CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory

The CIA Kennedy assassination theory is a prominent John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory. The CIA's potential involvement was frequently mentioned during the 1960s and 1970s when the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was involved in plots to assassinate foreign leaders, particularly Fidel Castro.[1][2] According to author James Douglass, Kennedy was assassinated because he was turning away from the Cold War and seeking a negotiated peace with the Soviet Union.[3][4] Accusations and confessions of and by alleged conspirators, as well as official government reports citing the CIA as uncooperative in investigations, have at times renewed interest in these conspiracy theories.

Background

John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. Various agencies and government panels have investigated the assassination at length, drawing different conclusions. Lee Oswald is accepted by official investigations as the assassin, but he was murdered before he could be tried in a court of law. The discrepancies between the official investigations and the extraordinary nature of the assassination have led to a variety of theories about how and why Kennedy was assassinated. The House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) concluded in 1979 that Oswald assassinated Kennedy but that a conspiracy was probable. The committee did not implicate U.S. Intelligence agencies. Their conclusion was reached almost entirely because of the results of forensic analysis of a police dictabelt, which supposedly recorded the sound of a fourth bullet being fired in Dealey Plaza. The HSCA also stated that Kennedy did not receive adequate protection in Dallas because Secret Service agents in the motorcade were inadequately prepared to protect the President from a sniper and had not acted upon some relevant information.[5] This lack of protection may have occurred because Kennedy himself had specifically asked that the Secret Service make itself discreet during the Dallas visit.[6]

Origin

On March 1, 1967, businessman Clay Shaw, head of the International Trade Mart in New Orleans, was arrested and charged with conspiring to assassinate President John F. Kennedy by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison.[7] Three days later on March 4, the Italian left-wing newspaper Paese Sera published a story alleging that Shaw was linked to the CIA through his involvement in the Centro Mondiale Commerciale, a subsidiary of Permindex in which Shaw was a board member.[7] According to Paese Sera, the CMC had been a front organization developed by the CIA for transferring funds to Italy for "illegal political-espionage activities” and had attempted to depose French President Charles de Gaulle in the early 1960s.[7] On March 6, the newspaper printed other allegations about individuals it said were connected to Permindex, including Louis Bloomfield whom it described as "an American agent who now plays the role of a businessman from Canada [who] established secret ties in Rome with Deputies of the Christian Democrats and neo-Fascist parties."[8] The allegations were retold in various newspapers associated with the Communist parties in Italy (l'Unità), France (L'Humanité), and the Soviet Union (Pravda), as well as leftist papers in Canada and Greece, prior to reaching the American press eight weeks later.[7] American journalist Max Holland stated that Paese Sera's allegations connecting Shaw to the CIA eventually led to Garrison implicating the CIA in a conspiracy to assassinate Kennedy.[7]

Proponents and believers

Jim Garrison said anti-Communist and anti-Castro extremists in the CIA plotted the assassination of Kennedy to maintain tension with the Soviet Union and Cuba, and to prevent a United States withdrawal from Vietnam.<ref name=""Lambert">Lambert, Bruce (October 22, 1992). "Jim Garrison, 70, Theorist on Kennedy Death, Dies". The New York Times (New York). Retrieved December 9, 2014. </ref>[9][10] Mark Lane—author of Rush to Judgment and Plausible Denial and the attorney who defended Liberty Lobby against a defamation suit brought by former CIA agent E. Howard Hunt—has been described as a leading proponent of the theory that the CIA was responsible for the assassination of Kennedy.[11][12] Others who believe the CIA was involved include authors Anthony Summers and John M. Newman.[12]

In 1977, the FBI released 40,000 files pertaining to the assassination of Kennedy, including an April 3, 1967 memorandum from Deputy Director Cartha DeLoach to Associate Director Clyde Tolson that was written less than a month after President Johnson learned from J. Edgar Hoover about CIA plots to kill Fidel Castro.[13][14] According to DeLoach, LBJ aide Marvin Watson "stated that the President had told him, in an off moment, that he was now convinced there was a plot in connection with the assassination [of President Kennedy]. Watson stated the President felt that [the] CIA had had something to do with this plot."[13][14][15][16] Questioned during the Church Committee hearings by Senator Richard Schweiker, in 1975, DeLoach told Schweiker that he "felt [that Watson's statement was] sheer speculation."[17][nb 1]

Conspirators

Three tramps

Main article: Three tramps

The "three tramps" were three men detained and questioned briefly by police at the time of the assassination and who have been the subject of various conspiracy theories, including some that point to them being known CIA agents. Some of these allegations are listed below.

