Caerhays Castle

Coordinates: 50°14′23″N 4°50′48″W / 50.2396°N 4.8467°W / 50.2396; -4.8467

Caerhays Castle

The castle from the south east
Caerhays Castle
Caerhays Castle shown within Cornwall
OS grid reference SW9710541613
List of places
UK
England
Cornwall

Caerhays Castle or Carhayes Castle (translation of caerhays into English: "enclosed castle") is a semi-castellated manor house[1] 0.5 mi (0.80 km) south of the village centre, St Michael Caerhays, Cornwall, England, UK. It overlooks Porthluney Cove on the English Channel. The garden hosts the largest collection of magnolias in England and contains one of four National Magnolia Collections under the auspices of the National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens.

Descent of the manor

Arundell

In the Early Middle Ages, the manor belonged to the Arundell family. The earliest record of the name is Karihaes in 1259, and is recorded as Carihays in 1379, but its original meaning is obscure.[2]

Trevanion

In about 1379, it passed by marriage to the Trevanion family after the marriage of Robert Trevanion to Johanna Arundell, daughter and heiress of Rudolph Arundell of Caerhays.[3] John Trevanion inherited the estate in 1703 after which he improved the manor house existing on the site and developed gardens.[4]

Bettesworth-Trevanion

With the death of William Trevanion in 1767, the male line of the Trevanion family became extinct, and the estate passed to his sister's son, John Bettesworth.[5] In 1801, when Bettesworth's 21-year-old son inherited Caerhays, he adopted the additional name of Trevanion, becoming known as John Bettesworth-Trevanion.

John Bettesworth-Trevanion built the present castle on a site close to the former manor house; his architect was the Anglo-Welsh John Nash.[6] Bettesworth-Trevanion became a Member of Parliament for Penryn in 1807, the same year that construction began. It was completed in 1810. The castle was built close to the site of the original ancient home that had itself undergone expansion during the reign of King Henry VIII.[1]

Williams

After Bettesworth-Trevanion left for Paris, unable to pay his bills, Michael Williams II purchased Caerhays from his creditors in 1854. Michael Williams II's younger brother, Sir William Williams, 1st Baronet, of Tregullow (1791–1870) was created a baronet in 1866. As the house had been unoccupied for over a decade and had not been watertight for some of that time, Williams, with his son John Michael Williams (1813–1880), JP, DL, initiated an extensive repair programme. Michael Williams II died in 1858 and left Caerhayes to his eldest son John Michael Williams (1813–1880), whilst he left Scorrier House to his sixth son George Williams (1827–1891), DL, JP, High Sheriff of Cornwall in 1875. After the death of John Michael Williams in 1880 his second son, John Charles Williams (1861–1939), then aged 18, inherited the Caerhays estate. (His elder brother was Michael Williams (1857–1899) of Gnaton Hall, who died without progeny).[7] John Charles Williams married in 1884, at which time the house again went through restoration and alteration. He became a plantsman, sponsoring plant hunting expeditions in order to fill the castle garden with new acquisitions. Seeds brought back from China by Ernest Henry Wilson in 1903 were donated to J.C. Williams by Harry Veitch.[8] The current owner in 2012 is Charles Williams.

Construction

Caerhayes Castle
The main gatehouse

The exterior, bearing the appearance of a Norman castle, was built of rough stone quarried from the immediate neighbourhood. The front entrance, 160 ft (49 m) in length, has a southern exposure and is elevated on an embattled terrace. The principal rooms toward the south and east, joined by a large gallery room. Painted glass adorns the windows of the dining room, staircase, and entrance hall.[1]

Parts of the original manor remain, including the ancient chapel as well as an old walkway to the sea which retains the name of the Watchhouse Walk.[1]

Historical preservation

The castle became a Grade I listed building on 15 November 1988.[9][10] Other Grade I listed buildings associated with the castle include the garden wall with gateways and folly tower that is attached to the west and east of the castle,[11][12] the Higher Lodge,[13][14] the Lower Lodge with attached screen walls,[15][16] and also the service buildings attached to the southwest of the castle.[17][18]

Garden

The sweeping lawns to the castle

The castle garden covers almost 120 acres (0.49 km2), traversed by four named routes (Red Route, Blue Route, Yellow Route, and the Green Route),[19] and navigated by trails, grassy paths, and steps. The garden is home to 600 varieties of plants, including trees and shrubs, such as azaleas and camellias. By 1917, it had over 250 types of rhododendron.[20] The garden hosts the largest collection of magnolias in England.[21]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Neale, John Preston (1829). Jones' Views of the Seats, Mansions, Castles, Etc. of Noblemen & Gentlemen in England, Wales, Scotland & Ireland: And Other Picturesque Scenery Accompanied with Historical Descriptions of the Mansions, Lists of Pictures, Statues, &c. and Genealogical Sketches of the Families and Their Possessors : Forming Part of the General Series of Jones' Great Britain 2 (Digitized Feb 27, 2007 ed.). Jones & Co. pp. o 4.
  2. ↑ Craig Weatherhill (2009) A Concise Dictionary of Cornish Place-Names. Westport, Co. Mayo: Evertype ISBN 978-1-904808-22-0
  3. ↑ Burke, John (1836). A genealogical and heraldic history of the commoners of Great Britain and Ireland enjoying territorial possessions or high official rank: but uninvested with heritable honours (Digitized Jul 30, 2009 ed.). Colburn. p. 254.
  4. ↑ Polsue, Joseph (1867) A Complete Parochial History of the County of Cornwall. 4 vols. Truro: William Lake, 1867–72
  5. ↑ "Historic Development". Parks & Gardens UK. 14 August 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  6. ↑ Pevsner, N. (1970) Cornwall; 2nd ed. Penguin; p. 192
  7. ↑ Burke's Landed Gentry, 1937, p.2442
  8. ↑ "Caerhays Estate – History of The Garden". www.caerhays.co.uk. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
  9. ↑ "Caerhays Castle, St Michael Caerhays". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  10. ↑ Historic England. "Caerhays Castle  (Grade I) (1327071)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  11. ↑ "Garden Wall with Gateways and Folly Tower Attached to West and East of Caerhays Castle, St Michael Caerhays". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  12. ↑ Historic England. "Garden Wall with Gateways and Folly Tower attached to West and East of Caerhays Castle  (Grade I) (1144760)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  13. ↑ "Higher Lodge, St Michael Caerhays". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  14. ↑ Historic England. "Higher Lodge  (Grade I) (1138159)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  15. ↑ "Lower Lodge with Attached Screen Walls, St Michael Caerhays". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  16. ↑ Historic England. "Lower Lodge  (Grade I) (1311957)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  17. ↑ "Service Buildings Attached to South West of Caerhays Castle, St Michael Caerhays". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  18. ↑ Historic England. "Service buildings attached to south-west of Caerhays Castle  (Grade I) (1144759)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  19. ↑ "Walking Around The Garden". Gardens in Cornwall. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  20. ↑ Brittain, Julia (2006). The Plant Lover's Companion: Plants, People & Places. David & Charles. p. 46. ISBN 1-55870-791-3.
  21. ↑ Cox, Martyn (10 March 2009). "Blooms with a view: The magnolias at Caerhays Castle – some reaching 120ft – will take your breath away". Daily Mail. Retrieved 27 August 2010.

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