Capture of Mannheim

Capture of Mannheim
Part of the Thirty Years' War

Coat of arms of the city of Mannheim.
Date20 October – 2 November 1622
LocationMannheim, Electorate of Palatinate
(present-day Germany)
Result Imperial-Spanish victory[1]
Belligerents
Electoral Palatinate
 Kingdom of England		 Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire
Spain Spain
Commanders and leaders
England Horace Vere
England John Burroughs		 Holy Roman Empire Spain Count of Tilly

The Capture of Mannheim took place on 2 November 1622, by the Imperial-Spanish army commanded by Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly against the Protestant troops under the Englishman Sir Horace Vere during the Thirty Years' War.[2]

Background

In September, 1620, the Imperial-Spanish troops led by the Count of Tilly and Don Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba invaded and conquered the Lower Palatinate. The Protestant garrison under Sir Horace Vere held Frankenthal, Mannheim and Heidelberg, but the rest of the Palatinate fell into Spanish hands.[3]

On 19, September, 1622, the Imperial-Spanish army defeated the Protestant troops under Sir Gerard Herbert at Heidelberg and the Catholic army went on to conquer the town.[2][3]

Siege of Mannheim

The Spanish continued their progress towards Mannheim. The city was defended by the Anglo-German-Protestants troops commanded by Horace Vere. The Count of Tilly subjected Manheim to a siege, and the Imperial-Spanish forces swiftly defeated the Protestant troops. The city was conquered by the Spaniards, and Vere, and a few hundred of his men, retired to the citadel.[2] Finally, and without hope of reinforcements, Vere was forced to capitulate.[1] Just Frankenthal remained under control of the Protestants commanded by Sir John Burroughs, but was taken one year later by the Spanish troops under Don Guillermo Verdugo.[2][3]

Aftermath

Sir Horace Vere by Michiel van Mierevelt.

The courage displayed by Horace Vere against great odds was recognised in England, when the General returned early in February, 1623, even if his salary and expenses were never paid in full by the treasury.[2] On 16 February 1623, he was appointed Master-General of the Ordnance for life, and he became a member of the Council of War on 20 July 1624.[2]

In 1624, Vere travelled once more to The Hague in order to second Prince Maurice of Orange in the defence of the important fortress of Breda, under siege by the Spaniards under Don Ambrosio Spinola from August.[2]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Polišenský/Snider. War and society in Europe (1618-1648)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Horace Vere (DNB00)
  3. 1 2 3 Polišenský/Snider p.90

References

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