Cassel, Nord

Cassel
Kassel

Grande Place, Cassel

Location of Cassel in the arrondissement of Dunkirk
Coordinates: 50°48′02″N 2°29′18″E / 50.8006°N 2.4883°E / 50.8006; 2.4883Coordinates: 50°48′02″N 2°29′18″E / 50.8006°N 2.4883°E / 50.8006; 2.4883
Country France
Region Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardie
Department Nord
Arrondissement Dunkirk
Canton Cassel
Intercommunality Community of Communes of the Pays de Cassel
Government
 • Mayor (2001–2008) René Decoots
Area1 12.65 km2 (4.88 sq mi)
Population (1999)2 2,298
 • Density 180/km2 (470/sq mi)
INSEE/Postal code 59135 / 59670

1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Cassel (from Flemish; Kassel in modern Dutch spelling) is a commune in the Nord départment in northern France. Built on a prominent hill overlooking French Flanders, the town has existed since Roman times. It was developed by the Romans into an important urban centre and was the focus of a network of roads, which are still in use today, that converge on the hill. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Cassel became an important fortified stronghold for the rulers of Flanders which was repeatedly fought over before finally being annexed to France in the 17th century. It was the headquarters of Marshal Ferdinand Foch during part of the First World War. In 1940, during the German invasion of France, Cassel was the scene of a fierce three-day battle between British and German forces which resulted in much of the town being destroyed.

Today the town, which was rebuilt following the war, is a popular destination for visitors to French Flanders. It is renowned for its extensive views from the summit of Mont Cassel and is the location of the Nord départment's principal museum of local art, history and folklore. It is also the home of the legendary giants Reuze-Papa and Reuze-Maman, which are paraded in effigy each Easter during the town's annual carnival.

Geography

The town of Cassel is situated at the top of Mont Cassel (Dutch: Kasselberg), a prominent hill located in the local Houtland region about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the sea. The hill rises to a height of 176 metres (577 ft) above sea level. Its geological composition comprises limestone capped with a very hard ferruginous layer of rock.[1]

History

Ancient times

Mont Cassel

The hill of Mont Cassel was occupied during the late Iron Age by the Menapii, a Belgic tribe, who made it the capital of a large territory extending from modern Calais to as far as the Rhine.[2] The hilltop was probably used as an oppidum or hill fort.[3] The Menapii fought against Julius Caesar but were forced to submit to Rome in 53 BC. They rebelled along with their neighbours, the Morini, in 30 or 29 BC. The Roman governor of Gaul, Carrinas, successfully quelled the rebellion and the territory of the Menapii was subsequently absorbed into the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. Cassel was redeveloped as Castellum Menapiorum, the urban centre or civitas of the Menapii;[4] the modern town takes its name from the Roman settlement.

From the 1st century AD onwards, Cassel developed into a key urban centre for the whole region with an extensive road network converging on the hill.[5] Towards the end of the 3rd century, however, repeated invasions of Germanic tribes caused devastation throughout the region and at least 80% of settlements in the area are thought to have been abandoned, accompanied by a general economic decline. Cassel was fortified with a circuit of walls at around this time[3] but suffered its own decline, which was reflected in its loss of status as a regional capital; Tournai took over as the capital of the newly constituted Civitas Turnacensium.[6]

Medieval period

The battle between the Flemish and the French at Cassel by the Virgil Master, c. 1410

Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, Flanders became part of the Merovingian realm of Neustria. In the 9th century it became part of West Francia, forming a pagus within the kingdom of Charles the Bald. In 864, Cassel passed into the hands of Baldwin Ironarm, who expanded his holdings to become the first count of the County of Flanders.[7] At the time, the town was on the edge of a deep bay of the North Sea, making it vulnerable to raids by the Vikings, who attacked and destroyed it in the 9th century.[8] It was rebuilt by Baldwin's grandson, Arnulf I, in the 10th century.[9]

In 1071, the sixth Count of Flanders, Arnulf III, was killed in the first Battle of Cassel by the forces of Robert the Frisian in a dispute over the succession to the title of count. Although Arnulf was numerically superior and was supported by King Philip I of France, Robert was able to defeat his rival's army and took the title of Count of Flanders with the acquiescence of Philip I after a further five years of struggle.[10] The town was re-fortified, possibly by Robert, with a castle and a new set of walls built on the remains of the old Roman walls. The castle does not survive today – it was already in ruins by the early 18th century – but is depicted on old engravings as a large square tower, the Tour Grise, dominating the western flank of the hill.[3]

