Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi

Prince Luigi Amedeo
Duke of the Abruzzi (more)
Duke of the Abruzzi
Predecessor	New title
Successor	Prince Amedeo Michele
Born	29 January 1873 Royal Palace of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Died	18 March 1933 (aged 60) Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi, Italian Somaliland
Burial	Riverbank of the Shebelle River
Spouse	Faduma Ali
Full name Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco di Savoia
House	House of Savoy-Aosta
Father	Amadeo I of Spain
Mother	Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo
Religion	Roman Catholic

Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi (January 29, 1873 – March 18, 1933) was an Italian mountaineer and explorer, member of the royal House of Savoy and cousin of the Italian King Victor Emmanuel III. He is known for his Arctic explorations and for his mountaineering expeditions, particularly to Mount Saint Elias (Alaska–Yukon) and K2 (Pakistan–China). He also served as an Italian admiral during World War I.^[1]

Early years

He was born in Madrid, Spain as the third oldest son of Prince Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta and his first wife Donna Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo della Cisterna. Prince Luigi Amedeo was a grandson of King Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy. He was born during his father's brief reign as King Amadeo of Spain. His siblings are Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Prince Vittorio Emanuele, and Prince Umberto. Shortly after his birth his father, who had reigned in Spain since 1870, abdicated and returned to Italy in 1873. Prince Luigi Amedeo was a member of the House of Savoy, well known in Europe since the 12th century. His uncle became King Umberto I of Italy in 1878, and his cousin became King Vittorio Emanuele III in 1900.

The title Duke of the Abruzzi (Italian: Duca degli Abruzzi) was created by King Umberto I in 1890 for Luigi Amedeo, who was a son of the abdicating King of Spain Amadeus and initially was given the title of Infante of Spain. His ducal title referred to the central Italian region of Abruzzo.

From 1893 to 1896, Luigi Amedeo traveled around the world, including Eritrea, then an Italian possession, and Vancouver. In September 1893, he traveled to Italian Somaliland to quell the unrest and stayed for a month to guard the port of Mogadishu, giving him his first contact with a land to which he would later devote the last years of his life and in which he would choose to die.^[2] He had begun to train as a mountaineer in 1892 on Mont Blanc and Monte Rosa (Italian Alps): in 1897 he made the first ascent of Mount Saint Elias (Canada/U.S., 5,489 m). There the expedition searched for a mirage, known as the Silent City of Alaska, that natives and prospectors claimed to see over a glacier. C. W. Thornton, a member of the expedition, wrote: "It required no effort of the imagination to liken it to a city, but was so distinct that it required, instead, faith to believe that it was not in reality a city."

Another witness wrote in The New York Times: "We could plainly see houses, well-defined streets, and trees. Here and there rose tall spires over huge buildings which appeared to be ancient mosques or cathedrals."

Arctic expedition

In 1899, Prince Luigi Amedeo organized an expedition towards the North Pole. In spring he arrived in the Norwegian capital Christiania (the present day Oslo) with 10 companions. The duke acquired the Jason, a steam whaler of 570 tons. Renamed Stella Polare (“Pole Star”) the ship took the expedition through the frozen sea. On 12 June they headed for Archangel (Arkhangel’sk).

The Stella Polare was trapped and threatened to sink. The crew were obliged to land with the utmost haste and to secure materials for building a dwelling.

On 30 June the Stella Polare dropped anchor in the docks of Arkhangel’sk and the duke was solemnly received by governor Engelhardt. The same day, Prince Luigi Amedeo was invited to meet the local authorities and the present foreign diplomats.

On 7 July, a local newspaper wrote:

The city theatre arranged an extraordinary spectacle in the presence of the Duke of the Abruzzi. The drama The princess of Baghdad, consisting of three acts, was performed. Before the curtain was raised the orchestra had played the Italian royal anthem…

Later the duke himself wrote about his stay in Arkhangel’sk: "Our departure was set for July 12. Early in the morning the church was open to us and we, although being Catholic, were allowed to join the mass. In the afternoon all the dogs were brought back on board to their kennels. In the evening the Stella Polare put out and was escorted by two steamers down the Dvina. I still remained on shore, as well as Doctor Cavalli, in order to spend the evening together with our Italian friends. Next evening we left Arkhangel’sk. During the whole journey we saw flags being hoisted to welcome us…"

Twenty men took part in the expedition, among them Captain Umberto Cagni, Lieutenant F. Querini and Doctor A. Cavalli Molinelli. They planned to go to Franz Joseph Land, in the Arctic wilderness, to establish a camp in which to stay during wintertime and, afterwards, to reach the North Pole by dogsled across the frozen sea.

