World War I casualties

British and German wounded, Bernafay Wood, 19 July 1916. Photo by Ernest Brooks
Douaumont French military cemetery seen from Douaumont ossuary, which contains remains of French and German soldiers who died during the Battle of Verdun in 1916

The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I was more than 38 million: there were over 17 million deaths and 20 million wounded, ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history.

The total number of deaths includes about 11 million military personnel and about 7 million civilians. The Triple Entente (also known as the Allies) lost about 6 million military personnel while the Central Powers lost about 4 million. At least 2 million died from diseases and 6 million went missing, presumed dead. This article lists the casualties of the belligerent powers based on official published sources. About two-thirds of military deaths in World War I were in battle, unlike the conflicts that took place in the 19th century when the majority of deaths were due to disease. Nevertheless, disease, including the 1918 flu pandemic and deaths while held as prisoners of war, still caused about one third of total military deaths for all belligerents.

Classification of casualty statistics

Casualty statistics for World War I vary to a great extent; estimates of total deaths range from 9 million to over 15 million.[1] Military casualties reported in official sources list deaths due to all causes, including an estimated 7 to 8 million combat related deaths (killed or died of wounds) and another two to three million military deaths caused by accidents, disease and deaths while prisoners of war. Official government reports listing casualty statistics were published by the United States and Great Britain.[2][3] These secondary sources published during the 1920s, are the source of the statistics in reference works listing casualties in World War One.[4][5][6][7][8] This article summarizes the casualty statistics published in the official government reports of the United States and Great Britain as well as France, Italy, Belgium, Germany, Austria and Russia. More recently the research of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) has revised the military casualty statistics of the U.K. and its allies; they include in their listing of military war dead personnel outside of combat theaters and civilians recruited from Africa, the Middle East and China who provided logistical and service support in combat theaters.[9][10][11][12][13] The casualties of these support personnel recruited outside of Europe were previously not included with British war dead, however the casualties of the Labour Corps recruited from the British Isles were included in the rolls of British war dead published in 1921.[14] The methodology used by each nation to record and classify casualties was not uniform, a general caveat regarding casualty figures is that they cannot be considered comparable in all cases.[15]
First World War civilian deaths are "hazardous to estimate" according to Michael Clodfelter who maintains that "the generally accepted figure of noncombatant deaths is 6.5 million."[16] The figures listed below include about 6 million excess civilian deaths due to war related privations, that are often omitted from other compilations of World War I casualties. The war brought about malnutrition and disease caused by the U-boat Campaign and the Blockade of Germany which disrupted trade resulting in food shortages. The civilian deaths in the Ottoman Empire include the Armenian Genocide, Assyrian Genocide and Greek Genocide. Civilian deaths due to the Spanish flu have been excluded from these figures, whenever possible. The figures do not include deaths during the Turkish War of Independence and the Russian Civil War.

Casualties by 1914-18 borders

(when the number of deaths in a country is disputed, a range of war losses is given)
(sources and details of the figures are provided in the footnotes)
Nation Population (millions) Combat Deaths and Missing in Action (included in total Military deaths) Total Military deaths (from all causes) Civilian deaths (military action and crimes against humanity) Civilian deaths (malnutrition and disease excluding Influenza pandemic) Total deaths Deaths as % of population Military wounded
Allies of World War I
 Australia b 5.0 53,560[17] 59,330[18]
to 62,081[9]		 59,330
to 62,081		 1.32%
to 1.24%		 152,171 [18]
 Canada d 7.2 56,638[19] 56,639[18]
to 64,997[9]		 2,000[20][21] 58,639
to 64,997		 0.81%
to 0.9%		 149,732[18]
 India g 315.1 62,060[17] 64,449[18]
to 73,895[9]		 64,449
to 73,895		 0.02%
to 0.02%		 69,214 [18]
 New Zealand l 1.1 16,710[17] 16,711[18]
to 18,053 [22]		 16,711
to 18,053		 1.52%
to 1.64%		 41,317[18]
 Newfoundland m 0.2 1,204[18]
to 1,570
(included with U.K)[23]		 1,204
1,570		 0.6%
to 0.79%		 2,314[18]
 South Africa r 6.0 7,120[17] 7,121[18]
to 9,592[9]		 7,121
to 9,592		 0.12%
to 0.16%		 12,029[18]
 United Kingdom
(and Colonies) s		 45.4 702,410(Army)[17]
32,287 (Navy)[24]		 702,917 (Army)[18][25]

32,287 (Navy)[26]
to 887,711
[27]

 16,829[28][29]

[30]

