[6][9] alabaster tulip,^[9] Indian bells,^[5][9] satin bells,^[5][6][9] snowy lily-bell,^[6] and snow drops.^[5]

Description

Widespread, variable species, blooming in winter and spring and going dormant after anthesis (flowering period) until the start of the autumn rains.

• Height: 20–^[1][3]30–60^[5]–80 cm high at maturity.^[1][3]

• Stems: Stems are erect,^[2][3] to arching,^[2] slender,^[3] glaucous,^[2] and simple^[2] to branching,^[2][3][4][6] reaching 7.5-^[2] 20-^[1][3] 70-^[2] 80 cm.^[1][3]

• Leaves: Leaves come in two types: cauline or basal^[1][2][3][5] (radical).^[6] One long basal leaf is present during blooming, along with several cauline leaves, and foliaceous bracts below the flowers.^[2]
  • Basal/radical leaves: Basal leaves measure 20–^[5]30–^[1][2][3]50–^[5]70 cm in length,^[1][2][3] 1–5 cm in width,^[3] and are lax, shiny,^[2] and persistent.^[1]
  • Cauline leaves: 2-6 laceolate to linear leaves, measuring 5–^[1][3][5]15^[5]–25 cm in length.^[1][3]

• Inflorescences: Flowers are borne in groups of 1-^[2] 2-^[1] many.^[1][2] Bracts are generally paired, lanceolate, and measure 1–5 cm in length.^[1]
  • Flowers: Delicate,^[4][6] pendent,^[2] nodding,^[1][3][4][6] 2–3 cm closed^[2] orbs of pearly white,^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]} to pink,^[1][2][4] to deep pink,^[2][4] to almost wine-red,^[2] occasionally greenish.^[4] Flowers from late March-^[2] April–June-^[1][3][5] early July.^[2]
    • Though the flowers of C. albus may occasionally be flushed pink, those which are deep rose in colour and are found from the southwest San Francisco Bay to outer south coast ranges may be assignable to C. albus var. rubellus, if recognized taxonomically.^[1]
  • Perianth is oblong^[1][5] and is typically closed at the tip.^[1][2]
    • Sepals: Three^[5] ovate^[1] to lanceolate^[1][6] sepals measuring 1-1.5 cm long,^[1][3] appressed to the petals,^[1][2] rarely recurved. Sepals may be white, green,^[2] greenish-white,^[5] or rosy red, and are shorter than the petals.^[2]
    • Petals: Three^[5] elliptic^[1][3] or wider^[3] petals, with the insides being sparsely^[1][2] ciliate (having a fringe of hairs),^[1][2][3] with yellowish,^[2] slender hairs^[1][2][3] above the nectary^[1][2] or along the gland.^[3] Satiny^[2][5] petals measure 2-2.5 cm long,^[1][3][5] overlap slightly, are closed at the tip, and may have a green, copper, pink,^[2] lavender,^[6] or purple^[5] tinge on the outside of the flower, typically near the base of the petals and around the protruding glandular area.^[2]
  • Nectary: Crescent-shaped,^[1][2] shallowly to deeply^[2] depressed,^[1][2] with several^[1][3] transverse,^[3] fringed membranes^[1][2][3] with white or yellow glandular hairs measuring 1/3-2/3 of the width of the petals.^[1]
  • Stamens: Short, olbong, abruptly tipped, white to light pink stamens measuring 4 mm in length.^[1]
    • Filaments: 4 - 5 mm in length, dilated at the base.^[1]
    • Anthers: White to cream, oblong and obtuse,^[2] measuring 4 mm in length.^[3]

• Fruit: Nodding,^[1][2][3] elliptic-oblong,^[1][3] prominently 3-winged capsule,^[1][2][3] measuring 2-^[1] 2.5-^[2][3] 4 cm in length.^[1][2][3]

• Seeds: Dark brown and irregularly shaped.^[1]

