Changa Manga

Changa Manga
Urdu: چھانگا مانگا‎

Road leading into Changa Manga
Geography
Location Kasur District and Lahore District, Punjab, Pakistan, Pakistan
Coordinates 31°05′N 73°58′E / 31.083°N 73.967°E / 31.083; 73.967Coordinates: 31°05′N 73°58′E / 31.083°N 73.967°E / 31.083; 73.967
Area 12,423 acres (5,027 ha)
Established 1866
Governing body Punjab Forest Department,
Government of Punjab, Pakistan
Ecology
WWF Classification Indomalaya ecozone
Indicator plants Dalbergia sissoo (Sheesham), Acacia nilotica (Kikar), Morus alba (White mulberry), Bombax ceiba (Simal).
Fauna 14 mammalian species (including hog deer, jackal, mouflon, nilgai and wild boar), 50 birds (including Indian peafowl, Gyps bengalensis and other Asiatic vultures), six reptiles, two amphibians and 27 insect species.

The Changa Manga is a planted forest which includes a wildlife preserve, in the Kasur and Lahore districts of Punjab, Pakistan. It is located approximately 80 kilometers south-west of Lahore. It was once the largest man-made forest in the world but has undergone uncontrollable deforestation at a massive scale in recent times.[1][2]

Changa Manga is known more widely as "one of the oldest hand-planted forests in the world",[3] and hosts a wide variety of flora and fauna. The forest is home to 14 species of mammals, 50 species of birds, six species of reptiles, two species of amphibians and 27 species of insects.[4] Thus, other than producing timber for the local industry, the forest also serves as an important wildlife reserve.

Named after two brother dacoits, the Changa Manga forest was originally planted in 1866 by British foresters. Its trees were harvested to gather fuel and resources for the engines employed in the North-Western railway networks.

Onomatology of name

The name of the forest is derived from an amalgamation of the names of two brother dacoits, Changa and Manga. The dacoits were a constant source of terror for the "law-abiding citizens" of the districts in the 19th century as they would "hold up and plunder" any passing trader.[5] The robbers had a den in the "secret heart" of the forest where they sought shelter from the British peacekeepers.[5][6] The robbers were eventually captured by the police and became the inspiration for the name of the forest site.[7] Soon afterwards, Salvation Army opened up a camp at the forest site as a place for reformation of criminals.[5]

Location

The Changa Manga forest can be entered from a road off the N-5 Highway near Bhai Pheru and Chunian. At present, the forest covers an area of 48.6 square kilometres (12,000 acres).[8] It was once the largest man-made forest in the world but massive deforestation has reduced it to less than half its original size.[1] It is also known as "one of the oldest hand-planted forests in the world".[3]

The forest plantation dates back to 1866 and was planned to fill the need for timber and fuel resources for the North-Western railway networks. The most common species of flora are Dalbergia sissoo (Sheesham) and Acacia nilotica (Kikar), both members of the Fabaceae and native to the Indian subcontinent. Morus alba (white mulberry) was also introduced to the plantation and became popular in cultivation throughout South Asia. The forest also has several species of Eucalyptus and Populus.[9]

History

Allocation of land

Throughout the Punjab plains, the dry scrubs and thorn forests were slashed and burnt to make way for irrigated plain in order to cultivate forest plantations.

In 1864, the North-Western Railway found itself starved of resources, vital in running services on its network. It was then that Dr John Lindsay Stewart, the first Conservator of Forests of Punjab, recommended the allocation of a block of land for each railway district where forest plantations should be cultivated to cater for such growing demands.[10] Such a block of land was allocated for the Kasur district at the Chunian tehsil on the Lahore-Karachi railway line. This land was allocated on the assumption that 4850 cubic feet per acre of mature crop on a 15-year rotation would adequately suffice the five trains running daily on these lines, consuming 80 pounds (36 kg) of fuel per train.[10]

This particular area of land was a semi-desert scrub jungle with thorn forest land and a light alluvial soil that only required the introduction of water to yield crops. The land was mostly populated by the Gondhal and Sansi gypsies, whom British called “junglies” (a derogatory term meaning ‘jungle-dwelling barbarians’). The British replaced the population of the Gondhals and Sansis with an influx of cultivators from older cultivated lands and other provinces.[11]

In preparation for cultivation, the land was slashed and burnt to rid the landscape of thorn forest and dry scrub growth. The unruly scrubs of the dry jungles were gradually turned into plains ready for irrigation.