 107,000[31] 826,746
to 1,012,075		 1.79%
to 2.2%		 1,663,435 (Army)[18]
5,135 (Navy)[32]
Sub-total for British Empire 379.5 930,785 908,371 Army[18]
32,287
Navy[18]
to 1,116,371[9]		 18,829 109,000 1,034,200
to 1,244,589		 0.27%
to 0.32%		 2,090,212 (Army)[18]
5,135 (Navy)[33]
East Africaa See footnote
 Belgium c 7.4 38,170[17] 13,716[34]
to 58,637[35][36]		 23,700[35] 62,000[37] 99,416
to 144,337		 1.34%
to 1.95%		 44,686[38]
France France e 39.6 1,150,000[39][40] 1,357,000[34]
to 1,397,800[41]		 40,000[16][42][43] 300,000[37] 1,697,000
to 1,737,800		 4.29%
to 4.39%		 4,266,000[38]
 Greece f 4.8 5,000[17] 5,000[44]
to 26,000[45]		 150,000[46] 155,000
to 176,000		 3.23%
to 3.67%		 21,000[38]
 Italy h 35.6 462,400[17] 460,000[34]
to 651,000[47]		 3,400[48] 589,000[49] 1,052,400
to 1,243,400		 2.96%
to 3.49%		 947,000[38]
 Empire of Japan i 53.6 300[38]
to 4,661[50]		 300
to 4,661		 0%
to 0.01%		 907[38]
 Montenegro k 0.5 3,000[38]
to 13,325 [50]		 3,000
to 13,325		 0.6%
to 2.67%		 10,000[38]
 Portugal n 6.0 7,220[17] 7,222[34][38] 82,000[51] 89,222 1.49% 13,751[34]
 Romania o 7.5 219,800[17] 250,000[50]
to 335,706[44]		 130,000[52] 200,000[52] 580,000
to 665,706		 7.73%
to 8.88%		 120,000 [38]
 Russian Empire p 175.1 1,800,000[17] 1,700,000[38] to
2,254,369[53]		 410,000[54] 730,000[54] 2,840,000 to
3,394,369		 1.62% to 1.94% 3,749,000[53] to
4,950,000[38]
 Serbia q 4.5 127,500[17] 300,000[55]
to 450,000 [56]		 450,000[55]
to 800,000[56]		 750,000
to 1,250,000		 16.67%
to 27.78%		 133,148[38]
 United States t 92.0 53,402[57] 116,708[58][59] 757[60] 117,465 0.13% 204,002[58]
Total (Entente Powers) 806.1 4,794,277 5,153,604
to 6,431,799		 612,057 2,670,000
3,020,000		 8,435,661
to 10,063,856		 1.05%
to 1.25%		 11,599,706
to 12,805,841
Central Powers
 Austria-Hungary u 51.4 1,016,200[17] 1,200,000.[38][61]
to 1,494,200 [62][63]		 120,000.[64] 467,000.[65] 1,787,000
to 2,081,200		 3.48%
to 4.05%		 3,620,000 [66]
 Bulgaria v 5.5 77,450[17] 87,500[38][67] 100,000[68] 187,500 3.41% 152,390 [38][69]
 German Empire w 64.9 2,037,000[17][70][71] 1,773,700[38]
to 2,037,000[72][73]		 720[74] 424,000.[75]
to 763,000 [76][77]		 2,198,420
to 2,800,720		 3.39% to
4.32%		 4,216,058 [38]
to 4,247,143.[78]
 Ottoman Empire x 21.3 305,085[79] 325,000[38]
to 771,844[80]		 1,500,000.[81] 1,000,000[82] 2,825,000
to 3,271,844		 13.26%
to 15.36%		 400,000[38]
to 763,753[80]
Total (Central Powers) 143.1 3,435,735 3,386,200
to 4,390,544		 1,620,720 1,991,000
to 2,330,000		 6,997,920
to 8,341,264		 4.89%
to 5.82%		 8,388,448
to 8,783,286
Neutral nations
 Denmark y 2.7 700[83] 700 0.03% —
 Luxembourg j 0.3 See footnote
 Norway z 2.4 1,180.[50] 1,180 0.08% —
 Sweden az 5.6 800.[50] 800 0.02% —
Grand total 960.2 8,230,012 8,539,804
to 10,822,343		 2,235,457 4,661,000
to 5,350,000		 15,436,261
to18,407,800		 1.61%
to 1.92%		 22,078,366
to 23,684,474

Casualties by 1924 Post War Borders

Europe 1914 and 1924

The war involved multi-ethnic empires such as Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Austro-Hungary and Turkey. Many diverse ethnic groups in these multi-ethnic empires were conscripted for military service. The casualties listed by modern borders are also included in the above table of figures for the countries that existed in 1914. The casualty figures by 1924 post war borders are rough estimates by Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century, the sources of his figures were published in the Soviet era and in post-Soviet Russia.[84]

The following estimates of Austrian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2015 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 175,000: including military losses 120,000 with the Austo-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 30,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 25,000.[85]

The Belgian Congo was part of the Kingdom of Belgium during the war. A Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia estimated a total of 155,000 deaths in the Belgian Congo during the war. [86]

Czechoslovakia was part of Austro-Hungary during the war. The estimates of Czechoslovak deaths within 1991 borders were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 185,000: including military losses 110,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 45,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 30,000.[87] The Czechoslovak Legions fought with the armies of the Allies during the war.

Austrian memorial commemorating soldiers from the village of Obermillstatt who died in World War I.

