Caviidae

Caviidae Temporal range: Middle Miocene–Holocene PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Mara, genus Dolichotis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Suborder:	Hystricomorpha
Infraorder:	Hystricognathi
Parvorder:	Caviomorpha
Family:	Caviidae Fischer von Waldheim, 1817
Subfamilies
Caviinae  Dolichotinae  Hydrochoerinae

The cavy family (Caviidae) is a family of rodents native to South America, including the domestic guinea pig, wild cavies, and the capybara, among other animals. They are found across the continent, in open areas from moist savanna to thorn forests or scrub desert. This rodent family has fewer members than most other rodent families, with 18 species in six genera.

Characteristics

Guinea pig and capybara skull

With the exception of the maras, which have a more rabbit-like appearance, caviids have short, heavy bodies and large heads. Most have no visible tails. They range in size from the smaller cavies at 22 cm in body length, and 300 grams in weight, up to the capybara, the largest of all rodents at 106 to 134 cm in length, and body weights of 35 to 66 kilograms. Even larger forms existed in the Pliocene, such as Phugatherium, which was about the size of a tapir.^[1]

They are herbivores, eating tough grasses or softer leaves, depending on species. The dental formula is similar to that of various other rodents: 1.0.1.31.0.1.3. Females give birth to two or three furred and active young after a gestation period of 50 to 90 days in most species, or 150 days in the capybara. In most species, they are sexually mature within a few months of birth, although in capybaras, maturity is not reached until around 18 months.^[2]

Social organisation varies widely among the group. Many cavies are promiscuous, forming no long-lasting social groups, although, in some species, males maintain harems of two or more females. In contrast, maras are monogamous, and form temporary colonial creches to care for the young of multiple mothers. Capybaras live in groups of around 10 individuals, and sometimes many more, each with a single dominant male, and a number of females, subordinate males, and juveniles.^[2]

Classification

The family Caviidae is a sister group to the family Dasyproctidae, both of which are members of the superfamily Cavioidea.^[3] Fossils caviids first appeared during the middle of the Miocene epoch in South America.^[4]

Family Caviidae

• Subfamily Caviinae: guinea pigs (cavies)
  • Genus Cavia, this genus is especially called 'cavy'.
  • Genus Galea
  • Genus Microcavia: mountain cavies
• Subfamily Dolichotinae
  • Genus Dolichotis: Patagonian hares, or maras
• Subfamily Hydrochoerinae
  • Genus Hydrochoerus: capybara
  • Genus Kerodon: rock cavy

References

1. Savage, RJG, & Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File. pp. 125–126. ISBN 0-8160-1194-X.
2. Herrera, E., Lacher, T.E., Macdonald, D., & Taber, A.B. (1984). Macdonald, D., ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 690–699. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
3. Veniaminova, N. A. (February 28, 2006). "Phylogeny of the order Rodentia inferred from structural analysis of short retroposon B1" (PDF). General Genetics. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
4. "Cavies and Maras (Caviidae) - Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2015-11-30.

• Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Infraorder Hystricognathi". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1552–1556. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.