Habitat

Widespread in shady^{[1][2][3][4][5]} to open^[1][4][5] woods and scrub,^{[1][2][3][4][5]} partially shaded grasslands, exposed coastal bluffs,^[2] and is often found in rocky places.^[2][3] May be found in many plant communities^[1][2][3][4] below 5,000 ft^[3][4] or 2,000m,^[1][2] including foothill woodlands, yellow pine forests,^[3] and chaparral.^[1][2][3][4]

Range

Present throughout the southern two-thirds of California.^[5] May be found in the Sierra Nevada foothills,^[1][4][6] southern^[1][4] coast ranges,^[1][4][6] and peninsular ranges,^[1][4] from Baja California,^[2] to San Diego^[3][6] to the San Francisco Bay Area,^[1][6] extending to northern California and the California Channel Islands.^[1][3]

Cultivation

• Light : Prefers sun^[4] to partial shade.^[2][4]

• Soil: Adaptable, but prefers well-drained soil.^[2][4]

• Water: Drought tolerant to moderate.^[4] During its dormant period, this species receives little or no rain in the wild. In cultivation, give a regular supply of water in the growing season, then the bulbs need to dry when the leaves begin to yellow. Premature autumn growth and poor drainage are often the causes of bulb loss.^[2]

• Zone: Hardy to -18 °C, and possibly as low as -23 °C. USDA zones 9-10.^[2]

Propagation

This species grows from seed only; no bulbils or offsets are formed.^[2] Seeds require no treatment to aid germination.^[7] When grown from seed, C. albus may be expected to bloom in the 3rd or 4th year.^[2]

Hybridizes with Calochortus monophyllus.^[1][2]

Etymology

Albus comes from Latin, and means 'white' or 'bright'. Calochortus is derived from Greek meaning 'beautiful grass', a reference to the characteristic grass-like foliage of the genus.^[10]

References

1. Baldwin, B. G., D. H. Goldman, D. J. Keil, R. Patterson, T. J. Rosatti, and D. H. Wilken, editors. 2012. "The Jepson Manual: vascular plants of California", second edition. University of California press, Berkeley. ISBN 9780520253124. pp 1380
2. Gerritsen, Mary E. and Ron Parsons, 2007. "Calochortus : Mariposa lilies and their relatives", Timber Press. ISBN 9780881928440. pp 47-51
3. Munz, Philip A. "A Flora of Southern California", copyright University of California Press, Ltd. 1974. ISBN 0520021460. pp 920-923
4. Carol Bornstein, David Fross, Bart O'Brien 2007. "California Native Plants for the Garden", Cachuma Press. ISBN 0962850586 (paperback) ISBN 0962850594 (hardcover). pp 211-212
5. Spellenberg, Richard. "National Audubon Society Field Guide to Wildflowers: Western Region" copyright 2001 Chanticleer Press, Inc. Punlished by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc. First published 1979, second edition published 2001, eighth printing 2010. ISBN 0375402330 pp 575-576
6. Parsons, Mary Elizabeth "The Wild Flowers of California", illustrated by Margaret Warriner Buck. Published by Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch, San Francisco 1912. Copyright William Doxey 1897, copyright Mary Elizabeth Parsons 1902, 1906. (no ISBN for this edition) pp 56-57
7. Emery, Dara E. "Seed Propagation of Native California Plants", 6th edition (printed 2011). Copyright 1988 Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. ISBN 0916436039. pp 43
8. The Plant List: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-301627
9. "A CLOSER LOOK AT GLOBE LILY". Retrieved 2008-04-20.
10. Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN 9780521685535 (paperback). pp 41, 86

• Jillian M. Henss, Jackson R. Moeller, Terra J. Theim and Thomas J. Givnish. − Spatial scales of genetic structure and gene flow in Calochortus albus (Liliaceae); Ecology and Evolution, Volume 3, Issue 6, pages 1461–1470; June 2013; DOI: 10.1002/ece3.566

External links

• Media related to Calochortus albus at Wikimedia Commons
• Data related to Calochortus albus at Wikispecies
• Calflora Database: Calochortus albus (White Globe Lily, white fairy lantern)
• Jepson Manual Treatment: Calochortus albus
• USDA Plants Profile for Calochortus albus
• Calochortus albus — U.C. Photos gallery