Estonia was part of the Russian Empire during the war and about 100,000 Estonians served in the Russian Army. Of them about 10,000 were killed.[88]

From 1809 Finland was an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until the end of 1917. In 1924 the Finnish government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 26,517 were dead and missing in World War I.[50]

The following estimates of deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.[89]

 Algeria (1914 known as French Algeria): 26,000
 Vietnam (1914 known as French Indochina): 12,000
 Mali (1914 part of French West Africa): 60,000
 Morocco (1914 known as the French protectorate of Morocco): 8,000
 Senegal (1914 part of French West Africa): 36,000
 Guinea (1914 part of French West Africa): 14,500
 Madagascar: 2,500 military
 Benin (1914 part of French West Africa): 27,000
 Burkina Faso (1914 part of French West Africa): 17,000
 Republic of the Congo (1914 part of French Equatorial Africa): 32,000
 Ivory Coast (1914 part of French West Africa): 12,000
 Tunisia (1914 known as French Tunisia): 2,000
 Chad (1914 part of French Equatorial Africa): 1,500
 Central African Republic (1914 known as French Oubangui-Chari): 1,000
 Niger (1914 part of French West Africa): 1,000
 Gabon (1914 part of French Equatorial Africa): 10,500

The following estimates of deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.[90]

 Tanzania (1914 part of German East Africa): 50,000
 Namibia (1914 known as German South-West Africa): 1,000
 Cameroon (1914 known as Kamerun): 5,000 military and 50,000
 Togo (1914 known as German Togoland): 2,000
 Rwanda (1914 part of German East Africa): 15,000

The following estimates of Hungarian deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 385,000: including military losses 270,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 70,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 45,000.[91]

Ireland was a part of the UK during World War I. Five sixths of the island left to form the Irish Free State, now the Republic of Ireland, in 1922. A total of 206,000 Irishmen served in the British forces during the war.[92] The number of Irish deaths in the British Army recorded by the registrar general was 27,405.[93] A significant number of these casualties were from what, in 1920, became Northern Ireland. While 49,400 soldiers died serving in Irish divisions (the 10th, 16th and 36th), although not all of the men serving in these divisions were natives of Ireland and many Irish who died in non-Irish regiments are not listed.[94][95] For example, 29% of the casualties in the 16th Division were not natives of Ireland.[93] Neither does it include Irish emigrants in Britain who enlisted there and are not categorised as Irish. Australia lists 4,731 of its first World War soldiers as having been born in Ireland and more than 19,000 Irish-born soldiers served in the Canadian Corps. The rolls do list 30,986 soldiers who were born in Ireland. Prof John Horne of Trinity College Dublin says a figure of between 30,000 and 35,000 Irish war dead is a "conservative" estimate and one likely to rise.

The losses of Portuguese Mozambique were estimated by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.[96] 52,000

Poland was an annexed territory of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia, from 1795–1918. By late 1915, Germany had complete control over modern-day Poland. A 2005 Polish study estimated 3,376,800 Poles were conscripted into the armed forces of the occupying powers during World War I, an additional 300,000 were conscripted for forced labor by the Germans. The Russians and Austrians forcibly resettled 1.6 to 1.8 million persons from the war zone in Poland.[97] According to Michael Clodfelter, Polish war dead were 1,080,000, whilst 200,000 Polish civilians were killed in the fighting on the Eastern Front; 870,000 men served in the German, Austrian and Russian armies.[16] Another estimate made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century, put total Polish war dead at 640,000, including military losses of 270,000 Poles conscripted, civilian losses of 120,000 due to military operations and 250,000 caused by famine and disease.[98] The ethnic Polish Blue Army served with the French Army. The ethnic Polish Legions fought as part of the Austro-Hungarian Army on the Eastern Front.

The territory of Transylvania was part of Austria-Hungary during World War I. The following estimates of Romanian deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead: 748,000, including military losses of 220,000 with the Romanian forces, 150,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 48,000. Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease: 200,000, killed in military operations 120,000 and 10,000 dead in Austrian prisons. [52]

Britain recruited Indian, Chinese, native South African, Egyptian and other overseas labour to provide logistical support in the combat theatres.[99] Included with British casualties in East Africa are the deaths of 44,911 recruited labourers.[100] The CWGC reports that nearly 2,000 workers from the Chinese Labour Corps are buried with British war dead in France.[101]

The following estimates of British Empire colonial military deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.[102]

 Ghana (1914 known as the Gold Coast): 16,200
 Kenya (1914 known as British East Africa): 32,000
 Malawi (1914 known as Nyasaland): 3,000
 Nigeria (1914 part of British West Africa): 85,000
 Sierra Leone (1914 part of British West Africa): 1,000
 Uganda (1914 known as the Uganda Protectorate): 1,500
 Zambia (1914 known as Northern Rhodesia): 2,000
 Zimbabwe (1914 known as Southern Rhodesia): 5,716 persons of European origin served in the war, of whom about 700 were killed, or died of wounds or other causes. In explicitly Rhodesian units, 127 were killed, 24 died of wounds, 101 died of disease or other causes and 294 were wounded. Of the territory's black African servicemen, 31 were killed in action, 142 died of other causes and 116 were wounded.[103]

The following estimates are for Yugoslavia within the 1991 borders.

Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Vojvodina (Now part of Serbia) were part of Austria-Hungary during World War I. Serbia, which included Macedonia, and Montenegro were independent nations. The Yugoslav historian Vladimir Dedijer put the total losses of the Yugoslav lands at 1.9 million, of which 43% were from Serbia.[104] The following estimates of Yugoslav deaths, within 1991 borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead: 996,000 including military losses, 260,000 with the Serbian forces, 80,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces, 13,000 with Montenegrin forces and POW deaths in captivity of 93,000. Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease: 400,000, killed in military operations: 120,000 and 30,000 dead in Austrian prisons or executed.[105]

During WW1, the Nepalese army was expanded and six new regiments, totaling more than 20,000 troops—all volunteers—were sent to India, most of them to the North-West Frontier Province, to release British and Indian troops for service overseas. Simultaneously, the Nepalese government agreed to maintain recruitment at a level that would sustain the existing British Gurkha units and allow the establishment of additional ones. The battalions were increased to thirty-three with the addition of 55,000 new recruits and Gurkha units were placed at the disposal of the British high command for service on all fronts. Many volunteers were assigned to non-combat units, such as the Army Bearer Corps and the labour battalions but they also were in combat in France, Turkey, Palestine and Mesopotamia. The Rana prime ministers urged Nepalese males to fight in the war. Of the more than 200,000 Nepalese who served in the British army, there were some 20,000 Gurkha casualties included above with the British Indian Army.[106]

Footnotes

Deaths by alliance and military/civilian. Most of the civilian deaths were due to war-related famine
Deaths of the Allied powers
Deaths of the Central powers

^a East Africa

Fallen British and Australian soldiers in a mass grave, dug by German soldiers, 1916 or 1917

^b Australia

^c Belgium

^d Canada

^e France

^f Greece

^g India (British)

^h Italy

^i Japan

German trench destroyed by a mine explosion, 1917

^k Montenegro

^l New Zealand

^m Newfoundland

^n Portugal

Re-educating wounded. Blind French soldiers learning to make baskets, World War I.

^o Romania

^p Russian Empire

^q Serbia

^r South Africa

British pilot killed in action, 1917

^s United Kingdom

The details by theater of war:
France- 510,821 "killed in action, died from wounds and died of other causes"; 1,524,332 wounded and 236,573 missing (including prisoners).[144]
Italy- 2,081 "killed in action, died from wounds and died of other causes"; 4,689 wounded and 344 missing (including prisoners).[144]
Dardanelles- 16,688 "killed in action, died from wounds and died of other causes", 47,128 wounded and 7,525 missing (including prisoners).[144]
Salonika- 9,668 "killed in action, died from wounds and died of other causes", 16,637 wounded and 2,778 missing (including prisoners).[144]
Mesopotamia- 15,230 "killed in action, died from wounds and died of other causes"; 19,449 wounded and 3,581 missing (including prisoners).[144]
Egypt- 14,763 "killed in action, died from wounds and died of other causes"; 29,434 wounded and 2,951 missing (including prisoners).[144]
East Africa- 1,269 "killed in action, died from wounds and died of other causes"; 534 wounded and 62 missing (including prisoners).[144]
Afghanistan- 120 "killed in action, died from wounds and died of other causes"; 152 wounded and 2 missing (including prisoners).[144]
Russia- 359 "killed in action, died from wounds and died of other causes"; 453 wounded and 143 missing (including prisoners).[144]
Other Theaters- 508 "killed in action, died from wounds and died of other causes"; 461 wounded and 217 missing (including prisoners).[144]

^t United States

Fallen German soldier in France, 1917

^u Austria-Hungary

^v Bulgaria

German dead scattered in the wreck of a machine gun post near Guillemont, 1916

^w German Empire

The remains of Armenians massacred at Erzinjan.[169]

^x Ottoman Empire

^y Denmark

^j Luxembourg

^z Norway

^az Sweden

Sources

Graves of French soldiers who died on the Ypres Salient, Ypres Necropole National, Ypres, Belgium.
The India Gate in Delhi commemorates the Indian soldiers who died during World War I.