E. Howard Hunt, a CIA station chief who was involved in the Bay of Pigs Invasion and who later worked as one of President Richard Nixon's White House Plumbers, was alleged by some to be the oldest of the tramps.

Frank Sturgis is thought by some to be the tall tramp in the photographs. Like Hunt, Sturgis was involved both in the Bay of Pigs invasion and in the Watergate burglary. In 1959, Sturgis became involved with Marita Lorenz, who later identified Sturgis as a gunman in the assassination.[19] Hunt's confession before his death also implicates Sturgis.

Chauncey Holt, also alleged by some to be the oldest of the tramps, claims to have been a double agent for the CIA and the Mafia, and has claimed that his assignment in Dallas was to provide fake Secret Service credentials to people in the vicinity.[20] Witness reports state that there were one or more unidentified men in the area claiming to be Secret Service agents.[21]

The House Select Committee on Assassinations had forensic anthropologists study the photographic evidence. The committee claimed that the analysis ruled out E. Howard Hunt, Frank Sturgis, Dan Carswell, Fred Lee Chapman, and other suspects.[22] The Rockefeller Commission concluded that neither Hunt nor Frank Sturgis were in Dallas on the day of the assassination.[23]

E. Howard Hunt

Several conspiracy theorists have named former CIA agent and Watergate figure E. Howard Hunt as a possible participant in the Kennedy assassination, and some have alleged that Hunt is one of the three tramps. Hunt has taken various magazines to court over accusations with regard to the assassination. In August 2003 he told his confession and description of the crime and conspiracy to his son on a deathbed but he was able to get better and went on to live for four more years.

In 1975, Hunt testified before the United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States that he was in Washington, D.C. on the day of the assassination. This testimony was confirmed by Hunt's family and a home employee of the Hunts.[24]

In 1976, a magazine called The Spotlight ran an article accusing Hunt of being in Dallas on November 22, 1963, and of having a role in the assassination. Hunt won a libel judgment against the magazine in 1981, but this verdict was overturned on appeal. The magazine was found not guilty when the case was retried in 1985. In 1985, Hunt was in court again in a libel suit against Liberty Lobby. During the trial, defense attorney Mark Lane introduced doubt as to Hunt's location on the day of the Kennedy assassination through depositions from David Atlee Phillips, Richard Helms, G. Gordon Liddy, Stansfield Turner, and Marita Lorenz, as well as through his cross examination of Hunt.[25]

Shortly before his death in 2007, Hunt authored an autobiography which implicated Lyndon B. Johnson in the assassination, suggesting that Johnson had orchestrated the killing with the help of CIA agents who had been angered by Kennedy's actions as President.[26][27] A 2007 article published in Rolling Stone magazine revealed deathbed confessions by Hunt to his son which suggested a conspiracy to kill JFK orchestrated by Lyndon Johnson, CIA agents Cord Meyer, David Atlee Phillips, Bill Harvey, Frank Sturgis, David Sánchez Morales, and an unnamed "French gunman," who purportedly shot at Kennedy from the grassy knoll.[28]