Cassel was the capital of a chatellany (an administrative district) during the Middle Ages, serving as the administrative centre for an area comprising about fifty towns and villages.[3] It was the site of a second battle that took place on 23 August 1328 involving Philip VI of France and a rebel force led by Nicolaas Zannekin. The rebels had driven the ruling Count Louis I out of Flanders and sought to press their advantage by occupying Cassel and attacking the French royal army nearby. Although they achieved some initial successes, the rebels were decisively defeated when William I, Count of Hainaut lent his support to the French side.[9]

Early modern period

Cassel in the first half of the 17th century (image from Flandria Illustrata - 1641)

By end of the 16th century Cassel had become a border town between France and the Spanish Netherlands. The French repeatedly fought with Spain and later the independent Dutch Republic for control of the town; in March 1645, Gaston, Duke of Orléans seized it but lost it again to the Spanish a few months later. In 1658 Turenne expelled two Irish regiments in the pay of the Spanish who were garrisoning Cassel. The French captured the town in July 1676 under Louis de Crevant, Duke of Humières and strengthened the castle. The following year, a third Battle of Cassel took place just west of the town on 11 April 1677 when a French army under François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg and Philippe I of Orléans defeated Dutch forces commanded by William III of Orange. The battle took place after King Louis XIV of France besieged the Dutch-held town of Saint-Omer during the Franco–Dutch War. William sent an army to relieve Saint-Omer but was defeated at the village of Zuytpeene just to the west of Cassel, losing 7-8,000 men killed or wounded and another 4,000 taken prisoner. Saint-Omer fell a week later.[11]

Cassel was annexed to France the following year under the terms of the Treaty of Nijmegen, which ended the war. The annexation led to the town's defences being dismantled; it was considered indefensible, as it was within easy firing range of the nearby Mont des Récollets, and it would have cost far too much to fortify both hills. In addition, the revised frontier following the treaty was now a significant distance from Cassel and without the proximity of the border, the town was no longer seen as having much strategic significance.[3]

During the French Revolutionary Wars, Cassel is said to have been the hill up which the Grand Old Duke of York marched his 10,000 men before he "marched them down again". While it is true that Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, did command an army in the Flanders Campaign of 1793 and was probably in the vicinity, the link with Cassel is considered dubious as the eponymous nursery rhyme appears to have originated well before the Revolutionary Wars.[12]

19th century

Market day in Cassel, with the electric tramway built in 1900

The population of Cassel grew to about 4,200 people by the mid-19th century. Despite its annexation to France two centuries earlier, it was still extremely Flemish in character. Benjamin Disraeli, later to become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, stayed there for a month in September–October 1845 and wrote in a letter to his sister Sarah that he considered it "an extremely savage place; few of the inhabitants, & none of the humbler classes, talk French, there is no library, bookseller's shop, nor newspaper of any sort ... It is quite French Flanders, their provisions come from Holland, the Hotel de Ville was built by the Spaniards, the carillons are perpetually sounding, & religion is supreme."[13]

In 1848, Cassel gained a railway connection when the Lille-Dunkirk line was built. The station is, however, at the foot of the hill at Oxelaëre some 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the centre of Cassel. To link the two places, an electric tramway was built under the auspices of the Compagnie des Tramways de Cassel, which operated between 1900 and 1934. It was replaced by a bus link which still operates today.[14]

20th century

View of the Grand'Place and windmills on Mont Cassel in 1914

Cassel served as the headquarters of Marshal Ferdinand Foch during the early part of the First World War, between October 1914 and May 1915.[1] Foch had previously been based at Doullens north of Amiens, but removed his headquarters to Cassel to take advantage of its strategic position near the northern end of the Western Front and to be closer to the Belgian headquarters at Veurne.[15] From 1916-1918, Cassel was the headquarters for the British Second Army under Sir Herbert Plumer. The town avoided significant damage during the war, though it came under occasional shellfire when the Germans advanced to within 18 kilometres (11 mi) during the Battle of the Lys in April 1918.[16]

