Antonio Cánovas del Castillo

The Most Excellent Don Antonio Cánovas del Castillo KOGF
Prime Minister of Spain (first term)
In office 31 December 1874 – 12 September 1875
Monarch	Alfonso XII
Preceded by	Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
Succeeded by	Joaquín Jovellar
Prime Minister of Spain (second term)
In office 2 December 1875 – 7 March 1879
Monarch	Alfonso XII
Preceded by	Joaquín Jovellar
Succeeded by	Arsenio Martínez Campos
Prime Minister of Spain (third term)
In office 9 December 1879 – 8 February 1881
Monarch	Alfonso XII
Preceded by	Arsenio Martínez Campos
Succeeded by	Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
Prime Minister of Spain (fourth term)
In office 18 January 1884 – 27 November 1885
Monarch	Alfonso XII
Preceded by	José Posada Herrera
Succeeded by	Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
Prime Minister of Spain (fifth term)
In office 5 July 1890 – 11 December 1892
Monarch	Alfonso XIII
Preceded by	Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
Succeeded by	Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
Prime Minister of Spain (sixth term)
In office 23 March 1895 – 8 August 1897
Monarch	Alfonso XIII
Preceded by	Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
Succeeded by	Marcelo de Azcárraga
Personal details
Born	February 8, 1828 Málaga, Spain
Died	August 8, 1897 (aged 69) Mondragón, Spain
Nationality	Spain
Political party	Conservative Party
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo^[1] (February 8, 1828 – August 8, 1897) was a Spanish politician and historian known principally for serving six terms as Spanish Prime Minister, his role in supporting the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy to the Spanish throne and for his death at the hands of an anarchist, Michele Angiolillo.^[2]

Early career

Born in Málaga as the son of Antonio Cánovas García and Juana del Castillo y Estébanez, Cánovas moved to Madrid after the death of his father where he lived with his mother's cousin, the writer Serafín Estébanez Calderón. Although he studied law at the University of Madrid, he showed an early interest in politics and Spanish history. His active involvement in politics dates to the 1854 revolution led by the general Leopoldo O'Donell, when he drafted the Manifesto of Manzanares that accompanied the military overthrow of the sitting government, laid out the political goals of the movement, and played a critical role as it attracted the masses' support when the coup seemed to fail. During the final years of Isabel II, he served in a number of posts, including a diplomatic mission to Rome, governor of Cádiz, and director general of local administration. This period of his political career culminated in his being twice made a government minister, first taking the interior portfolio in 1864 and then the overseas territories portfolio in 1865-1866. After the 1868 Glorious Revolution (Revolución Gloriosa), he retired from the government, although he was a strong supporter of the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy during the First Spanish Republic (1873–1874) and as the leader of the conservative minority in the Cortes, he declaimed against universal suffrage and freedom of religion. He also drafted the Manifesto of Sandhurst and prevailed upon Alfonso XII to issue it, just as he had done years previously with O'Donnell.

Years as Prime Minister

Cánovas returned to active politics with the 1874 overthrow of the Republic by General Martínez Campos and the elevation of Isabell II's son Alfonso XII to the throne. He served as Prime Minister (Primer presidente del Consejo de Ministros) for six years starting in 1874 (although he was twice briefly replaced in 1875 and 1879). During this period, he was a principal author of the Spanish Constitution of 1876, a document which formalised the constitutional monarchy that had resulted from the restoration of Alfonso and limited suffrage in order to reduce the political influence of the working class,and assuage the voting support from the wealthy minority becoming the protected Status Quo.

Cánovas Del Castillo played a key role in bringing an end to the last Carlist threat to Bourbon authority (1876) by merging a group of dissident Carlist deputies with his own Conservative party. More significantly, his term in office saw the victory achieved by the governmental Spanish troops in the Third Carlist War, the occupation of the Basque territory, and the decree establishing an end to the centuries-long Basque specific status (July 1876) that resulted in its annexation to a centralist Spain. Against a backdrop of martial law imposed across the Basque Provinces (and possibly Navarre), heated negotiations with Liberal Basque high-ranking officials led to the establishment of the first Basque Economic Agreement (1878).

