Hindi languages

Not to be confused with Modern Standard Hindi.
Hindi
(Central Zone)
Madhya
Geographic
distribution:
South Asia
Linguistic classification:

Indo-European

Subdivisions:
  • Western Hindi
  • Eastern Hindi
Glottolog: None
west2812  (Western Hindi)[1]
east2726  (Eastern Hindi)[2]
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The Hindi languages, also known as the Madhya languages and the Central Zone of the Indo-Aryan languages, is a dialect continuum in the Hindi zone spoken across northern India that descend from the Madhya Prakrits, and includes the official languages of India and Pakistan, Standard Hindi and Urdu. The coherence of this group depends on the classification being used; here only Eastern and Western Hindi will be considered.

Languages

If there can be considered a consensus within the dialectology of Hindi proper, it is that it can be split into two sets of dialects: Western and Eastern Hindi.[3] Western Hindi evolved from the Apabhramsa form of Shauraseni Prakrit, Eastern Hindi from Ardhamagadhi.[4]

Western Hindi languages. Clockwise from the top: Hindustani, Kannauji, Bundeli, Braj, Haryanvi.
The Eastern Hindi languages are not shown individually. They are Awadhi in the north, east of Hindustani and Kannauji; Bagheli in the center, to the east of Bundeli, and Chhattisgarhi to the southeast of Bundeli.
  1. Western Hindi[5]
  2. Eastern Hindi

Romani, Domari, Lomavren, and Seb Seliyer (or at least their ancestors) appear to be Central Zone languages that migrated to the Middle East and Europe ca. 500–1000 CE in three distinct waves. Parya is a Central Zone language of Central Asia.

To Western Hindi Ethnologue 16 adds Sansi, Chamari, Bhaya (= Malvi?), Gowli (= Gowlan?), and Ghera[6] (a Pakistani enclave of an unidentified Indian language). Sansi is particularly close to Hindustani, but it's not clear the others are actually Central Zone.

This analysis excludes varieties sometimes claimed for Hindi for cultural reasons, such as Bihari, Rajasthani, and Pahari.[7]

Use in culturally non-Hindi regions in the subcontinent

Comparison

The standard educated Delhi Hindustani pronunciations [ɛː, ɔː] commonly have diphthongal realizations, ranging from [əɪ] to [ɑɪ] and from [əu] to [ɑu], respectively, in Eastern Hindi varieties and many non-standard Western varieties.[8] There are also vowel clusters /əiː/ and /əuː/.

References

  1. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Western Hindi". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  2. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Eastern Hindi". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  3. (Shapiro 2003, p. 251)
  4. (Shapiro 2003, p. 277)
  5. Grierson G.A. Western Hindi. In Linguistic Survey of India.
  6. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Ghera". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  7. (Shapiro 2003, pp. 251–252)
  8. Shapiro, Michael C. (2003), "Hindi", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, p. 258, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5

Bibliography

External links

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