Campaign of Gipuzkoa

Campaign of Gipuzkoa Part of the Spanish Civil War Campaign in one-week intervals Date July 20 - September 26, 1936 Location Gipuzkoa, Northern Spain Result Decisive Nationalist victory Belligerents Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders and leaders Augusto Pérez Garmendia† Antonio Ortega General Emilio Mola Alfonso Beorlegui Canet† Strength 3,000 3,500 men some Ju-52 bombers some Panzer I tanks[1] 1 battleship 1 cruiser 1 destroyer Casualties and losses ? ?

The Campaign of Gipuzkoa was part of the Spanish Civil War, where the Nationalist Army conquered the northern province of Gipuzkoa, held by the Republic.

Background

In late July Mola´s troops suffered a shortage of ammunition (having only 26,000 rounds of ammunition). Then Francisco Franco sent him large supplies of ammunition and weapons from Italy and Germany via Portugal (600,000 rounds). On August 13, Mola met Franco in Seville and decided to capture San Sebastián and Irún in order to cut the Basques off from the French Border at the western end of the Pyrenees.^[2][3]

The campaign

Advance on San Sebastian

The campaign was initially conceived by General Emilio Mola as an advance to Irún, to cut the northern provinces off from France, and to link up with the Nationalist garrison in San Sebastián that was to have seized that city. The campaign was diverted from the advance on Irún when the direct route to the town was blocked by the demolition of the bridge at Endarlatsa. When word came that the Nationalists in San Sebastián were besieged in the Cuartel de Loyola, Alfonso Beorlegui diverted all his forces westward toward that town in an attempt to relieve the Nationalist garrison. Two other Nationalist columns advanced on the city from points further west with the intent of cutting it off from Biscay. Nevertheless, on 27 July, the Nationalist garrison in San Sebastián surrendered.^[4]

Advance on Irun

Following the failure to relieve the siege of the Nationalists in San Sebastian, the forces of Beorlegui resumed their advance on Irún to cut off the northern provinces of Gipuzkoa, Biscay, Santander and Asturias, from their source of arms and support in France by taking that city. On August 11 the Nationalists took Tolosa and Beorlegi seized Picoqueta, a key ridge commanding the approach to Irún. Telesforo Monzon, a Basque Nationalist, travelled to Barcelona to seek aid, but he only got 1,000 rifles, and the Basque nationalists confiscated the gold in the local branch of the Bank of Spain to buy weapons in France,^[5] but on August 8 the French government closed the frontier.^[6]

On August 17, the rebel battleship España, the cruiser Almirante Cervera and the destroyer Velasco arrived at San Sebastián and started to shell the city. After that, German Ju-52 bombers and other Italian planes shelled on a daily basis the bordering towns of Hondarribia and Irun,^[7] as well as San Sebastián. Furthermore, the Nationalists captured the republican commander in Gipuzkoa, Pérez Garmendia.

Fall of Irun and San Sebastián

On August 26, Beorlegi began the assault on Irún. The poorly armed and untrained leftist and Basque nationalist militias fought bravely but could not fend off the rebel push. After bloody combats, the resisting forces were overwhelmed: thousands of civilians and militia-men fled in panic across the French border on September 3, 1936.^[8] The town was occupied that day. Beorlegui was wounded, and died a month later.

Enraged by their lack of ammunition, retreating anarchists burned parts the city.^[9] The Nationalists followed this up with the capture of San Sebastián on September 13. The dying General Beorlegi could still preside over the parade of triumphant far-right rebel troops entering the city with no fighting.

A sizable number of the city's 80,000 inhabitants fled on an exodus towards Biscay. British field-journalist George L. Steer sets the figure of the terrified population fleeing to Bilbao at 30,000.^[10] Basque Nationalist Party officials arranged for the final orderly evacuation of the city before its fall, holding back the anarchists, small in number, who were planning to wreak havoc.^[11]

Despite their evacuation, 485 were killed at the city as a result of pseudo-trials mounted by the Spanish rebel troops in the aftermath of the city's occupation up to 1943, but during the first months of occupation approximately 600 were murdered in paseos (extrajudicial executions).^[12][13] Among them, Steer cites the execution of seventeen priests of Basque nationalist sympathies.^[14] The city mayor also faced summary execution.

