Characidae

Characidae Temporal range: Upper Miocene - Recent[1]
Red phantom tetras (Hyphessobrycon sweglesi)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Superclass:	Osteichthyes
Class:	Actinopterygii
Subclass:	Neopterygii
Infraclass:	Teleostei
Superorder:	Ostariophysi
Order:	Characiformes
Family:	Characidae
Subfamilies[1]
Aphyocharacinae Aphyoditeinae Bryconinae Characinae Cheirodontinae Gymnocharacinae Heterocharacinae Iguanodectinae Rhoadsiinae Salmininae Stethaprioninae Stevardiinae Tetragonopterinae and see text

Characidae, the characids or characins is a family of freshwater subtropical and tropical fish, belonging to the order Characiformes. The name "characins" is the historical one,^[2] but scientists today tend to prefer "characids" to reflect their status as a by and large monophyletic group at family rank. To arrive there, this family has undergone much systematic and taxonomic change. Among those fishes that remain in the Characidae for the time being are the tetras, comprising the very similar genera Hemigrammus and Hyphessobrycon, as well as a few related forms such as the cave and neon tetras. Fish of this family are important as food and also include popular aquarium fish species.^[3]

These fish vary in length, though many are less than 3 cm (1.2 in). The smallest species grows to a maximum length of 13 mm (0.51 in).^[1]

These fish inhabit a wide range and a variety of habitats. They originate in the Americas, ranging from southwestern Texas and Mexico through Central and South America.^[3] Many of these fish come from rivers, but, for example, the blind cave tetra even inhabits caves.

Systematics

This family has undergone a large amount of systematic and taxonomic change. More recent revision has moved many former members of the family into their own related but distinct families - the pencilfishes of the genus Nannostomus are a typical example, having now been moved into the Lebiasinidae, the assorted predatory species belonging to Hoplias and Hoplerythrinus have now been moved into the Erythrinidae, and the sabre-toothed fishes of the genus Hydrolycus have been moved into the Cynodontidae. The former subfamily Alestiinae was promoted to family level (Alestiidae) and the subfamilies Crenuchinae and Characidiinae were moved to the family Crenuchidae.^[3]

The piranhas and relatives (like these disk tetras, Myleus schomburgkii) might be a distinct family.

Other fish families that were formerly classified as members of the Characidae, but which were moved into separate families of their own during recent taxonomic revisions (after 1994) include Acestrorhynchidae, Anostomidae, Chilodontidae, Citharinidae, Ctenoluciidae, Curimatidae, Distichodontidae, Gasteropelecidae, Hemiodontidae, Hepsetidae, Parodontidae, Prochilodontidae, Serrasalmidae, and Triporthidae.^[4]

The larger piranhas were originally classified as belonging to the Characidae, but various revisions place them in their own related family, the Serrasalmidae. This reassignment has yet to enjoy universal acceptance, but is gaining in popularity among taxonomists working with these fishes. Given the current state of flux of the Characidae, a number of other changes will doubtless take place, reassigning once-familiar species to other families. Indeed, the entire phylogeny of the Ostariophysi - fishes possessing a Weberian apparatus - has yet to be settled conclusively. Until that phylogeny is settled, the opportunity for yet more upheavals within the taxonomy of the characoid fishes is considerable.

Subfamilies and genera

The subfamilies currently recognized by most if not all authors, and some of their genera, are:^[1][5][6]

Aphyocharax anisitsi (Aphyocharacinae)

Brycon hilarii (Bryconinae)

Brachychalcinus orbicularis (Stethaprioninae)

Subfamily Aphyocharacinae Aphyocharax Inpaichthys Leptagoniates Paragoniates Phenagoniates Prionobrama Rachoviscus Xenagoniates Subfamily Aphyoditeinae Aphyocharacidium Aphyodite Axelrodia Leptobrycon Microschemobrycon Oxybrycon Parecbasis Tyttobrycon Subfamily Bryconinae Brycon Chilobrycon Henochilus Subfamily Characinae Acanthocharax Acestrocephalus Bryconexodon Charax Cynopotamus Exodon Galeocharax Phenacogaster Priocharax Roeboexodon Roeboides Subfamily Cheirodontinae Acinocheirodon Amazonspinther Aphyocheirodon Cheirodon Cheirodontops Compsura Ctenocheirodon[5] Heterocheirodon Kolpotocheirodon Macropsobrycon Monotocheirodon Nanocheirodon Odontostilbe Prodontocharax Pseudocheirodon Saccoderma Serrapinnus Spintherobolus