David Sánchez Morales

Some researchers—among them Gaeton Fonzi, Larry Hancock, Noel Twyman, and John Simkin—believe that CIA operative David Morales was involved in the Kennedy assassination. Morales' friend, Ruben Carbajal, claimed that in 1973 Morales opened up about his involvement with the Bay of Pigs Invasion operation, and stated that "Kennedy had been responsible for him having to watch all the men he recruited and trained get wiped out." Carbajal claimed that Morales said, "Well, we took care of that SOB, didn't we?"[29] Morales is alleged to have once told friends, "I was in Dallas when we got the son of a bitch, and I was in Los Angeles when we got the little bastard",[30] presumably referring to the assassination of President Kennedy in Dallas, Texas and to the later assassination of Senator Robert Kennedy in Los Angeles, California on June 5, 1968.[31] Morales is alleged to have expressed deep anger toward the Kennedys for what he saw as their betrayal during the Bay of Pigs Invasion.[32]

Frank Sturgis

In an article published in the South Florida Sun Sentinel on December 4, 1963, James Buchanan, a former reporter for the Pompano Beach Sun-Sentinel, claimed that Frank Sturgis had met Lee Harvey Oswald in Miami, Florida shortly before Kennedy's assassination. Buchanan claimed that Oswald had tried to infiltrate the International Anti-Communist Brigade. When he was questioned by the FBI about this story, Sturgis claimed that Buchanan had misquoted him regarding his comments about Oswald.

According to a memo sent by L. Patrick Gray, acting FBI Director, to H. R. Haldeman in 1972, "[s]ources in Miami say he (Sturgis) is now associated with organized crime activities". In his book, Assassination of JFK, published in 1977, Bernard Fensterwald claims that Sturgis was heavily involved with the Mafia, particularly with Santo Trafficante's and Meyer Lansky's activities in Florida.

George de Mohrenschildt

After returning from the Soviet Union, Lee Harvey Oswald became close friends with Dallas resident and petroleum geologist George de Mohrenschildt. De Mohrenschildt would later write an extensive memoir in which he discussed his friendship with Oswald.[33] De Mohrenschildt's wife would later give the House Select Committee on Assassinations a photograph that showed Lee Harvey Oswald, standing in his Dallas backyard, holding two Marxist newspapers and a Carcano rifle, with a pistol on his hip. Thirteen years after the assassination, in September 1976, the CIA requested that the FBI locate De Mohrenschildt, in response to a letter De Mohrenschildt had written directly to his friend, CIA Director George H.W. Bush, appealing to Bush to stop the agency from taking action against him.[34][35][36]

Several television programs, including Jesse Ventura's "Conspiracy Theories", have alleged that De Mohrenschildt was Oswald's CIA handler but have offered little evidence. On March 29, 1977, De Mohrenschildt stated during an interview with author Edward Jay Epstein that he had been ordered by CIA operative J. Walton Moore to meet Oswald. He also told Epstein that he would not have met Oswald had he not been ordered to do so. (In fact, de Mohrenschildt had met Oswald several times, from the summer of 1962 to April 1963.)[37][38][39] That same day, De Mohrenschildt was informed by his daughter that a representative of the House Select Committee on Assassinations had stopped by, leaving a card and intending to return that evening; he then committed suicide by shooting himself in the head shortly thereafter. De Mohrenschildt's wife later told sheriff's office investigators that her husband had been hospitalized for depression and a fear of persecution in late 1976 and had tried to kill himself four times that year.[40][41]

Organized crime and the CIA conspiracy

Documents never seen by the Warren Commission have revealed that some Mafiosi worked with the CIA on assassination attempts against Cuban leader Fidel Castro.[42] CIA documents released in 2007 confirmed that in the summer of 1960, the CIA recruited ex-FBI agent Robert Maheu to approach the West Coast representative of the Chicago mob, Johnny Roselli. When Maheu contacted Roselli, Maheu hid the fact that he was sent by the CIA, instead portraying himself an advocate for international corporations. He offered to pay $150,000 to have Castro killed, but Roselli declined any pay. Roselli introduced Maheu to two men he referred to as "Sam Gold" and "Joe." "Sam Gold" was Sam Giancana; "Joe" was Santo Trafficante, Jr., the Tampa, Florida boss and one of the most powerful mobsters in pre-revolution Cuba.[2][43] Glenn Kessler of The Washington Post explained: "After Fidel Castro led a revolution that toppled a friendly government in 1959, the CIA was desperate to eliminate him. So the agency sought out a partner equally worried about Castro—the Mafia, which had lucrative investments in Cuban casinos."[44]