The Nationalist rebels advanced further west. They were stopped by the Republicans at Buruntza for a few days, but continued their push until the outer fringes of Biscay (Intxorta). There, the resistance of the northern provincial forces and the exhaustion of the Nationalists resulted in an end of the offensive until the War in the North began.^[15]

Aftermath

Carlist requetés manning the Irun border post, October 1936

The Nationalist conquered 1,000 square miles of terrain and many factories. Furthermore, they cut loss the Basques from the friendly France.^[16] Then, Indalecio Prieto, the Republican minister of defense sent the Republican fleet to the northern ports in order to prevent a rebel blockade.^[17] On occupation during September, a Comisión Gestora or Management Commission was appointed by the rebels comprising the factions involved in the military insurrection, i.e. Carlists, Falangists, and others. It was chaired during the first months by the local Carlist leader Antonio Arrúe Zarauz.

After taking over San Sebastián, speaking in the Basque language was frowned upon, immediately after forbidden by proclamation.^[18] Occupation was followed by harsh repression against inconvenient figures and individuals. Among them, the Basque clergy was specifically targeted and exposed to torture and rapid execution for their family ties and/or proximity to Basque nationalist proponents and ideas.^[19] In general, they were searched according to blacklists put together in Pamplona. Despite occasional internal protests within the ecclesiastic hierarchy, they did not go far. A widespread purge of the clergy in Gipuzkoa was decided in the high military and ecclesiastic circles.^[20]

The hatred underlying the crackdown was evidenced by the assassination of José Ariztimuño 'Aitzol' (priest and major personality of the Basque cultural renaissance during the previous years), tortured and shot on 18 October in the Hernani cemetery along with other ecclesiastic and civilian victims found fleeing.^[21]

See also

• The Basques during wartime

Notes

1. Beevor, Antony. (2006). The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Penguin Books. London. p. 116
2. Beevor, Antony. (2006). The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Penguin Books. London. pp. 115-116
3. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. pp.363-364
4. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.312
5. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.364
6. Jackson, Gabriel. (1968). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939. Princeton University Press. Princeton. p.274
7. Preston, Paul, The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain, (2013), p. 430.
8. Preston, Paul, The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain, (2013), p. 430.
9. Preston, Paul, The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain, (2013), p. 430.
10. G.L. Steer (2009), p. 57
11. G.L. Steer, (2009), p. 57
12. Preston, Paul, The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain, (2013), p. 431.
13. "pistolero style", as put by Steer.
14. G.L. Steer (2009), p. 59
15. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. pp.364-366
16. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.367
17. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.397
18. G.L. Steer (2009), p. 59
19. Preston, Paul (2013), pp. 431-432
20. Preston, Paul (2013), p. 432
21. Preston, Paul (2013), p. 432

Sources

• Romero, Eladi, Itinerarios de la Guerra Civil española : guía del viajero curioso, Barcelona : Laertes, 2001, 600 p.
• Barruso, Pedro, Verano y revolución. La guerra civil en Gipuzkoa' (julio-septiembre de 1936), Edita: Haramburu Editor. San Sebastián, 1996.
• Pedro Barruso, GIPUZKOA 1936: VERANO Y REVOLUCIÓN, LA GUERRA CIVIL EN GIPUZKOA (Spanish)
• Beevor, Antony (2006). The battle for Spain. The Spanish civil war, 1936-1939. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-303765-1.
• Hugh Thomas (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Modern Library. ISBN 0-375-75515-2.
• Manuel Aznar Historia Militar de la Guerra de España. 3 vols. Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1969.
• Jackson, Gabriel. (1967). The Spanish Civil War. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00757-1.
• Paul Preston (2013). The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. London, UK: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-638695-7.
• G.L. Steer (2009). The Tree of Gernika. London, UK: Faber Finds. ISBN 978-0-571-25513-9. Original date, 1938.