The source of population data is:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Matthew White, Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Primary Megadeaths of the Twentieth Century
  2. ↑ Military Casualties-World War-Estimated," Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924
  3. ↑ The War Office, Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920
  4. ↑ "Military Casualties of World War One". Retrieved 2015-05-02.
  5. ↑ "World War One Casualty and death tables". Retrieved 2015-05-02.
  6. ↑ The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia Spencer C. Tucker Garland Publishing, New York 1999 978-0-8153-3351-7
  7. ↑ John Ellis, The World War I Databook, Aurum Press, 2001, ISBN 1854107666 pp. 269–70
  8. 1 2 World War I: People, Politics, and Power, published by Britannica Educational Publishing (2010) Page 219
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013-2014, page 48. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials.
  10. ↑ "World Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery, Poperinge, Ypres Salient Battlefields, Belgium(The Chinese Labour Corps was used to clear battlefields, dig graves, trenches and carry out other such tasks which were often difficult and dangerous.)". Retrieved 2015-05-02.
  11. 1 2 "MOMBASA AFRICAN MEMORIAL (The non-combatant porters, stevedores and followers of the Military Labour Corps 600,000. Almost 50,000 of these men were lost, killed in action died of sickness or wounds)". Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  12. 1 2 3 The Long, Long Trail is a personal website written by Chris Baker (2015-04-26). "The Labour Corps of 1917-1918". Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  13. 1 2 "THE CHINESE LABOUR CORPS AT THE WESTERN FRONT (In all, nearly 2,000 men from the Chinese Labour Corps died during the First World War, some as a direct result of enemy action, or of wounds received in the course of their duties but many more in the influenza epidemic that swept Europe in 1918–19" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  14. ↑ "familysearch.org">"Soldiers died in the great war, 1914–1919,London : Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1920–1921, 80 pts. in 17 v (pt. 80. Labour corps, Royal army ordnance corps, veterinary corps and pay corps, Channel Isles militia, corps of army schoolmasters, military mounted police, military foot police)". Retrieved 2014-11-21.
  15. ↑ "International Encyclopedia of the First World War, Antoine Prost, War Losses". Retrieved 2015-05-02.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Clodfelter, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 2nd Ed.. ISBN 978-0-7864-1204-4. Page 479
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Cox, Michael; Ellis, John (2001). The World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for all the Combatants. London: Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-766-6.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office (1922), P.237
  19. ↑ Statistics Canada Archive
  20. 1 2 Halifax Explosion Remembrance Book
  21. ↑ Canadian War Museum, The Halifax Explosion
  22. 1 2 Auckland War Memorial Museum
  23. 1 2 Sharpe, Christopher A. "The 'Race of Honour': An Analysis of Enlistments and Casualties in the Armed Forces of Newfoundland: 1914–18," Newfoundland Studies 4.1 (Spring 1988): 27–55.
  24. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, P.339
  25. 1 2 "Soldiers died in the great war, 1914–1919, Naval and Military Press 1998accessdate=2014-11-21".
  26. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, P.339
  27. ↑ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013-2014, page 48. Figures for the U.K. include 50,000 civilian porters in East Africa and the casualties of overseas labor units serving with the British in Europe and the Mid-East.
  28. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, P.674–676 (1,260 civilians killed in air and attacks
  29. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, P.339(14,661 killed in Merchant Navy
  30. 1 2 Gilbert, Martin (1994). Atlas of World War I. Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-521077-4 (908 civilians killed in naval attacks)
  31. 1 2 Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. Pages 47–61
  32. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, P.339
  33. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, P.339
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, pp. 352–357
  35. 1 2 3 4 Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919. Bruxelles. 1922 p.100
  36. ↑ Per Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919 figure of 58,637 includes 2,620 colonial troops and 15,650 porters in Africa
  37. 1 2 3 Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7.P 59–62
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Military Casualties-World War-Estimated," Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924; cited in World War I: People, Politics, and Power, published by Britannica Educational Publishing (2010) Page 219
  39. ↑ Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris Page 420. The figure includes killed, missing in action and died of wounds excluding died of disease
  40. 1 2 Official History of the Australian Army Medical Services, 1914–1918 Volume III – Special Problems and Services (1st edition, 1943) p. 870
  41. ↑ Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris Page 414
  42. 1 2 Ellis, John (1993). World War I–Databook. Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-85410-766-4, Page 269
  43. 1 2 3 Randal Grey. Chronicle of World War I, Vol2 Facts on File 1991 ISBN 0-8160-2139-2 Page 292
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, P.353
  45. 1 2 Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow page 209
  46. 1 2 Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7.Pages 80–81
  47. 1 2 Mortara, G (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. New Haven: Yale University Press.P 28–29
  48. ↑ Mortara, G (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. New Haven: Yale University Press.P 56–57
  49. 1 2 Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7.Pages 52–59
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 International Labour Office,Enquête sur la production. Rapport général. Paris [etc.] Berger-Levrault, 1923–25. Tom 4 , II Les tués et les disparus p.29 oclc6445561
  51. 1 2 Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7.Pages 61–64
  52. 1 2 3 Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Page 51 ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1.
  53. 1 2 3 Кривошеев Г.Ф. Россия и СССР в войнах XX века. М., 2001 – Потери русской армии, табл. 52, Krivosheeva, G.F. (2001). Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : poteri vooruzhennykh sil : statisticheskoe issledovanie / pod obshchei redaktsiei. Moscow: OLMA-Press See Tables 52 & 56]
  54. 1 2 Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Page 18 ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1.
  55. 1 2 3 4 Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. Pages 65–76
  56. 1 2 Frédéric Le Moal, La Serbie du martyre à la Victoire 1914–1918, 2008, éditions 14–18 (2013) (ISBN 9782916385181), page 231
  57. ↑ U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, va.gov
  58. 1 2 3 Congressional Research Service, American War and Military Operations Casualties:Lists and Statistics