Some conspiracy theorists have alleged a plot involving elements of the Mafia, the CIA and the anti-Castro Cubans, including author Anthony Summers[45] and journalist Ruben Castaneda. Castaneda wrote: "Based on the evidence, it is likely that JFK was killed by a coalition of anti-Castro Cubans, the Mob, and elements of the CIA."[46] In his book, They Killed Our President, former Minnesota governor Jessie Ventura also concluded: "John F. Kennedy was murdered by a conspiracy involving disgruntled CIA agents, anti-Castro Cubans, and members of the Mafia, all of whom were extremely angry at what they viewed as Kennedy's appeasement policies toward Communist Cuba and the Soviet Union."[47]

Jimmy Hoffa, president of the Teamsters Union, and mobsters Carlos Marcello, Sam Giancana, Johnny Roselli, Charles Nicoletti, and Santo Trafficante Jr.—all of whom say Hoffa worked with the CIA on the Castro assassination plots—top the list of House Select Committee on Assassinations Mafia suspects.[48]

It is also alleged that Mafia criminals may have wished to retaliate against John F. Kennedy in response to the increasing pressure put on them by Robert Kennedy, who had increased by 12 times the number of prosecutions conducted under the administration of President Dwight Eisenhower. Carlos Marcello allegedly threatened to assassinate the President to short-circuit Robert Kennedy, who was serving as US Attorney General and leading the administration's anti-Mafia crusade.[49][50]

In his memoir, Bound by Honor, Bill Bonanno, son of New York Mafia boss Joseph Bonanno, disclosed that several Mafia families had long-standing ties with the anti-Castro Cubans through the Havana casinos operated by the Mafia before the Cuban Revolution. Many Cuban exiles and Mafia bosses disliked President Kennedy, blaming him for the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion.[51] They also disliked his brother, the young and idealistic Attorney General Robert Kennedy, who had conducted an unprecedented legal assault on organized crime.[52][53] This was especially provocative because several of the Mafia "families" had allegedly worked with JFK's father, Joseph Kennedy, to get JFK elected.[54] Both the Mafia and the anti-Castro Cubans were experts in assassination, the Cubans having been trained by the CIA.[55] Bonanno reported that he realized the degree of the involvement of other Mafia families when he witnessed Jack Ruby killing Oswald on television—the Bonannos recognized Jack Ruby as an associate of Chicago mobster Sam Giancana.[56]

Information released around 2006 by the FBI indicates that Carlos Marcello confessed in detail to having organized Kennedy's assassination. The FBI then covered up this information, which it had in its possession.[57][58] This version of events is supported by Robert Blakey in his book, The Plot to Kill the President. Blakey, who was chief counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations, concluded that Marcello was likely part of a Mafia conspiracy behind the assassination, and that the Mafia had the means, motive, and opportunity required to carry it out.[59][60]

Cuban exiles

The House Select Committee on Assassinations believed evidence exists that indicates violent Cuban exiles may have participated in Kennedy's murder. These exiles worked closely with CIA operatives in violent clandestine activities against Castro's Cuba, such as during Operation Mongoose. In 1979, the committee reported:

President Kennedy's popularity among the Cuban exiles had plunged deeply by 1963. Their bitterness is illustrated in a tape recording of a meeting of anti-Castro Cubans and right-wing Americans in the Dallas suburb of Farmer's Branch on October 1, 1963.[61]

Holding a copy of the September 26 edition of The Dallas Morning News, featuring a front-page account of the President's planned trip to Texas in November, Cuban exile Nestor Castellanos vented his hostility:

CASTELLANOS ...we're waiting for Kennedy the 22d, [the date Kennedy was murdered] buddy. We're going to see him in one way or the other. We're going to give him the works when he gets in Dallas. Mr. good ol' Kennedy. I wouldn't even call him President Kennedy. He stinks.[61]