Prince Luigi Amedeo established the winter camp on the Rudolf-Island. The expedition was to start at the end of the Arctic Night. The duke lost two fingers during winter because of the cold, which made it impossible for him to join the trip by sled. He left the command over the pole expedition to Captain Cagni. On 11 March 1900 Cagni left the camp and reached latitude 86° 34’ on 25 April, setting a new record by beating Nansen’s result of 1895 by 35 to 40 kilometres. Cagni barely managed to return to the camp on June 23. On 16 August the Stella Polare left the Rudolf-Island heading south and the expedition returned to Norway. During the expedition the northern coast of Rudolf-Island and two other islands were explored and measured.

Later years

In 1906, inspired by Henry Morton Stanley's last wishes, the Duke led an expedition to the Ruwenzori Range (5,125 m), in Uganda. He scaled sixteen summits in the range, including the six principal peaks. One of them, Mount Luigi di Savoia, bears his name. The highest peak was reached on 18 June 1906.

The Duke and his guides climbing an icefall on Chogolisa in 1909.

The next great expedition, in 1909, aimed to climb K2 in Karakorum. A team led by Prince Luigi Amedeo reached a height of 6,250 m on the ridge in 1909. The standard route up the mountain (formerly known as K2's East Ridge) climbs today on the Abruzzi Spur.

In an attempt on Chogolisa he and his companions again failed to reach the summit, but set a world altitude record.

In the Italian Navy

A vice-admiral in the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina), he was Inspector of Torpedo Craft from 1911 to 1912. During World War I, he was the Commander-in-Chief of the Italian Fleet (1914–1917) based in Taranto, his flagship being the Conte di Cavour. Under the Duke, the Regia Marina was responsible for saving the Army of the Kingdom of Serbia.^[3] In February 1917 he was replaced by Paolo Thaon di Revel, under pressure of the British and French allies. In February 1918, he was promoted to Admiral, but played no role of importance anymore.

The Explorers Club in New York elected the Duke to its highest category of membership — Honorary Member — in 1912.

The Duke assisted Italian dictator Benito Mussolini with the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928. He traveled to Addis Ababa with gifts.^[4] One gift, a Fiat 3000 tank, ended up playing a role in crushing the abortive coup d'état of 1928.^[5]

In 1932, the Duke was briefly the President of the newly merged Italian Line of steamships.^[3] In 1931, combining all of Italy's transatlantic carriers into the Italian Line was one of Mussolini's biggest business deals. However, the Duke resigned soon after SS Rex broke down at Gibraltar. According to him, "My reason is that I have been unable to achieve harmony among executives who formerly headed competing lines."^[6]

Italian Somaliland

In 1918, the Duke returned to Italian Somaliland. In 1920, he founded the "Village of the Duke of Abruzzi" (Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi or Villabruzzi) some ninety kilometres north of Mogadishu. It was an agricultural settlement experimenting with new cultivation techniques. By 1926, the colony comprised 16 villages, with 3,000 Somali and 200 Italian (Italian Somalis) inhabitants. Abruzzi raised funds for a number of development projects in the town, including roads, dams, schools, hospitals, a church and a mosque. He died in the village on 18 March 1933. After Italian Somaliland was dissolved, the town was later renamed to Jowhar.^[7]

Personal life

In the early years of the twentieth century the Abruzzi was in a relationship with Katherine Hallie "Kitty" Elkins, daughter of the wealthy American senator Stephen Benton Elkins, but the Abruzzi's cousin King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy refused to grant him permission to marry a commoner. His brother, Emanuele Filiberto, to whom Luigi was very close, convinced him to give up the relationship.^[8] His brother later approved of young Antoinette "Amber" Brizzi, the daughter of Quinto Brizzi, one of the largest vineyard owners in northern Italy. In the later years of his life, Abruzzi married a young Somali woman named Faduma Ali.^[9]

Scientific works

• La Stella Polare nel Mare Artico 1899-1900 (1902)
• Osservazioni scientifiche, eseguite durante la spedizione polare di S.A.R. Luigi Amedeo di Savoia (1903, with Umberto Cagni and Cavalli-Molinelli)