  59. 1 2 United States Coast Guard Coast Guard History
  60. 1 2 American Merchant Marine at War, www.usmm.org
  61. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, P.357
  62. 1 2 Österreichischen Bundesministerium für Herrswesen (1938). Österreich-Ungarns letzer Kreig, 1914–1918 Vol. 7. Vienna.VII, Beilage 37
  63. ↑ John Ellis, The World War I Databook, Aurum Press, 2001 ISBN 1854107666 P.269
  64. 1 2 3 Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1. p. 49
  65. 1 2 Grebler, Leo (1940). The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Yale University Press. Page 147
  66. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, P.357
  67. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, P.354
  68. 1 2 Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow Page 268
  69. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, P.354
  70. ↑ Heeres-Sanitaetsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums (1934) (in German). Sanitaetsbericht über das deutsche Heer, (deutsches Feld- und Besatzungsheer), im Weltkriege 1914–1918. Volume 3, Sec 1. Berlin. Pages 12–14 The figure is for total losses from all causes, German official statistics do not break out combat and non-combat losses.
  71. ↑ Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow page 85, The demographer Boris Urlanis put total German war dead at 2,037,000, he estimated that the figure included 1,796,000 men killed, dead from wounds and gas poisoning.
  72. 1 2 Heeres-Sanitaetsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums (1934) (in German). Sanitaetsbericht über das deutsche Heer, (deutsches Feld- und Besatzungsheer), im Weltkriege 1914–1918. Volume 3, Sec 1. Berlin. Pages 12–14
  73. ↑ John Ellis, The World War I Databook, Aurum Press, 2001 ISBN 1854107666 P.269
  74. 1 2 The War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press. p. 678. ISBN 978-1-84734-681-0.
  75. 1 2 Grebler, Leo (1940). The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Yale University Press. 1940 Page78
  76. 1 2 Vincent, C. Paul (1985). The Politics of Hunger: The Allied Blockade of Germany, 1915–1919. Athens (Ohio) and London: Ohio University Press.
  77. 1 2 "The National Archives: The Blockade of Germany
  78. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, P.355
  79. ↑ Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Edward J. Erickson Page 211.
  80. 1 2 Erickson, Edward J., Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood 2001. ISBN 978-0-313-31516-9 Page 211
  81. 1 2 Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. ISBN 978-0-313-34642-2.
  82. ↑ Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1. Pages 61,65,73,77 and 78 (In current borders Turkey 500,000; Syria 160,000; Lebanon 110,000; Iraq 150,000; Israel/Palestine 35,000 and Jordan 20,000)
  83. 1 2 Byarkivet i Horsens
  84. ↑ Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1.
  85. ↑ Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Page 36 ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1.
  86. ↑ Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Page 88 ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1.
  87. ↑ Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Page 54 ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1.
  88. ↑ Estonian War Museum – General Laidoner Museum
  89. ↑ Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Pages 59 and 83–99 ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1.
  90. ↑ Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Pages 83–99 ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1.
  91. ↑ Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Pages 41 ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1
  92. ↑ Fergus Campbell, Land and Revolution, Nationalist Politics in the West of Ireland 1891–1921, p196
  93. 1 2 David Fitzpatrick, Militarism in Ireland, 1900–1922, in Tom Bartlet, Keith Jeffreys ed's, p392
  94. ↑ Dúchas The Heritage Service, Visitors Guide to the Gardens
  95. ↑ http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/irish-soldiers-in-the-first-world-war-who-where-and-how-many-1.1884022
  96. ↑ Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Pages 59 and 83–99 ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1.
  97. ↑ Andrzej Gawryszewski (2005). Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku. Warsaw. pp. 411–412
  98. ↑ Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Pages 49 ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1.
  99. ↑ Chris Baker www.1914–1918.net The Labour Corps of 1917–1918
  100. 1 2 Mitchell, T.J. (1931). Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War. London: Reprinted by Battery Press (1997). p.12 ISBN 978-0-89839-263-0
  101. ↑ Commonwealth War Graves Commission, THE CHINESE LABOUR CORPS AT THE WESTERN FRONT
  102. ↑ Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Pages and 83–99 ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1.
  103. ↑ McLaughlin, Peter (1980). Ragtime Soldiers: the Rhodesian Experience in the First World War. Bulawayo: Books of Zimbabwe. p. 140. ISBN 0-86920-232-4.
  104. ↑ Vladimir Dedijer, History of Yugoslavia McGraw-Hill Inc.,US, 1975 ISBN 0-07-016235-2 p. 501
  105. ↑ Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 55 ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1.
  106. ↑ US Library of Congress A Country Study: Nepal
  107. ↑ Strachan, Hew (1999). World War I: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820614-9 p. 100
  108. ↑ Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Page 88 ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1.
  109. ↑ Deaths as a result of service with Australian units
  110. ↑ Roll of Honour
  111. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow Page 85
  112. ↑ Horne, John and Kramer, Alan, German Atrocities, 1914 ISBN 978-0-300-08975-2
  113. ↑ Canadian War Museum ,The Cost of Canada's War
  114. ↑ Canadian Virtual War Memorial
  115. 1 2 Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris.
  116. ↑ Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris. Page 414
  117. ↑ Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris. p. 420
  118. ↑ Mémoire des Hommes
  119. ↑ Quid 2007 Robert Laffont, 2006 ISBN 2221106776 p. 1083
  120. 1 2 Travel Luxembourg (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg)
  121. ↑ Porch, Douglas (1991). The French Foreign Legion: A Complete History of the Legendary Fighting Force.Publisher and page to be added.
  122. ↑ Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 30–47
  123. ↑ Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford. p. 157
  124. ↑ Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris pp. 312–313
  125. ↑ Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow page 160
  126. 1 2 Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow p. 85
  127. ↑ Bujac, Jean, Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique, 1918–1922, Paris, 1930 p. 339
  128. ↑ Demographic Research Vol 13, No. 15
  129. ↑ Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford. p. 165
  130. ↑ Mortara, G (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 57–66
  131. ↑ Yasakuni Shrine
  132. ↑ Auckland War Memorial Museum Cenotaph Database
  133. ↑ Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 76–80
  134. ↑ Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1. p. 51
  135. ↑ Россия в мировой войне 1914—1918 гг. (в цифрах)., 1925, Russia and the World War 1914–1918 (in figures)
