Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Ferdinand III

Grand Duke Ferdinand sitting in his library, 1797, after Joseph Dorffmeister
Grand Duke of Tuscany
Reign 22 July 1790 – 3 August 1801
Predecessor Leopold II
Successor Louis I
(King of Etruria)
Elector of Salzburg
Reign 11 February 1803 – 25 December 1805
Successor Francis I of Austria
(as Duke of Salzburg)
Grand Duke of Würzburg
Reign 25 December 1805 – 1 May 1814
Predecessor Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria
Successor Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria
Grand Duke of Tuscany
Reign 27 April 1814 – 18 June 1824
Predecessor Elisa Bonaparte
Successor Leopold II
Born 6 May 1769
Florence
Died 18 June 1824(1824-06-18) (aged 55)
Consort Luisa of Naples and Sicily
Maria Ferdinande of Saxony
Issue
Detail		 Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia
Full name
Ferdinando Giuseppe Giovanni Baptista
House House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Father Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
Mother Maria Luisa of Spain
Religion Roman Catholicism

Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany (German: Peter Leopold Josef Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; Italian: Pietro Leopoldo Gieuseppe Antonio Gioacchino Pio Gottardo; English: Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; 6 May 1769 – 18 June 1824) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1790 to 1801 and, after a period of disenfranchisement, again from 1814 to 1824. He was also the Prince-elector and Grand Duke of Salzburg (1803–1805) and Grand Duke of Würzburg (1805–1814).

Biography

Ferdinand was born in Florence, Tuscany, into the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. He was the second son of Leopold, then Grand-Duke of Tuscany, and his wife Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain. When his father was elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Ferdinand succeeded him as Grand Duke of Tuscany, officially taking the office on 22 July 1790.[1][2]

In 1792 during the French Revolution, Ferdinand became the first monarch to formally recognize the new French First Republic, and he attempted to work peacefully with it.[2] As the French Revolutionary Wars commenced, however, the English and Russian monarchs persuaded him to join their side in the War of the First Coalition. Ferdinand provided his allies with passive support but no enthusiasm, and after he witnessed a year of resounding victories by the French, he became the first member of the coalition to give up. In a proclamation dated 1 March 1795, he abandoned the alliance and declared Tuscany's neutrality in the war.[3]

His normalization of relations with France helped stabilize his rule for several years but by 1799 he was compelled to flee to Vienna for protection when republicans established a new government in Florence. He was forced to renounce his throne in 1801 by the Treaty of Aranjuez: Napoleon brushed him aside to make way for the Kingdom of Etruria, created as compensation for the Bourbon Dukes of Parma, being dispossessed by the Peace of Lunéville in that same year.[1][2]

Ferdinand was compensated by being given the Dukedom and Electorate of Salzburg, the secularized lands of the Archbishop of Salzburg, as Duke of Salzburg. He was also made a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, both on 26 December 1802, a role which expired with the Empire's dissolution in 1806.

On 25 December 1805, Ferdinand had to give up Salzburg as well, which by the Treaty of Pressburg was annexed by his older brother, Emperor Francis II. Ferdinand was then made Duke of Würzburg, a new state created for him from the old Bishopric of Würzburg, remaining an Elector. With the dissolution of the Empire in 1806 he took the new title of Grand Duke of Würzburg.

On 30 May 1814, after Napoleon's fall, Ferdinand was restored as Grand Duke of Tuscany.

Ferdinand died in 1824 in Florence and was succeeded by his son Leopold.

Family and children

In Naples on 15 August 1790 by proxy and in Vienna on 19 September 1790 in person, Ferdinand married firstly his double first cousin, the Princess (later Grand Duchess) Luisa of Naples and Sicily (1773-1802), daughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Carolina of Austria.

Their children were:

Their first two children, Carolina and Francesco, died at very young ages (eight and five respectively) but the later three prospered under their father's care. Grand Duchess Luisa died when they were all quite young, on 19 September 1802, together with a stillborn son who was unnamed. Two decades later, in Florence on 6 May 1821, Ferdinand married again, this time to the much younger Princess Maria Ferdinanda of Saxony (1796-1865). She was the daughter of Maximilian, Prince of Saxony, and his wife Caroline of Bourbon-Parma; she was also his first cousin once removed, as well as the first cousin once removed of the dead Luisa. Though Ferdinand was likely hoping to produce another male heir, there were no children born of this second marriage.

Titles and styles

Ancestry

References

  1. 1 2 Gilman, Daniel Coit, ed. (1905). "Ferdinand III (1769–1824)". The New International Encyclopædia 7. New York: Dodd, Mead. p. 539. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1910). "Ferdinand III (1769–1824)". Encyclopædia Britannica 10. New York: Encyclopædia Britannica Co. p. 268. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
  3. ↑ Baines, Edward (1817). History of the Wars of the French Revolution. London: Longman, Hurst, et al. p. 136. Retrieved 7 October 2011.

External links


Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Cadet branch of the House of Lorraine
Born: 6 May 1769 Died: 18 June 1824
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Leopold I		 Grand Duke of Tuscany
1790–1801 		Succeeded by
Louis I, King of Etruria
Preceded by
Hieronymus von Colloredo, Archbishop of Salzburg		 Prince-Elector and Grand Duke of Salzburg
1803–1805 		Succeeded by
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Preceded by
part of Bavaria		 Grand Duke of Würzburg
1805–1814 		Succeeded by
part of Bavaria
Preceded by
part of the First French Empire		 Grand Duke of Tuscany
1814–1824 		Succeeded by
Leopold II
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