Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy

Charles Emmanuel I

Engraving of Charles Emmanuel I
Duke of Savoy
Reign 30 August 1580 – 26 July 1630
Predecessor Emmanuel Philibert
Successor Victor Amadeus I
Born (1562-01-12)12 January 1562
Castle of Rivoli, Rivoli, Piedmont, Italy
Died 26 July 1630(1630-07-26) (aged 68)
Savigliano, Piedmont
Spouse Catherina Micaela of Spain
Issue
Detail
House Savoy
Father Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
Mother Margaret of France
Engraving of Charles Emmanuel I
Charles Emmanuel as a boy with his dwarf.

Charles Emmanuel I (Italian: Carlo Emanuele di Savoia; 12 January 1562 – 26 July 1630), known as the Great, was the Duke of Savoy from 1580 to 1630. He was also nicknamed Testa d'feu ("the Hot-Headed") for his rashness and military aggression.

Biography

He was born in the Castle of Rivoli in Piedmont, the only child of Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy and Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry.[1] He became duke on 30 August 1580.[2]

Well-educated, and intelligent, he spoke Italian, French and Spanish, as well as Latin. Ill-favoured, short and hunchbacked, he proved a brave warrior. Being also ambitious and confident, he pursued a policy of expansion for his duchy, seeking to erect it into a kingdom.[3] In the autumn of 1588, taking advantage of the civil war weakening France during the reign of his first cousin Henry III, he occupied the Marquisate of Saluzzo, which was under French protection. The new king, Henry IV, demanded the restitution of that land, but Charles Emmanuel refused, and war ensued. The broader conflict involving France and Spain ended with the Peace of Vervins (May 2, 1598), which left the current but separate question of Saluzzo unsolved. After the Duke had started talks with Spain, Henry threatened to re-open the war until, with the Treaty of Lyon (January 17, 1601), Saluzzo went to Savoy in exchange for Bresse and other territories over the Alps. By terms of the treaty, the eradication of Protestants was to be carried on in the duchy.

In 1602, Charles Emmanuel attempted to besiege the city of Geneva. On the 11th of December of that year, he led his troops to the city during the night and they surrounded the city walls by two in the morning. The Savoyard cuirassiers were ordered to dismount and climb the city walls in full armour as a shock tactic. However, the alarm was raised by a night watchman and Geneva's militia rose to meet the invaders. The attempted raid was a disastrous failure, and 54 Savoyards were killed, and many more were captured. Charles Emmanuel's army retreated in a panic and the Savoyard prisoners were executed.

The heavy helmets worn by Charles Emmanuel's troops, which featured visors made in crude imitation of a human face, were henceforth known as "Savoyard" helmets after this notorious incident. A number of these suits of armour were captured by the Swiss and kept as trophies. The Geneva militia's successful defence of the city's walls is still celebrated as an act of heroism during the annual festival of L'Escalade.[4]

With the Treaty of Bruzolo (April 25, 1610), Charles Emmanuel allied with France against Spain, but the assassination of Henry IV changed the situation, as the treaty was not recognized by Marie de' Medici, who immediately assumed regency for Henry's son Louis XIII, a minor. Nevertheless, Charles Emmanuel obtained the help of French troops to free Alba from the Spaniards (January 1617), as the new king resumed his father's alliance with Savoy. His sister Christine Marie was married to Charles Emmanuel's son, Victor Amadeus in 1619.

Savoyard armour captured by the Swiss after the failed siege of Geneva

In the First Genoese-Savoyard War of 1625, Charles Emmanuel tried with the help of France to obtain access to the Mediterranean Sea at the expense of Genoa.[5] After Spanish intervention, the status-quo was restored in the Treaty of Monçon.

However, when the French occupied Casale Monferrato during the War of the Mantuan Succession, Charles Emmanuel allied with Spain. When Richelieu invaded Piedmont and conquered Susa, the duke changed sides again and returned to an alliance with France. However, when Philip IV of Spain sent two invasion forces from Genoa and Como, Charles Emmanuel declared himself neutral, and in 1630 Richelieu ordered a French army to march into Savoy to force the duke to comply with the pacts. The French troops, soon backed by another army, occupied Pinerolo and Avigliana. The Savoy army under Victor Amadeus was defeated in Lower Valsusa.

Charles Emmanuel was one of the most wanted candidates for the crown of a restored Serbian kingdom, hypothetically presumed after a Christian crusade against the Ottoman Empire during planning for the Great Conspiracy of the late 16th and early 17th centuries under the auspices of Serb Patriarch John II Cantul, Herzegovinian Duke Grdan and other chiefs of the Serb clans. At the 1608 Council of monastery Morača, during a gathering of representatives of the Serb clans and the Serbian Church, Charles was elected King of Serbia and invited to convert to Eastern Orthodoxy (as a precondition for being crowned by Patriarch John) and to vow to protect Orthodox Christianity. The conspirators, bearing closely in mind the failures of the 1590 decade, did not want to expose themselves in any action before direct support from the West was forthcoming. Thus no broad uprising of the Balkan Christian peoples against the rule of the Ottoman Turks was sparked, as Charles Emmanuel lacked the financial resources to take the crown and restore the Serbian statehood extinguished in the 15th century.

The duke died suddenly of a stroke at Savigliano in late July 1630.[4] He was succeeded by his son Victor Amadeus.

Marriage and issue

He married his (first cousin-once-removed) cousin, Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain, daughter of Philip II of Spain and Elizabeth of Valois, who bore him ten children:[6]

In Riva di Chieri on 28 November 1629, he secretly married his long-time and official mistress, Marguerite de Rossillon, Marchesa di Riva di Chieri (bap. 24 December 1599 – 10 November 1640), with whom he had four chidren, legitimized after the wedding but without succession rights:

In addition he had several illegitimate children:

— With Luisa de Duing Maréchal:

— With Virginia Pallavicino:

— With Argentina Provana:

— With Anna Felizita Cusani:

— With unknown mistress:

Ancestors

Charles Emmanuel's ancestors in three generations
Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy Father:
Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy		 Paternal Grandfather:
Charles III, Duke of Savoy		 Paternal Great-Grandfather:
Philip II, Duke of Savoy
Paternal Great-grandmother:
Claudine de Brosse
Paternal Grandmother:
Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy		 Paternal Great-Grandfather:
Manuel I of Portugal
Paternal Great-Grandmother:
Maria of Aragon
Mother:
Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry		 Maternal Grandfather:
Francis I of France		 Maternal Great-Grandfather:
Charles, Count of Angoulême
Maternal Great-Grandmother:
Louise of Savoy
Maternal Grandmother:
Claude of France		 Maternal Great-grandfather:
Louis XII of France
Maternal Great-Grandmother:
Anne of Brittany

Notes

  1. ↑ C.E.D.R.E. 1992, p. 81.
  2. ↑ Kamen 1997, p. 249.
  3. ↑ C.E.D.R.E. 1992, p. 129.
  4. 1 2 C.E.D.R.E. 1992, p. 131.
  5. ↑ Storrs 1999, p. 24.
  6. ↑ C.E.D.R.E. 1992, p. 131-132, 138, 152-154.

References

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Charles Emmanuel I..
Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
Born: 12 January 1562 Died: 26 July 1630
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Emmanuel Philibert		 Duke of Savoy
1580–1630 		Succeeded by
Victor Amadeus I
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