Subfamily Gymnocharacinae Coptobrycon Grundulus Gymnocharacinus Nematobrycon Subfamily Heterocharacinae Gnathocharax Heterocharax Hoplocharax Lonchogenys Subfamily Iguanodectinae Iguanodectes Piabucus Subfamily Rhoadsiinae Carlana Nematocharax Parastremma Rhoadsia Subfamily Salmininae Salminus Subfamily Stethaprioninae Brachychalcinus Gymnocorymbus Orthospinus Poptella Stethaprion Stichonodon

Subfamily Stevardiinae

Acrobrycon Argopleura Attonitus Aulixidens Boehlkea Bryconacidnus Bryconamericus Caiapobrycon Carlastyanax Ceratobranchia Chrysobrycon Corynopoma Creagrutus Cyanogaster [7] Diapoma Eretmobrycon Gephyrocharax Glandulocauda Hemibrycon Hypobrycon Hysteronotus Iotabrycon

Knodus Landonia Lepidocharax Lophiobrycon Markiana Microgenys Mimagoniates Othonocheirodus Phallobrycon Phenacobrycon Piabarchus Piabina Planaltina Pseudocorynopoma Pterobrycon Ptychocharax Rhinobrycon Rhinopetitia Scopaeocharax Trochilocharax Tyttocharax Xenurobrycon

Subfamily Tetragonopterinae

• Tetragonopterus

Genera incertae sedis

Costello tetra
(Hemigrammus hyanuary)

Hyphessobrycon pyrrhonotus

Emperor tetra
(Nematobrycon palmeri)

Pygopristis denticulata

A large number of taxa in this family are incertae sedis. The relationships of many fish in this family – in particular species traditionally placed in the Tetragonopterinae, which had become something of a "wastebin taxon" – are poorly known,^[3] a comprehensive phylogenetic study for the entire family is needed.^[1] The genera Hyphessobrycon, Astyanax, Hemigrammus, Moenkhausia, and Bryconamericus include the largest number of currently recognized species among characid fishes that are in need of revision;^[8] Astyanax and Hyphessobrycon in the usual delimitation are among the largest genera in this family.^[3] These genera were originally proposed between 1854 and 1908 and are still more or less defined as by Carl H. Eigenmann in 1917, though diverse species have been added to each genus since that time. The anatomical diversity within each genus, the fact that each of these generic groups at the present time cannot be well-defined, and the high number of species involved are the major reasons for the lack of phylogenetic analyses dealing with the relationships of the species within these generic "groups".^[8]

Astyanacinus Astyanax Atopomesus Bario Bramocharax Brittanichthys Bryconella Bryconops Chalceus Ctenobrycon Dectobrycon Deuterodon Ectrepopterus Erythrocharax [6]

Genycharax Hasemania Hemigrammus Hollandichthys Hyphessobrycon Jupiaba Mixobrycon Moenkhausia Myxiops Oligobrycon Oligosarcus Paracheirodon Parapristella Petitella

Phenagoniates Pristella Probolodus Psellogrammus Pseudochalceus Schultzites Scissor Serrabrycon Stygichthys Thayeria Thrissobrycon Tucanoichthys

References

1. FishBase (2011)
2. Characinae, recently narrowly defined, covers only twelve genera and 79 species closely related to Charax (George M.T. Mattox, Monica Toledo-Piza, "Phylogenetic study of the Characinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)" Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 165.4:809–915, August 2012).
3. Nelson (2006)
4. Oliveira, C., Avelino, G.S., Abe, K.T., Mariguela, T.C., Benine, R.C., Orti, G., Vari, R.P., & Correa e Castro, R.M. (2011): Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11: 275. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-275
5. Malabarba, L.R. & Jerep, F.C. (2012): A New Genus and Species of Cheirodontine Fish from South America (Teleostei: Characidae). Copeia, 2012 (2): 243-250.
6. Netto-Ferreira, A.L., Birindelli, J.L.O., de Sousa, L.M., Mariguela, T.C. & Oliveira, C. (2013): A New Miniature Characid (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae), with Phylogenetic Position Inferred from Morphological and Molecular Data. PLoS ONE, 8 (1): e52098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052098
7. Mattox, G.M.T., Britz, R., Toledo-Piza, M. & Marinho, M.M.F. (2013): Cyanogaster noctivaga, a remarkable new genus and species of miniature fish from the Rio Negro, Amazon basin (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 23 (4): 297-318.
8. de Lucena (2003)

• Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2011). "Characidae" in FishBase. October 2011 version.
• de Lucena, Carlos Alberto Santos (2003): New characid fish, Hyphessobrycon scutulatus, from the rio Teles Pires drainage, upper rio Tapajós system (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 1(2): 93-96. PDF fulltext
• Géry, Jacques (1977): Characoids of the World. ISBN 0-87666-458-3
• Nelson, Joseph S. (2006): Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7