In the Second World War, the 2nd Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment and the 4th Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry held Cassel for three days as part of the defensive screen around Dunkirk during the evacuation (27 May 1940 – 30 May 1940). The British forces had prepared a defence on the hilltop, emplacing anti-tank guns and barricading the narrow streets of the town. After scoring initial successes against the tanks of Panzer Regiment 11, which had made the mistake of advancing without infantry support, the British garrison was heavily attacked from the ground and the air by German forces. Much of the town was reduced to ruins by bombing. Most of the garrison's members were killed or captured by the Germans during the fighting or the subsequent attempted breakout towards Dunkirk, but the defence they had put up played an important role in holding up the Germans while the Dunkirk evacuation was taking place.[17][18]

Heraldry

 The arms of Cassel are blazoned :
Azure, a sword between two keys addorsed Or.

Sights and culture

Reuze-Papa, one of the giants of Cassel

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Ochterbeck, Cynthia Clayton (2007). Michelin Northern France and the Paris Region. Michelin Travel Publications. pp. 179–180. ISBN 978-1-906261-10-8.
  2. ↑ Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí (2003). The Celts: a history. Boydell Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-85115-923-2.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Cassel". Historic Fortifications Network. 2010.
  4. ↑ Besuijen, Guus (2008). Rodanum: A Study of the Roman Settlement at Aardenburg and Its Metal Finds. Sidestone Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-90-8890-016-7.
  5. ↑ Vermeulen, Frank (2004). "Roads for Soldiers and Civilians in the Civitas Menapiorum". In Vermeulen, Frank; Sas, Kathy; Dhaeze, Wouter. Archaeology in confrontation: aspects of Roman military presence in the northwest ; studies in honour of Hugo Thoen. Academia Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-90-382-0578-6.
  6. ↑ Vermeulen, pp. 131-132
  7. ↑ Ugé, Karine (2005). Creating the monastic past in medieval Flanders. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-1-903153-16-1.
  8. ↑ Nicholas, David (1996). Trade, urbanisation, and the family: studies in the history of medieval Flanders. Variorum. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-86078-585-9.
  9. 1 2 Kibler, William W., ed. (1995). Medieval France: an encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 337–38. ISBN 978-0-8240-4444-2.
  10. ↑ Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2.
  11. ↑ Satterfield, George (2003). Princes, posts and partisans: the army of Louis XIV and partisan warfare in the Netherlands (1673-1678). BRILL. pp. 310–11. ISBN 978-90-04-13176-7.
  12. ↑ Opie, I; Opie, P. (1997). The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes. Oxford University Press. pp. 442–443. ISBN 978-0-19-860088-6.
  13. ↑ Disraeli, Benjamin (1989). Gunn, John Alexander Wilson; Wiebe, Melvin George, eds. Benjamin Disraeli Letters: 1842-1847. Letters of Benjamin Disraeli 4. University of Toronto Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-8020-5810-2.
  14. ↑ Domengie, Henri; Banaudo, José (1995). Les petits trains de jadis : Nord de la France, vol. 4. Breil-sur-Roya: Éditions du Cabri. pp. 200–201. ISBN 2-908816-29-6.
  15. ↑ Prete, Roy Arnold (2009). Strategy and command: the Anglo-French coalition on the Western Front, 1914. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-7735-3522-0.
  16. ↑ Muirhead, Findlay (1920). Belgium and the western front: British and American. Macmillan. p. 97.
  17. ↑ Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2006). Dunkirk: fight to the last man. Harvard University Press. pp. 368–71. ISBN 978-0-674-02439-7.
  18. ↑ Dildy, Doug (2010). Dunkirk 1940: Operation Dynamo. Osprey Publishing. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-84603-457-2.
  19. 1 2 3 Rider, Nick (2005). Short Breaks Northern France. New Holland Publishers. pp. 61–65. ISBN 978-1-86011-183-9.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Ruler, John (2011). Cross-Channel France: Nord-Pas de Calais: The Land Beyond the Ports. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 135–137. ISBN 978-1-84162-327-6.
  21. ↑ De Vries, André (2007). Flanders: a cultural history. Oxford University Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-19-531493-9.
  22. 1 2 Labourdette, Jean-Paul (2007). Le Petit Futé Côte d'Opale. Petit Futé. p. 30. ISBN 978-2-7469-1928-0.
  23. ↑ "Processional Giants and Dragons in Belgium and France". UNESCO. 2008.

References

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