Titles, styles, and honors

Styles of Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi
Reference style	His Royal Highness
Spoken style	Your Royal Highness
Alternative style	Sir

Titles and styles

• 21 June 1882 – 1890: His Royal Highness Prince Luigi Amedeo, Infante of Spain
• 1890 – 18 March 1933: His Royal Highness Duke of the Abruzzi

Honors

• 1893: Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
• 1893: Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
• 1893: Order of the Crown of Italy
• Unknown: Civil Order of Savoy
• Unknown: Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
• Unknown: Knight of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
• 11 September 1900: Royal Order of the Seraphim
• Unknown: Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order

Medals

• 1901: Founder's Gold Medal
• 1903: Cullum Geographical Medal

Military appointments

• 16 March 1913: Commander of the Military Order of Savoy^[10]
• 29 December 1916: Grand Officer of the Military Order of Savoy^[10]
• 7 February 1924: Knight Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy^[10]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi

16. Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignan (= 22)               8. Charles Albert of Sardinia                       17. Princess Maria Christina of Saxony (= 23)               4. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy                             18. Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany               9. Maria Theresa of Tuscany                       19. Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily               2. Amadeo I of Spain                                   20. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor               10. Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria                       21. Maria Louisa of Spain               5. Maria Adelaide of Austria                             22. Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignan (= 16)               11. Princess Elisabeth of Savoy                       23. Princess Maria Christina of Saxony (= 17)               1. Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi                                         24. Giuseppe Amedeo Tommaso dal Pozzo, Prince della Cisterna e Belriguardo               12. Giuseppe Alfonso dal Pozzo, 4th Prince della Cisterna                       25. Anna Gabriella Enrichetta Caresana di Carizio               6. Carlo Emanuele dal Pozzo, Prince della Cisterna                             26. Carlo Emanuele Balbo Bertone, Count of Sambuy               13. Maria Anna Carlotta Balbo Bertone (Marie Anne Theodore des Balbes de Berton)                       27. Rosalia Barbara Asinari di San Marzano               3. Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo                                   28. Guillaume de Mérode, Count of Westerloo               14. Werner de Mérode                       29. Marie d'Ongnies, Princess of Grimberghe               7. Louise de Mérode                             30. François de Spangen d'Uyternesse               15. Victoire de Spangen d'Uyternesse                       31. Louise de Flaveau

See also

• Picco Luigi Amedeo, a mountain in the Mont Blanc massif in the Val d'Aosta, Italy
• Savoia Peak, a peak at the northeast end of Sierra DuFief
• Luigi Island, an island in Franz Joseph Land
• Al Abraq, Libya, called by the Italians as Luigi di Savoia
• Duke of Abruzzi's Free-tailed Bat, a species of bat
• Abruzzi Secondary School, Shigar, Gilgit Baltistan
• Italian cruiser Duca degli Abruzzi, an Italian cruiser

Notes

1. Chambers Biographical Dictionary, ISBN 0-550-18022-2, page 5
2. Michael Shandrick & Mirella Tenderini (1997:25)
3. Time Magazine, Milestones
4. Time Magazine, Fascist New Year
5. Time Magazine, Smooth Show
6. Time Magazine, Royal Resignation
7. "Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco". Ultimate Italy. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
8. Aosta very ill
9. A Prince of Climbers
10. Sito web del Quirinale: dettaglio decorato.

References

• Bridges, Peter, "A Prince of Climbers", Virginia Quarterly Review, Winter 2000

Further reading

• De Filippi, La spedizione di S.A.R. il principe Luigi Amedeo di Savoia, Duca degli Abruzzi, al Monte Sant’Elia (Alaska) 1897 (1900)
• Louis Amédée de Savoie (Duc des Abruzzes), Expédition de l’Étoile Polaire dans la Mer Arctique 1899-1900, Paris, coll. Polaires, Économica, 2004 (Préface de Giulia Bogliolo Bruna)

External links

• "Fascist New Year.". Time Magazine. November 5, 1928. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
• "Royal Resignation.". Time Magazine. October 24, 1932. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
• "Milestones.". Time Magazine. March 27, 1933. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
• "Smooth Show.". Time Magazine. January 21, 1935. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
• "THE DUKE OF ABRUZZI". Rwenzori Abruzzi. Retrieved November 11, 2013.

External links

•  "Abruzzi, Duke of". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
•  "Abruzzi, Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy-Aosta, Duke of". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
• Works by Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi at Internet Archive