Charles Howard, 20th Earl of Suffolk

Howard, presenting a sporting cup at Scots College, Warwick, ca. 1929
George Cross and its ribbon bar

Charles Henry George Howard, 20th Earl of Suffolk, 13th Earl of Berkshire GC FRS (2 March 1906 – 12 May 1941) was an English bomb disposal expert who was also an earl in the Peerage of England, belonging to the ancient Howard family. He was styled Viscount Andover until 1917. He is most famous for being responsible for rescuing a team of French nuclear scientists and the entire stockpile of heavy water that existed in the world at the time from France to England in the face of the imminent French defeat in 1940.

Early life

He was the son of Henry Howard, 19th Earl of Suffolk, and his American wife, the former Margaret Leiter ("Daisy"), sister of Lady Curzon and daughter of the American businessman Levi Leiter. The 19th Earl was killed in World War I at the Battle of Istabulat, Iraq.

After leaving the Royal Naval College, Osborne, at 15, he attended Radley College, but quit in 1923 to join the windjammer Mount Stewart as an apprentice officer.

After his return from a round the world voyage, he was commissioned in the Scots Guards but was later asked to resign from his post by his superiors because of his "wild ways".

In 1926 he returned to Australia; where he first worked as a Jackaroo and later owned a large farm jointly with Captain McColm, who had been Master of the Mount Stewart.[1]

In 1934, he married Chicago-born ballet dancer[1] Mimi Forde-Pigott, by whom he had three children:

The Earl enrolled at Edinburgh University, graduating three years later with a first-class honours degree in chemistry and pharmacology.

In his early twenties, the Earl was made a Fellow of The Royal Society of Edinburgh. The Nuffield Institute of Medical Research at Oxford University offered him a research post in the area of "explosives and poisons".[1]

World War II rescue of scientists, heavy water

As Liaison Officer for the British Department of Scientific and Industrial Research during World War II, the Earl of Suffolk and his colleague Major A. V. Golding were posted to Paris. They, and their private secretaries, Eileen Beryl Morden and Marguerite Nicolle, left Paris on 10 June 1940.

From there they made their way to Bordeaux, where British Embassy representatives introduced them to the master of the British tramp ship SS Broompark, which was one of many standing by to carry refugees to safety. They embarked thirty-three eminent scientists, with their families. Two more scientists, Lew Kowarski and Hans Halban, arrived with the heavy water.

Then the managing director of the Antwerp Diamond Bank, Paul Timbal, joined, with $10 million worth of gem diamonds. They discovered six hundred tons of machine tools in wagons on the quay, which were also loaded.[2][3]

The Broompark carried them safely to Falmouth, from where a special train took her passengers and cargo to London. The diamonds were placed in the vaults of the Diamond Corporation and most of the heavy water was sent to Windsor Castle, where it was stored alongside the Crown Jewels, until needed.[4]

Howard's approach to his missions earned him the nickname "Mad Jack" or "Wild Jack". Herbert Morrison, Minister of Supply, later described him as "one of the most remarkable young men employed by the Government on dangerous missions.":[5] Morrison told the House of Commons, when in Secret Session, that 'A considerable service has been rendered to the Allied cause by the safe arrival of this shipload.'[6]

Bomb disposal career and death

Following his return from France, the Earl worked for the Ministry of Supply as a Research Officer learning how to defuse bombs of new and unknown types.[7] The Earl served as part of an unexploded bomb detachment in London during the Blitz. The detachment consisted of himself, his secretary Morden, and his chauffeur, Fred Hards. They called themselves "the Holy Trinity" and they became famed for their prowess in detecting and successfully tackling thirty-four unexploded bombs with "urbane and smiling efficiency."[8] Morden stood by his side taking notes, as the Earl worked at defusing the bombs.[9]

He looked on each bomb as a new challenge - examining it from all angles, listening to it, his fingers exploring the metal shell and dictating his conclusions to Eileen Morden and the method he proposed to use in disarming the bomb when the time came for her to take shelter. If anything went wrong, then at least others would not make the same mistake.

An official report underlined the strain of his work: "On many occasions Lord Suffolk cleared everyone away from the danger area and proceeded to operate alone. Deliberately he exposed himself daily to danger." Jack was a fatalist saying that "If my name is on a bomb, that's it."[10] Sadly, the thirty-fifth claimed its forfeit when all three were killed on Erith Marshes in Kent on 12 May 1941.

The bomb, a 250 kg (500 lb) weapon, was at one of the so-called 'bomb cemeteries', on open ground on the marshes. Bombs were transferred here after being temporarily made safe for transport, and then destroyed using controlled explosions.

The bomb had been dropped some six months earlier in the previous autumn and after removal and transfer to the marshes had been at Erith for so long it had been known to the Sappers as 'Old Faithfull'. It contained two separate fuzes, a Type (17) and a Type (50); these two types were in short supply to the Bomb Disposal Sections, intact fuzes being required for instructional purposes, and it was for the purpose of recovering the fuzes that the Earl was dealing with the bomb. The Type (17) was a delayed-action fuze containing a clockwork mechanism, while the Type (50) was an anti-handling device containing a motion sensor. Both fuzes had been temporarily made safe so that the bomb could be transferred from the impact site to an open area; however, the fuzes remained inside the bomb.

