List of rulers of Tuscany

Grand Duke of Tuscany
Details
Style	His/her Imperial and Royal Highness
First monarch	Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Last monarch	Leopold II (de jure) Ferdinand IV (de facto/titular)
Formation	27 August 1569
Abolition	16 August 1859
Pretender(s)	Archduke Sigismund, Grand Duke of Tuscany

The rulers of Tuscany have varied over time, sometimes being margraves, the rulers of handfuls of border counties and sometimes the heads of the most important family of the region.

Margraves of Tuscany, 812–1197

House of Boniface

These were originally counts of Lucca who extended their power over the neighbouring counties.

• Boniface I, 812–823
• Boniface II, 828–834
• Aganus, 835–845
• Adalbert I, 847–886
• Adalbert II the Rich, 886–915
• Guy, 915–929
• Lambert, 929–931

House of Boso

These were the (mostly illegitimate) relatives of Hugh of Arles, King of Italy, whom he appointed to their post after removing the dynasty of Boniface

• Boso, 931–936
• Humbert, 936–961
• Hugh the Great, 961–1001

House of Boniface (restored)

• Boniface (III), 1004–1011

Nondynastic

• Rainier, 1014–1027

House of Canossa

These were the descendants of the Counts of Canossa.

• Boniface III, 1027–1052
• Frederick, 1052–1055
• Matilda, 1052–1115
  • Beatrice of Bar, 1052–1055 (regent as mother of Frederick and Mathilda)
  • Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1053–1069 (regent as husband of Beatrice and step-father to Frederick and Matilda)
  • Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1069–1076 (regent as husband of Matilda)
  • Welf II, 1089–1095 (co-regent as husband of Matilda)

Nondynastic

• Rabodo, 1116–1119
• Conrad, 1119/20–1129/31
• Rampret, c. 1131
• Engelbert, 1134/5–1137
• Henry the Proud, 1137–1139
• Ulrich of Attems, 1139–1152 (imperial vicar)
• Welf VI, 1152–1160
• Welf VII, 1160–1167
  • Rainald of Dassel, Archbishop of Cologne, 1160–1163 (imperial vicar)
  • Christian of Buch, Archbishop of Mainz 1163–1173 (imperial vicar)
• Welf VI, 1167–1173
• Philip, 1195–1197

In 1197 Philip was elected King of Germany and the majority of the Tuscan nobility, cities and bishops formed the Tuscan League with Papal backing.

• Frederick of Antioch, 1246–50 (imperial vicar)

After this, Tuscany was splintered between the competing republics of Florence, Pisa, Siena, Arezzo, Pistoia and Lucca. Since the 14th century, Florence gained dominance over Pistoia (1306, officially annexed 1530), Arezzo (1384), Pisa (1406), and Siena (1559). Lucca was an independent republic until the Napoleonic period in the 19th century.

Rulers of Florence, 1382–1569

De facto rulers of the Albizzi family, 1382–1434

• Maso degli Albizzi 1382-1417
• Rinaldo degli Albizzi 1417-1434

De facto rulers of the House of Medici, 1434–1531

• Cosimo de' Medici 1434–1464
• Piero I de' Medici 1464–1469 ("The Gouty")
• Lorenzo I de' Medici 1469–1492 ("The Magnificent")
• Giuliano de' Medici 1469–1478
• Piero II de' Medici 1492–1494 ("The Unfortunate")
• Republic restored 1494–1512
• Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici 1512–1513
• Lorenzo II de' Medici 1513–1519
• Cardinal Giulio de' Medici 1519–1523
• Ippolito de' Medici 1523–1527
• Alessandro de' Medici 1523–1527
• Republic restored 1527–1530
• Alessandro de' Medici 1530–1531

Medici Dukes of Florence, 1531–1569

#	Name	Started	Ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)
1	Alessandro	1 May 1532	6 Jan 1537
2	Cosimo I	20 Sep 1537	21 Aug 1569	fourth cousin of Alessandro

Medici Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1569–1737

#	Name	Started	Ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)
1	Cosimo I	21 Aug 1569	21 Apr 1574
2	Francesco I	21 Apr 1574	19 Oct 1587	son of Cosimo I
3	Ferdinando I	19 Oct 1587	7 Feb 1609	brother of Francesco I son of Cosimo I
4	Cosimo II	7 Feb 1609	28 Feb 1621	son of Ferdinando I
5	Ferdinando II	28 Feb 1621	23 May 1670	son of Cosimo II
6	Cosimo III	23 May 1670	31 Oct 1723	son of Ferdinando II
7	Gian Gastone	31 Oct 1723	9 Jul 1737	son of Cosimo III

Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1737–1801

#	Name	Started	Ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)
8	Francesco II Stefano	12 Jul 1737	18 Aug 1765	great-great-great-grandson of Francesco I
9	Pietro Leopoldo I	18 Aug 1765	22 Jul 1790	second son of Francesco II Stefano
10	Ferdinando III	22 Jul 1790	3 Aug 1801	second son of Pietro Leopoldo I

Bourbon Kings of Etruria, 1801–1807

Name	Portrait	Started	Ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)
Lodovico I		3 Aug 1801	27 May 1803	Grandson of Francisco II Stefano
Carlo Lodovico II		27 May 1803	10 Dec 1807	son of Lodovico I

Tuscany was annexed by France, 1807–1814. Napoleon's sister Elisa Bonaparte was given the honorary title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany, but did not actually rule over the region.

Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1814–1860

#	Name	Started	Ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)
10	Ferdinando III	27 Apr 1814	18 Jun 1824	(restored)
11	Leopoldo II	18 Jun 1824	21 Jul 1859	son of Ferdinando III
12	Ferdinando IV	21 Jul 1859	22 Mar 1860	son of Leopoldo II

Leopoldo II was driven from Tuscany by revolution from 21 February to 12 April 1849, and again on 27 April 1859. He abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdinando IV, on 21 July 1859, but Ferdinando IV was never recognized in Tuscany, and was deposed by the provisional government on 16 August. Tuscany was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia, on 22 March 1860.

Titular Habsburg-Lorraine claimants, 1860–present

• Ferdinando IV 1860–1908
• Gieuseppe Ferdinando 1908–1921
• Pietro Ferdinando 1921–1948
• Gottfried 1948–1984
• Leopoldo Francesco 1984–1993
• Sigismondo 1993–Present

See also

• List of Tuscan consorts
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany
• History of Tuscany
• Line of succession to the former Austro-Hungarian throne#Tuscany line