Palatinate campaign

Palatinate campaign
Part of the Thirty Years' War

Coat of arms of Frederick V, Elector Palatine as King of Bohemia.
Date1620–1622
LocationElectorate of the Palatinate, Holy Roman Empire (present-day Germany)
Result

Decisive Imperial-Spanish victory[1][2]

Belligerents
Electorate of the Palatinate
Brunswick-Lüneburg
German Protestant Union
 England
 United Provinces
 Holy Roman Empire
Spain Spain
Catholic League
Commanders and leaders
Frederick V
Joachim Ernst
Christian of Brunswick
Ernst von Mansfeld
England Horace Vere
England Gerard Herbert 
England John Burroughs
Dutch Republic Maurice of Nassau
Dutch Republic Henry of Nassau
Spain Ambrosio Spinola
Spain Marquis of Leganés
Holy Roman Empire Spain Count of Tilly
Spain Carlos Coloma
Spain Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
Maximilian I of Bavaria
Strength
25.000–30.000 men (Mostly German and English troops)[3] 25.000–30.000 men[4]
11.000 Under general Córdoba in the Lower Palatinate in 1621[5]

The Palatinate Campaign, or the Spanish conquest of the Palatinate,[6] were a series of sieges, battles and conquests of the Palatinate Phase of the Thirty Years' War, that were carried out by Spain's Tercios of the Army of Flanders, under Don Ambrosio Spinola, and the Imperial-Spanish troops under Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly and Don Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba.[2][6] The Spanish troops took advantage of Frederick's predicament by invading the German Protestant Palatinate in 1620 and conquering it by the end of 1622.[6]

Imperial-Spanish conquest of the Palatinate

The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 with the Bohemian Revolt, when the authorities of this kingdom offered their throne to the Protestant Frederick V of the Palatinate, who accepted, initiating a conflict between the Protestant Union led by Frederick and the House of Habsburg.[7] Two years after the outbreak of the war the situation had apparently stalled, but in reality the Habsburgs through diplomatic maneuvers, were able to politically isolate Frederick, between whose hits highlighted Spain's entry into the conflict.[7]

In August, 1620, Spinola and 25,000 soldiers from the Army of Flanders began their march from Brussels, and in early September they entered the Lower Palatinate, taking Kreuznach, Oppenheim, and the Bergstrasse district, and on 1 October Bacharach.[4] Tilly and the army of the "League", along with the other Spanish army under Córdoba soon followed, after joining at Wimpfen. It was not until late 1622, that both Heidelberg and Mannheim, the two leading cities in the Lower Palatinate, fell to the Imperial-Spanish army.[2][8]

End of campaign

The campaign ended when Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and the Count of Tilly sacked Heidelberg, the capital of German Calvinism, occupying the Upper Palatinate.[8][9] Spain's troops under Spinola from the Spanish Netherlands attacked the Lower Palatinate and took it over quickly.[9] The unfortunate Frederick fled into exile in the United Provinces.[6]

The Spanish took control of the western part of the Palatinate[6] (to gain the access route from Italy to the Netherlands through the Spanish Road), and the Duke Maximilian of Bavaria took the rest of the territory.

English Involvement

The English commander Sir Horace Vere by Michiel van Mierevelt.
Flag of the Catholic League in Germany in the times of the Thirty Years' War.

The English troops, who were garrisoned in the towns of Frankenthal and Mannheim in the Lower Palatinate, could do little to stop the advance of Gonzalo de Córdoba.[10] On his return to the Spanish Netherlands, Ambrosio Spinola captured Jülich in 1621, reversing Maurice's success of 1610, and cutting off the supply route between the Low Countries and the Upper Palatinate.[10] In the Palatinate, the situation went from bad to worse for the Protestant cause. Mainz fell to Córdoba in August 1621. Tilly's Catholic troops laid siege to Heidelberg, which capitulated in September, 1622, and Mannheim followed in early November.

The English garrison at Frankenthal held on during the winter months but it was recognized that it was futile to hold on to the fortification in light of the noose tightening around the town.[10] In March, 1623, the English, knowing that they could not alter the situation in the Palatinate, handed over Frankenthal to the Spanish.[10] Vere's troops fought bravely and stoutly defended the fortifications they garrisoned, but they were finally overwhelmed by the might of the combined Imperial and Spanish forces.[10]

Don Ambrosio Spinola, commander of the Spanish army, by Peter Paul Rubens.

Consequences

Reestablished as King of Bohemia, Emperor Ferdinand II declared Bohemia a hereditary Habsburg possession,[6] confiscated the land of the Protestant nobles,[6] and established Catholicism as the sole religion.[6] On August 6, 1623, the Protestant forces of Christian of Brunswick were destroyed by the combined Imperial and Spanish troops under the Count of Tilly in the Battle of Stadtlohn, and Frederick V, Elector Palatine, was forced to sign an armistice with Emperor Ferdinand II, thus ending the "Palatine Phase" of the Thirty Years' War.

Frederick V, already in exile in The Hague, and under growing pressure from his father-in-law, James I of England, to end his involvement in the war, was forced to abandon any hope of launching further campaigns. The Protestant rebellion had been crushed.

In 1624, the Kingdom of England, France, the United Provinces of the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, the Duchy of Savoy, the Republic of Venice, and Brandenburg would join in an Anti-Habsburg alliance to fight against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. The Spanish renewed their attack on the Dutch after the Twelve Years' Truce, and on June 5, 1625, the Spaniards conquered the important Dutch fortress city of Breda. The forces of Catholicism seemed on the road to victory, but the war was far from over.[6]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Sunshine / Hill p.219
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Black p.130
  3. Guthrie. p.93
  4. 1 2 Pursell p.113
  5. Wilson p.331
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Spielvogel p.447
  7. 1 2 Guthrie p.57
  8. 1 2 Polišenský/Snider p.90
  9. 1 2 Hill / Sunshine p.220
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Lawrence p.82

References

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