Initial plantation

Within the premises of the allocated land, the German forester Berthold Ribbentrop, Inspector General of Forests in British India, identified a dry forest area where long rooted bar trees could exist.[12] He planned to cultivate the land with the plantation of Morus alba (white mulberry) and Dalbergia sissoo (sheesham).[13] The plantation of the forest began in 1866 but failed to obtain substantial harvest from the initial wooded area of 8,400 acres (3,399 ha).[12]

In 1868, Charles Frederick Amery, an officer in the Indian Forestry Commission, had an idea of employing a trench and ridge system. Ribbentrop adopted the system making the plantation a "sylvicultural and financial success".[14] The plantation reaped its first successful harvest in 1888 from a second crop rotation.[14] The site was soon identified as a sustainable source for timber, primarily serving the North-Western railway network.

Railway and logistics

By 1870, the irrigated plantation had grown to 9,129 acres (3,694 ha) and was served by the primary railway station for the Chunian tehsil on the Lahore-Karachi railway line.[15] To benefit logistics for logging operations, it was decided to build a railway station at Changa Manga. A special 600 millimetres (2.0 ft) gauge railway, called the Changa Manga Forestry Railway, was established for narrow gauge logging operations.

The railway employed the use of wood-burning steam locomotives built by John Fowler & Co., of Leeds. When burning wood from an engine set fire to a van and buggy, the locomotives were upgraded to coal-powered types. Even with such incidents, the demand for wood from Changa Manga remained steady as its supply base grew across the timber market in India.[8]

The railway is still operational today and is only used to either transport timber or haul tourists on special occasions. Amongst the three engines, operational to date, are two from John Fowler & Co. and one from Andrew Barclay Sons & Co. of Kilmarnock, Scotland.[8]

Great Indian Famine of 1876–78

The years 1876–78 saw intense drought sweep across much of India, and in particular the Deccan Plateau. The famine was a result of crop failures throughout the plateau.[16] The failure to provide food to the millions of hungry countrymen during the famine was blamed primarily on the absence of adequate rail infrastructure[17] and thus the British administration sought to expand its rail infrastructure. Though some parts of Punjab were also affected by the famine, firewood from Changa Manga grew in demand to supply the growing network of rail infrastructure.

Salvation Army Silk Camp

The early 1900s saw many Indian traders invest in the silk trade. Most of the silk in India came from silkworms cultivated at Moradabad near Delhi. However, businessmen deemed the Delhi silk as "lacking lustre" and they ventured into silk experiments elsewhere across the country.[18] One such silk experiment was conducted by Commissioner Frederick Booth-Tucker of The Salvation Army at Changa Manga in 1912.[7] It came to be known as the Salvation Army Silk Camp.[19]

Booth-Tucker brought along hundred ounces of silkworm eggs (about 3 million eggs) from France.[5] To house the worms, he created long sheds from bamboo and dried grass. The worms’ feed consisted entirely of mulberry leaves obtained from felled trees in the forest. The worms fed on 70 hundredweights of leaves a day.[7]

In 1916, the Governor of Punjab Sir Michael O'Dwyer visited the silk experiment where the silkworms had started developing cocoons.[20] The governor left pleased with Booth-Tucker’s work.[21] The Salvation Army Silk Camp remained a sustainable venture for a year after the governor’s visit, although changes to the climate later led to its decline.[22]

Wildlife conservation and breeding

Changa Manga has a conservation centre for the Gyps bengalensis (white-rumped vultures) which are a critically endangered species of Asiatic vultures.

The forest serves as a conservation and breeding centre for the critically endangered species of Asiatic vultures, Gyps bengalensis (white-rumped vultures). It hosts a conservation centre in association with WWF SAVE (Saving Asia's Vultures from Extinction) programme, an international effort across India, Nepal and Pakistan.[23] The Asiatic vulture species of G. bengalensis and G. indicus have reportedly seen a decline by "more than 90 per cent in Pakistan, India and Nepal",[24] thereby making the conservation efforts at Changa Manga extremely crucial for the survival of these vulture species.