Author Joan Didion explored the Miami anti-Castro Cuban theory in her 1987 book Miami.[62][63]

Notes

  1. ↑ According Kathryn S. Olmsted in Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11: "For his part, Lyndon Johnson was convinced that the Castro plots had led to Kennedy's assassination. Before his death in 1973, he told many people — his friends, his publisher, and at least four reporters — that he believed that Castro had organized a successful conspiracy to kill Kennedy."[18]

References

  1. ↑ Willing, Richard (2007-06-26). "CIA used mobsters in plot to kill Castro, report says". USA Today. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  2. 1 2 Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, Subject: Roselli, Johnny, November 19, 1970.
  3. ↑ George M. Anderson (November 17, 2008). "Unmasking the Truth". America Magazine.
  4. ↑ James W. Douglass (November–December 2010). "JFK, Obama, and the Unspeakable". Tikkun Magazine.
  5. ↑ House Select Committee on Assassinations Final Report, p. 229-35.
  6. ↑ Bugliosi, Vincent. "Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy." 2007, Norton: New York, New York. pp. 29, 38.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Holland, Max (2001). "The Lie That Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination". Studies in Intelligence (Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency: Center for the Study of Intelligence) (Fall-Winter 2001; 11). Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  8. ↑ Dorril, Steve (1983). "PERMINDEX: The International Trade in Disinformation" (PDF). Lobster (2). Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  9. ↑ Jim Garrison Interview, Playboy magazine, Eric Norden, October 1967.
  10. ↑ Garrison, Jim. On The Trail of the Assassins, (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1988), pp. 12-13, 43, 176-178, 277, 293. ISBN 0-941781-02-X
  11. ↑ Payne, Karen (January 29, 1985). "Hunt says he was in D.C. that fatal day in Dallas". The Miami News (Miami, Florida). p. 6A. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
  12. 1 2 Colloff, Pamela; Hall, Michael (November 1998). "Plausible Deniability". Texas Monthly. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  13. 1 2 "LBJ Reportedly Suspected CIA Link in JFK's Death". The Washington Post (Washington, D.C.). December 13, 1977. p. A10.
  14. 1 2 Kantor, Seth (November 16, 1988). "Connally didn't believe Warren Commission verdict". Times-News 113 (322) (Henderson, North Carolina). Cox News Service. p. 23. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
  15. ↑ DeLoach to Tolson, FBI document 62-1090060-5075, April 4, 1967, p. 3.
  16. ↑ Schlesinger, Arthur. Robert Kennedy and His Times, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt: 1978, p. 616. ISBN 0618219285.
  17. ↑ Testimony of Courtney Evans and Cartha DeLoach, Church Committee Reports, vol. 6, Federal Bureau of Investigation, p. 182.
  18. ↑ Olmsted, Kathryn S. (2011). "The Dealey Plaza Irregulars: The JFK Assassination and the Collapse of Trust in the 1960s". Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11. p. 126. ISBN 9780199753956. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
  19. ↑ Lane, Mark. Plausible Denial: Was the CIA Involved in the Assassination of JFK? Thunder's Mouth Press 1992. ISBN 1-56025-048-8.
  20. ↑ Video interview with Chauncey Holt by John Craig, Phillip Rogers, and Gary Shaw 10/19/91.
  21. ↑ Both Dallas police officer Joe Smith and Army veteran Gordon Arnold have claimed to have met a man on or near the grassy knoll who showed them credentials identifying him as a Secret Service agent. Summers, Anthony. "Not in Your Lifetime." Warner Books 1998. ISBN 0-7515-1840-9.
  22. ↑ "Three Tramps Photos Examined by Experts". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
  23. ↑ "Were Watergate Conspirators Also JFK Assassins?". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
  24. ↑ "Were Watergate Conspirators Also JFK Assassins?" Knuth, M. http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/hunt_sturgis.htm.
