CORA dataset

CORA3.2 2012 July Sea Surface Temperature

CORA (standing for Coriolis Ocean database ReAnalysis) is a global oceanographic temperature and salinity dataset produced and maintained by the French institute IFREMER. Most of those data are real-time data coming from different types of platforms (research vessels, profilers, underwater gliders, drifting buoys, moored buoys, sea mammals, opportunity ships, ...).

Description

This in-situ dataset produced by the French institute Ifremer in the framework of the European project MyOcean and French project CORIOLIS is a picture of the content of the operational oceanographic database CORIOLIS. This database is the main tool of Coriolis project which is a global data assembly center of in situ data: such as US-GODAE centre of Monterey in California. The latest version of CORA product is v3.3, it covers the years 1990 up to 2011 and has been released in July 2012. Observations are profiles distributed on measured levels (pressure or depth) and organized by dates of measurement and type of platform. Main users of CORA dataset are ocean modelers who needs to constraint and initialize their model. MERCATOR-océan^[1] is a privileged partner of CORA dataset since feedbacks from models assimilation (meteorology) are used to check suspicious profiles found thanks to innovation computing. CORA^[2] is free of access and can be download via CORIOLIS website^[3] in netCDF file format. The main different of CORA dataset with other available datasets is that CORA gives the data on the levels where measurements have been done rather than standard levels such in World Ocean Atlas or ENACT3. In addition data in CORA are retrieved from Coriolis database where each profile is visually checked by specialist operators if suspicious.

Validation procedure

Validation in database

duplicate observation check
automatic checks (spikes, climatology, monotonic depth, valid date/position,...)
objective analysis (ISAS software with 21 days, 300 km covariance ray): suspicious observations are visualized by an operator

Validation post extraction

second duplicate observation check (detection and choice parameters tuned)
raffined climatological test
XBT depth correction^[4]
second objective analysis with tuned parameters: anomalies are visualized
ARGO special diagnostics

Data sources

The CORA dataset is designed for operational oceanography, so most global real time monitoring networks are plugged into this database. The data sources are the following:

ARGO (autonomous drifting profilers)
The global network of moored buoys comprising the TAO/TRITON,^[5] PIRATA and RAMA arrays
EGO (underwater gliders)
GTSPP (channel of real-time data distribution maintained by the US institute NOAA)
GOSUD^[6] thermosalinograph data coming from opportunity ships
GTS (BATHY, TESSAC, drifting buoys messages) channel of low resolution data distribution
Sea mammals equipped with sensors (seals and sea elephants)
other datasets integrated in delayed-time (CTD, XBT, ocenographic cruises,...)

Versions

official versions of CORA product
	Date of release	Time span	Comments
CORA1.0	2007	2002-2006	Beta version of the dataset, full years extracted
CORA2.2	2009	1990-2008	Add of validation procedures (climatological checks) and gridding of the data
CORA3.1	2010	1990-2009	Full years updated + 2009 added
CORA3.2	2011	1990-2010	Add of validation procedures (duplicate check, XBT depth correction) integration of sea mammals data, automatisation of the update procedure
CORA3.3	2012	1990-2011	Article^[7] submitted to Ocean Science review, add of year 2011, completion of anomalies feedback from objective analysis towards CORA dataset and Coriolis database.
CORA3.4	2013	1990-2011	New ICES CTD data added
CORA4.0	2014	1990-2012	Update of profiles and addition of Time series from drifters, ferrybox, profilers.

References

↑ http://www.mercator.com.fr MERCATOR OCEAN website
↑ http://www.coriolis.eu.org/content/download/10987/73170/file/CORA3_UserManual.pdf
↑ http://www.coriolis.eu.org/Science/Data-and-Products official website of CORIOLIS project
↑ http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00129.1 Empirical Correction of XBT Data M.Hamon et al 2012
↑ http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/
↑ http://www.gosud.org/ GOSUD Website>
↑ http://www.ocean-sci-discuss.net/9/C394/2012/osd-9-C394-2012.pdf, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-9-1-2013

External links

Physical oceanography

Waves	Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin–Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Infragravity wave Internal wave Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke's variational principle Mild-slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby-gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Sneaker wave Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave–current interaction Waves and shallow water one-dimensional Saint-Venant equation shallow water equations Wind wave model

Circulation	Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis effect Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño Southern Oscillation General Circulation Model Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Maelstrom Modular ocean model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton ocean model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment

Tides	Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline

Landforms	Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon

Plate tectonics	Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc

Ocean zones	Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf

Sea level	Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Ocean Surface Topography Mission Sea-level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System

Acoustics	Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics

Related	Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas

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