  136. ↑ Россия в мировой войне 1914—1918 гг. (в цифрах)., 1925, Russia and the World War 1914–1918 (in figures) pp. 20, 30 and 31
  137. ↑ Головин Н.Н. «Военные усилия России в мировой войне» в 2-х томах. Париж, 1939
  138. ↑ Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow pp. 266–268
  139. ↑ Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1. p. 18
  140. 1 2 Frédéric Le Moal, La Serbie du martyre à la Victoire 1914–1918, 2008, éditions 14–18 (2013) (ISBN 9782916385181), p. 231.
  141. ↑ "Kusturica reveals monument to Gavrilo Princip". Retrieved 2014-07-31.
  142. ↑ Serbian Ministry of Defense website
  143. ↑ Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow Pages 66,79,83, 85,160,171 and 268.
  144. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 The Army Council. General Annual Report of the British Army 1912–1919. Parliamentary Paper 1921, XX, Cmd.1193.,PartIV p. 62–72
  145. ↑ Douglas Jerrold, Royal Naval Division (1923) p. 338 The figures for the Royal Naval Division were 7,547 killed and 2,584 died of wounds
  146. 1 2 Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford. p. 139 "From Dr. T.H.C. Stevenson of the General Register Office, London, I received privately the following figures. There were also about 19,000 deaths among troops not connected with any of the expeditionary forces"
  147. ↑ "Tower Hill Memorial". Retrieved 2014-10-19.
  148. ↑ "Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Find War Dead". Retrieved 2014-11-24.
  149. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, p. 237
  150. 1 2 Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, p. 339
  151. ↑ H.A. Jones, War In The Air. (Appendices). Being The Story Of The Part Played In The Great War By The Royal Air Force p. 160 (this is the official history of the RFC and the RAF from 1914–1918
  152. ↑ History of the RAF, Bowyer, 1977 (Hamlyn)
  153. ↑ Douglas Jerrold, Royal Naval Division (1923) p. 338
  154. ↑ "Soldiers died in the great war, 1914–1919, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1920–1921, 80 pts. in 17 v. accessdate=2014-11-21".
  155. ↑ Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford. p. 151
  156. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, pp. 674–676
  157. ↑ The Economist (2010-04-26). "The Economist: "Strange meeting", 26 April 2010". Economist.com. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  158. ↑ WW1 Photos Centenary Website: 2014–2018 By Paul Reed (2010-04-26). "Chinese Labour Corps 1919". Paul Reed. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  159. ↑ Voice of America (VOA) (2010-04-26). "chinas-world-war-one-effort-draws-new-attention". (VOA). Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  160. ↑ Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 2nd Ed. Clodfelter, Michael 2002 ISBN 978-0-7864-1204-4 pp. 384–85
  161. ↑ Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 2nd Ed. Clodfelter, Michael 2002 ISBN 978-0-7864-1204-4 p. 481
  162. ↑ Casualties-World War-Estimated," Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924
  163. 1 2 John Ellis, The World War I Databook, Aurum Press, 2001 ISBN 1854107666 p. 269
  164. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, p. 357
  165. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, p. 354
  166. 1 2 Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, p. 355
  167. ↑ Germany. Gesundheits-Amt. Schaedigung der deutschen Volkskraft durch die feindliche Blockade. Denkschrift des Reichsgesundheitsamtes, Dezember 1918. (Parallel English translation) Injuries inflicted to the German national strength through the enemy blockade. Memorial of the German Board of Public Health, 27 December 1918 [Berlin, Reichsdruckerei,] The report notes on page 17 that the figures for the second half of 1918 were estimates based on the first half of 1918.
  168. ↑ Bumm, Franz, ed., Deutschlands Gesundheitsverhältnisse unter dem Einfluss des Weltkrieges, Stuttgart, Berlin [etc.] Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt; New Haven, Yale University Press, 1928 pp. 22–61
  169. ↑ "Twenty-Seven", Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, BYU, 1918.
  170. ↑ Erickson, Edward J. 2001. p. 211
  171. ↑ Mehmet Beşikçi Ottoman mobilization of manpower in the First World War: Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. ISBN 900422520X pp. 113–114
  172. ↑ Ellis, John (1993). World War I–Databook. Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-85410-766-4. p. 270
  173. ↑ Warfare and Armed Conflicts–A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 2nd Ed Clodfelter, Michael 2002 ISBN 978-0-7864-1204-4 p. 483
  174. ↑ Tucker, Spencer C (1999). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8153-3351-7.
  175. ↑ International Association of Genocide Scholars Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire
  176. ↑ Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.
  177. ↑ Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820.
  178. ↑ David Fromkin , A Peace to End All Peace, Avon, 1990 ISBN 0-380-71300-4 p. 213
  179. ↑ Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1. pp. 61, 65, 73, 77 and 78
  180. ↑ Boris Urlanis, Population and Wars. Moscow 1971 p.268
  181. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office p. 237
  182. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, p.. 339
  183. ↑ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, p. 352
  184. 1 2 The Army Council. General Annual Report of the British Army 1912–1919. Parliamentary Paper 1921, XX, Cmd.1193., Part IV pp. 62–72
  185. 1 2 The War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press. p.239 ISBN 978-1-84734-681-0.
  186. ↑ The War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press. p.339 ISBN 978-1-84734-681-0.
  187. ↑ The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia Spencer C. Tucker Garland Publishing, New York 1999 978-0-8153-3351-7
  188. ↑ John Ellis, The World War I Databook, Aurum Press, 2001 ISBN 1854107666 pp. 269–70
  189. ↑ Soldiers died in the great war, 1914–1919, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1920–1921
  190. ↑ "Medical services; casualties and medical statistics of the great war, by Major T. J. Mitchell and Miss G. M. Smith p. 12". Retrieved 2014-11-20.
  191. ↑ Mitchell, T. J. (1931). Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War. London: Reprinted by Battery Press (1997) ISBN 978-0-89839-263-0 p. 12
  192. ↑ Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War p. 12 lists a total of 352,458 missing and prisoners of war; included in this total were 191,412 prisoners of whom 16,332 died in captivity.
  193. ↑ Mortara, G (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  194. ↑ Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow Page 85
  195. ↑ Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919. Bruxelles. 1922 p.100
  196. ↑ Grebler, Leo (1940). The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Yale University Press.
  197. ↑ Erickson, Edward J., Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood 2001. ISBN 978-0-313-31516-9
  198. ↑ The article is available from Metron, the publisher
  199. ↑ Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford.
  200. ↑ International Labour Office,Enquête sur la production. Rapport général. Paris [etc.] Berger-Levrault, 1923–25. Tome 4 p. 29
  201. ↑ Haythornthwaite, Philip J., The World War One Source Book Arms and Armour, London, 1993, ISBN 978-1-85409-102-4.