  25. ↑ Lane, Mark, Plausible Denial: Was the CIA Involved in the Assassination of JFK? Thunder's Mouth Press 1992. ISBN 1-56025-048-8.
  26. ↑ Hunt, E. Howard, American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond, Wiley, 2007. ISBN 0-471-78982-8
  27. ↑ Hunt Blames Jfk Hit On Lbj NY Post, 11/4/2007.
  28. ↑ The Last Confessions of E. Howard Hunt, Hedegaard, Erik, Rolling Stone 4/5/2007.
  29. ↑ Fonzi, Gaeton. The Last Investigation, (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1993) ISBN 1-56025-052-6
  30. ↑ "CIA role claim in Kennedy killing". BBC News. November 21, 2006.
  31. ↑ Who Killed Bobby?: The Unsolved Murder of Robert F. Kennedy, O'Sullivan, Shane. (New York: Sterling Publishing, 2008) ISBN 1-4027-5444-2
  32. ↑ O'Sullivan, Shane (2006-11-20). "Did the CIA kill Bobby Kennedy?". The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-11-21.
  33. ↑ "HSCA Volume XII: George de Mohrenschildt - Appendix" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-05-19.
  34. ↑ CIA MFR Raymond M. Reardon SAG 9.20.76.
  35. ↑ Baker, Russ (2009). Family of Secrets. New York: Bloomsbury Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-59691-557-2.
  36. ↑ CIA Message Reference Number 915341.
  37. ↑ Warren Commission Hearings, volume 9, p. 224, Testimony of George S. de Mohrenschildt
  38. ↑ Testimony of Jeanne de Mohrenschildt, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 314.
  39. ↑ Summers 1998, p. 172.
  40. ↑ Palm Beach Sheriff's Office, Death investigation of George de Mohrenschildt.
  41. ↑ Epstein, Edward Jay. The Assassination Chronicles: Inquest, Counterplot, and Legend (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1992), p. 559. ISBN 978-0-88184-909-7
  42. ↑ CIA offered money to Mafia. Retrieved December 3, 2006.
  43. ↑ Douglass 2010, p. 34.
  44. ↑ Kessler, Glenn (June 27, 2007). "Trying to Kill Fidel Castro". The Washington Post (Washington, D.C.). Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  45. ↑ Investigative Reports, cable TV program, interview by Bill Curtis, September 1991.
  46. ↑ Ruben Castaneda, "Nixon, Watergate, and the JFK Assassination", Baltimore Post-Examiner, July 2, 2012.
  47. ↑ Ventura, Jessie. They Killed Our President, (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2013), ISBN 1626361398
  48. ↑ "The Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy". The Crime library. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
  49. ↑ Thomas L. Jones, Punching Federale, chapter 11 of his book Carlos Marcello: Big Daddy in the Big Easy.
  50. ↑ The John F. Kennedy Assassination Information Center information on Carlos Marcello from congressional investigation, “The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy and Organized Crime, Report of Ralph Salerno, Consultant to the Select Committee on Assassinations.”
  51. ↑ Summers 1998, pp. 190–195.
  52. ↑ Summers 1998, pp. 19–35.
  53. ↑ Broderick 2008, p. 208.
  54. ↑ Kessler, Ronald. The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded, (New York: Warner Books, 1996), p. 376 ISBN 0446518840
  55. ↑ Bill Moyers, "The CIA's Secret Army", CBS Reports, June 10, 1977.
  56. ↑ Bonanno, Bill (1999). Bound by Honor: A Mafioso's Story. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-20388-8
  57. ↑ HSCA - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 9, p. 86.
  58. ↑ "A legacy of secrecy: the assassination of JFK – RN Book Show – 9 December 2008". Abc.net.au. 2008-12-09. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
  59. ↑ Blakey, Robert (1981). The Plot to Kill the President. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0812909291
  60. ↑ PBS Frontline "Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald", Interview: G. Robert Blakey, November 19, 2013.
  61. 1 2 Findings of the House Select Committee on Assassinations, HSCA Final Report, p. 132.
  62. ↑ James Chace, "Betrayals and Obsession", NY Times, October 25, 1987, on Joan Didion's book MIAMI
  63. ↑ Joan Didion, "MIAMI", New York, Simon & Schuster, 238pp. 1987
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