An artificial two-party system designed to reconcile the competing militarist, Catholic and Carlist power bases led to an alternating prime ministership (known as the turno pacifico) with the progressive Práxedes Mateo Sagasta after 1881. He also assumed the functions of the Head of State during the regency of María Cristina following Alfonso's death in 1885.

Political crisis

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo

By the late 1880s, Cánovas' policies were under threat from two sources. First, his overseas policy was increasingly untenable. A policy of repression against Cuban nationalists was ultimately ineffective and Spain's authority was challenged most seriously by the 1895 rebellion led by José Martí. Spain's policy against Cuban independence brought her increasingly into conflict with the United States, an antagonism that culminated in the Spanish–American War of 1898. Second, the political repression of Spain's working class was growing increasingly troublesome, and pressure for expanded suffrage mounted amid widespread discontent with the cacique system of electoral manipulation.

Cánovas' policies included mass arrests and a policy of torture:

During a religious procession in 1896, at Barcelona, a bomb was thrown. Immediately three hundred men and women were arrested. Some were Anarchists, but the majority were trade unionists and Socialists. They were thrown into the notorious prison at the fortress of Montjuïc in Barcelona and tortured. After a number had been killed, or had gone insane, their cases were taken up by the liberal press of Europe, resulting in the release of a few survivors. Reputedly it was Cánovas del Castillo who ordered the torture, including the burning of the victims' flesh, the crushing of their bones, and the cutting out of their tongues. Similar acts of brutality and barbarism had occurred during his regime in Cuba, and Canovas remained deaf to the appeals and protests of civilized conscience.^[3]

Man of Letters

At the same time, Cánovas remained an active man of letters. His historical writings earned him a considerable reputation, particularly his History of the Decline of Spain (Historia de la decadencia de España), for which he was elected at the young age of 32 to the Real Academia de la Historia in 1860. This was followed by elevation to other bodies of letters, including the Real Academia Española in 1867, the Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas in 1871 and the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in 1887. He also served as the head of the Athenaeum in Madrid (1870–74, 1882–84 and 1888–89).

Death and legacy

Cánovas' tomb at the Panteón de Hombres Ilustres in Madrid.

Cánovas eventually paid a personal price for his repressive policies. In 1897, he was shot dead by Michele Angiolillo, an Italian anarchist, at the spa Santa Águeda, in Mondragón, Guipúzcoa. He thus did not live to see Spain's loss of her final colonies to the United States after the Spanish–American War.

The policies of repression and political manipulation that Cánovas made a cornerstone of his government helped foster the nationalist movements in both Catalonia and the Basque provinces and set the stage for labour unrest during the first two decades of the twentieth century. The disastrous colonial policy not only led to the loss of Spain's remaining colonial possessions in the Pacific and Caribbean, it also seriously weakened the government at home. A failed post-war coup by Camilo de Polavieja set off a long period of political instability that ultimately led to the collapse of the monarchy and the dissolution of the constitution that Cánovas had authored.

His white marble mausoleum was carved by Agustí Querol Subirats at the Panteón de Hombres Ilustres in Madrid.

References

Footnotes

1. KARNOW, Stanley. "Antonio Canovas". In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines. Random House (1989). ISBN 978-0-394-54975-0.
2. "Canovas nunca morirá".
3. Goldman, Emma. "The Psychology Of Political Violence". Anarchism And Other Essays. Gutenberg.

Further reading

• Octavio Ruiz, "Spain on the Threshold of a New Century: Society and Politics before and after the Disaster of 1898," Mediterranean Historical Review (June 1998), Vol. 13 Issue 1/2, pp 7–27

Other sources

The original version of this article draws heavily on the corresponding article in the Spanish-language Wikipedia, which was accessed in the version of 6 September 2007.