Gyps Vulture Conservation Centre

There is a Vulture Conservation Centre in a secluded area of the Changa Manga forest. The centre has been specifically designed to manage the population of G. bengalensis.[25] The centre operates the Gyps Vulture Restoration Programme under the management of WWF Pakistan and the Punjab Wildlife and Parks Department,[26] with aid of the Environment Agency Abu Dhabi, Hawk Conservancy Trust[27] and WWF USA. The vulture conservation programme was first realised in 2004 and this dedicated conservation centre became fully operational in 2007.[27]

The centre holds up to fifteen G. benalgensis in its communal aviary, but has a capacity to hold 30 vultures in its four separate breeding aviaries. The communal aviary is 38m long and increases in width from 14m to 27.5m. The aviary contains live tree perches with roosting and nesting ledges, which also provides shade and shelter for birds.[25]

Wildlife reserve

Changa Manga also has a wildlife reserve that covers an area of 40 acres (16 ha), built in 2008. The reserve is home to species of hog deer, Indian peafowl, jackal, mouflon, nilgai and wild boar.[28] The Changa Manga wildlife preserve is one of the three wildlife parks located in the Lahore Division, other two being Jallo Wildlife Park and Lahore Zoo Safari.

Recreation

Parts of the forest have now been developed into a recreation park with a railroad that gives the visitor a 5-kilometre (3.1 mi) ride on a miniature train through the forest. Other attractions include a water turbine, a waterfall, a children’s play area, and a lake called 'Lunar Lake', where boating is possible. Changa Manga Tourist Resort is situated 45 kilometres (28 mi) from Lahore city. The Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab (TDCP) arranges picnic trips to Changa Manga throughout the year.[29]

Deforestation

The world’s largest artificial forest is being heavily logged, and so far more than 60 percent of Changa Manga Wildlife Park has been deforested.[30]

See also

Citations

  1. 1 2 Sameer (6 January 2015). "The Changa Manga". Pakistan Insider. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  2. ↑ Jalil, Xarvi (14 December 2011). "Forest land transfers, deforestation spiral out of control". Pakistan Today. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  3. 1 2 Singh et al. (2008, p. 121)
  4. ↑ Maan & Chaudhry (2001, p. 417)
  5. 1 2 3 4 Barnett (1936, p. 205)
  6. ↑ Indian Forest Ranger College (1946, p. 61)
  7. 1 2 3 Smith (1945, p. 10)
  8. 1 2 3 Mughal, Owais (21 October 2007). "Changa Manga Forest Railway". All Things Pakistan. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  9. ↑ "Introduction to forests of Pakistan". rrcap.unep.org. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
  10. 1 2 Gorrie (1924, p. 246)
  11. ↑ Gorrie (1924, p. 244)
  12. 1 2 Ribbentrop (1898, p. 156)
  13. ↑ D'Arcy (1887)
  14. 1 2 Ribbentrop (1898, p. 157)
  15. ↑ Government of Punjab (1916, p. 152)
  16. ↑ Roy (2006, p. 361)
  17. ↑ Davis (2001, pp. 26–27)
  18. ↑ Lala (2006, p. 57)
  19. ↑ Royal Society of Arts (1916, p. 698)
  20. ↑ Ceylon Agricultural Society (1916, p. 257)
  21. ↑ Smith (1945, p. 11)
  22. ↑ Maxwell-Lefroy (1917, p. 58)
  23. ↑ "International Vulture Programme". The Hawk Conservancy Trust. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  24. ↑ "WWF project preserving endangered vulture species". The Express Tribune. 5 September 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  25. 1 2 Khan, Uzma; Murn, Campbell (2011). "Gyps Vulture Restoration Project – Role of Captive Breeding in Endangered Species Management" (PDF). The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 21 (2 Suppl.): 405–409. ISSN 1018-7081. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  26. ↑ Murn, Campbell; Khan, Uzma; Farid, Faisal (March 2008). "Vulture populations in Pakistan and the Gyps Vulture Restoration Project" (PDF). Vulture News 58: 35–43. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  27. 1 2 "Conservation Overseas Projects: Asian Vulture Crisis". The Hawk Conservancy Trust. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  28. ↑ Ahmed, Shoaib (9 June 2005). "Wildlife Dept setting up 40-acre wildlife park at Changa Manga". Daily Times (Pakistan). Retrieved 26 November 2010.
  29. ↑ "Changa Manga". tdcp.gop.pk. Tourist Development Corporation of Pakistan. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
  30. ↑ Khan, Waqas A. "Mafia deforests 60pc of world’s largest park". nation.com.pk. Daily The Nation. Retrieved 11 November 2011.

References

External links

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