Further reading

  • Bane, S. L.; Lutz, R. H. (1942). The Blockade of Germany after the Armistice 1918–1919. Stanford, CN: Stanford University Press. OCLC 876320449. 
  • Clodfelter, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts–A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 (2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: Mcfarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1204-4. 
  • "Debt of Honour Register". Maidenhead: Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 4 May 2015. 
  • Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 9380953. 
  • Ellis, John (1993). World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants. London: Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-85410-766-4. 
  • Erickson, Edward J. (2001). Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-31516-9. 
  • Gelvin, James L. (2005). The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85289-0. 
  • General Annual Report of the British Army 1912–1919. Parliamentary Paper 1921. no ISBN. London: The Army Council, War Office. 
  • Gilbert, Martin (1994). Atlas of World War I. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-521077-4. 
  • Grebler, Leo (1940). The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. OCLC 890037. 
  • Grey, Randal (1991). Chronicle of the First World War: 1917–1921 II. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-2595-4. 
  • Harries, Merion (1991). Soldiers of the Sun–The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-75303-2. 
  • Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1992). The World War One Sourcebook. London: Arms and Armour. ISBN 978-1-85409-102-4. 
  • Horne, John; Kramer, Alan (2001). German atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08975-2. 
  • Mayhew, Emily (2013). Wounded: A New History of the Western Front in World War I. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19932-245-7. 
  • Mitchell, T. J. (1997) [1931]. Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War (Battery Press repr. ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-89839-263-0. 
  • Österreich-Ungarns letzer Kreig, 1914–1918: Herausgegeben vom österreichischen Bundesministerium für Heereswesen und vom Kriegsarchiv [Austria-Hungary's Last War, 1914–1918] (PDF) VII. trans. Stan Hanna (online ed.). Vienna: Österreichischen Bundesministerium für Herrswesen [Published by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Military Affairs and the War Archive]. 1938. OCLC 557493618. Retrieved 3 May 2015. 
  • Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920 (PDF) (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: HMSO. 1922. ISBN 978-1-84734-681-0. Retrieved 3 May 2015. 
  • Strachan, Hew (1999). World War I: A History. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820614-9. 
  • Tucker, Spencer C. (1999). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopaedia. New York: Garland. ISBN 978-0-8153-3351-7. 
  • Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow: Progress. OCLC 579400. 
  • Yalman, Ahmed Emin (1930). Turkey in the World War. Economic and Social History of the World War, Turkish Series. New Haven: Yale University Press. OCLC 397515. 

Other languages

  • Bujac, Jean (1930). Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique, 1918–1922 [The Campaigns of the Greek Army, from 1918–1922]. Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. OCLC 10808602. 
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik [The Loss of Population in the Twentieth Century: Handbook] (in Russian). Moscow: OLMA-Press. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1. 
  • Gawryszewski, Andrzej (2005). Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku [Polish Population in the Twentieth Century]. Monografie / Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN 5. Warsaw: Warszawa: Instytut Geografii. ISBN 8-38795-466-7. 
  • Hersch, L. (1927). La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale [Mortality Caused by the World War]. The International Review of Statistics VII (Metron). OCLC 744635608. 
  • Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre [The Population of France During the War] (in French). Paris: Les Presses Universitaires de France. OCLC 64110984. 
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (2001). Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : poteri vooruzhennykh sil : statisticheskoe issledovanie / pod obshchei redaktsiei [Russia and the Soviet Union in the Wars of the Twentieth Century: The Loss of the Armed Forces: A Statistical Study] (in Russian). Moscow: OLMA-Press. ISBN 5-22401-515-4. Retrieved 3 May 2015. 
  • l'Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919 [Statistical Yearbook of Belgium and the Belgian Congo 1915–1919] (in French) XLVI. Bruxelles: A. Lesigne. 1922. OCLC 460112561. 
  • Mortara, G. (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra [Public Health in Italy During and After the War] (in Italian). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. OCLC 2099099. 
  • Sanitätsbericht über das deutsche Heer, (deutsches Feld- und Besatzungsheer), im Weltkriege 1914–1918 (Heeres-Sanitätsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums) [Medical Report on the German Army (German Field and Garrison Army) in the World War 1914–1918 (Army Medical Inspectorate in the Reich Ministry of War)] (in German) III. Sec 1. Berlin: Mittler. 1934. OCLC 493867080. 

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