In addition, the Germans had also implemented on some bombs a Zus 40 booby trap, that detonated the bomb when an attempt was made at withdrawing the Type (17). The Zus 40 was positioned below the other fuze, and so was not visible until the obvious fuze was partially withdrawn from its pocket.

At lunchtime of 12 May the Earl had telephoned his office to say that the Type (17) was ticking and that he had sent for a Mk II KIM clock-stopper. By 14:45 this was in place along with a stethoscope, and preparations were being made to sterilise the bomb with steam. As two sappers were going to fetch water for the steamer, the bomb exploded. The explosion killed the Earl, Hards, Morden – who died in the ambulance – and eleven other people who had been nearby, including five sappers who had been working alongside the Earl on the bomb. It was later surmised that a Zus 40 may have been triggered as the Earl was removing it.[11]

Accolades, honours and memorials

On 18 July 1941, the London Gazette announced that the King had awarded the Earl of Suffolk a posthumous George Cross "for conspicuous bravery in connection with bomb disposal."[12][13]

Sir Winston Churchill, in the second volume, "Their Finest Hour", of his book The Second World War reminisced:

One bomb disposal squad I remember which may be taken as symbolic of many others. It consisted of three people, the Earl of Suffolk, his lady private secretary and his chauffeur. They called themselves 'The Holy Trinity'. Their prowess and continued existence got around among all who knew and 34 unexploded bombs did they tackle with urbane and smiling efficiency, but the 35th claimed its forfeit. Up went the Earl of Suffolk in his Holy Trinity. But we may be sure that, as for Mr. Valiant-for-Truth, all the trumpets sounded for them on the other side.[14]

A stained glass window designed by Gerald Smith of St. John's Wood was dedicated by Frederick Cockin, the Bishop of Bristol, at a special service on the afternoon of Monday, 15 September 1947, at the church of St. John the Baptist, Charlton. The stained glass in the central panel above the four main lights shows the Earl's George Cross. The two main figures are the saints George and John of Nepomuk. St. George is trampling on the defeated dragon, a symbol of evil. St. John Nepomuk, a fourteenth-century priest from Bohemia is the Patron saint of Silence. His inclusion in the window is possibly a reference to the great concentration needed in all scientific activity, but particularly in bomb disposal, and also (as with St. George), to having suffered martyrdom for his beliefs. At the bottom of the panel is the Suffolk family coat of arms. In the right hand light is a picture of SS Broompark, the vessel in which the Earl made his remarkable escape from Bordeaux in France. The picture shows the moment a German plane appeared above the ship, but flew off without attacking. St. Catherine, above, is the Patron saint of Science and also a martyr. Below is St. Francis of Assisi, Patron saint of Birds and Animals - the Earl loved animals and hated hunting and shooting. At the bottom of the two central lights, two scenes are depicted in fascinating detail. One shows work taking place in a laboratory, the other the dangerous business of bomb disposal. Above the bomb disposal squad is the inscription in memory of the Earl and those who died with him. Finally, above the scene in the laboratory is displayed a poem by John Masefield, Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom, written by him upon hearing the news of Jack Howard's death:

He loved the bright ship with the lifting wing;
He felt the anguish in the hunted thing;
He dared the dangers which beset the guides;
Who lead men to the knowledge nature hides;
Probing and playing with the lightning thus;
He and his faithful friends met death for us;
The beauty of a splendid man abides.[15][16]

In 1973, the BBC based a television drama series on the life of the Earl. Ronald Pickup played the leading role in The Dragon's Opponent. The Earl has a role in Michael Ondaatje's novel, The English Patient.

Memorial to Charles Howard, 20th Earl of Suffolk at St. John the Baptist church, Charlton

References

  1. 1 2 3 The Passing Parade, John Doremus, Evenings with George Illich - Radio 2CH, 20:42AEDT, 6 December 2010.
  2. ↑ La Bataille de L'Eau Lourde at www.physics.ubc.ca
  3. ↑ See paragraph "The Paris Group" under Tube Alloys for further comments regarding the military significance of heavy water and the role performed by the Earl of Suffolk and Major Golding in keeping the heavy water away from the Nazis.
  4. ↑ "The Suffolk Golding Mission, A Considerable Service, Roy V Martin. Kindle books ID 4663700
  5. ↑ "My Elizabethan Brother" page 138
  6. ↑ See The National Archives files: AVIA 22/2288A, AVIA 22/3201 & CUST 106/884
  7. ↑ Civil Defence Association website
  8. ↑ http://www.crisismagazine.com/december2005/short.htm
  9. ↑ BBC - WW2 People's War - The Earl and the Secretary
  10. ↑ "My Elizabethan Brother" page 143-144
  11. ↑ Danger UXB p. 70
  12. ↑ "My Elizabethan Brother" page 144
  13. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35220. p. 4105. 18 July 1941. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
  14. ↑ St. John the Baptist Charlton - A brief guide and some historical notes, by Matthew Butler, April 2006, page 20 (available at the church)
  15. ↑ St. John the Baptist Charlton - A brief guide...pages 20-22
  16. ↑ "Lord Sherborne" By E. K. Vyhmeister, (inscription at bottom of church window), page 187. Retrieved 27 May 2014.

External links

Sources

Peerage of England
Preceded by
Henry Howard		 Earl of Suffolk
1917–1941 		Succeeded by
Michael Howard
Earl of Berkshire
1917–1941
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