Charles II, Archduke of Austria

Charles II
Archduke of Inner Austria
Reign	25 July 1564 – 10 July 1590
Predecessor	Ferdinand I
Successor	Ferdinand II
Born	3 June 1540 Vienna, Austria
Died	10 July 1590 (aged 50) Graz, Austria
Burial	Seckau, Austria
Spouse	Maria Anna of Bavaria
Issue	Anne, Queen of Poland Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania Archduchess Catherine Renata Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana Archduchess Eleanor Archduke Maximilian Ernest Margaret, Queen of Spain Leopold V, Archduke of Further Austria Constance, Queen of Poland Maria Maddalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw
House	Habsburg
Father	Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
Mother	Anna of Bohemia and Hungary

Gisants of Charles II Francis of Austria and his wife Maria Anna of Bavaria on the cenotaph of "Habsburg mausoleum", Seckau Abbey

Charles II Francis of Austria (German: Karl II. Franz von Innerösterreich) (3 June 1540 – 10 July 1590) was an Archduke of Austria and ruler of Inner Austria (Styria, Carniola and Carinthia) from 1564. He was a member of the House of Habsburg.

Life

Seckau Abbey, "Habsburg mausoleum", cenotaph

A native of Vienna, he was the third son of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Anne of Bohemia and Hungary, daughter of King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and his wife Anne of Foix-Candale. In 1559 and again from 1564–1568 there were negotiations for a marriage between Charles and Elizabeth I of England. Emperor Ferdinand I expected Elizabeth to promise in the proposed marriage treaty that Charles, as her widower, would succeed her if she died childless. The negotiations dragged on until Queen Elizabeth decided that she would not marry the Archduke; religion was the main obstacle to the match,^[1] apart from the Queen's character. In 1563, Charles was also a suitor of Mary, Queen of Scots, with her uncle Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, advising her to do so to obtain assistance in governing Scotland. Mary, however, disagreed, as did Charles's older brother Maximilian.

Unlike his brother, Emperor Maximilian II, Charles was a religious Catholic and promoted the Counter-Reformation, e.g. by inviting the Jesuits to his territory. However, in 1572, he had to make significant concessions to the Inner Austrian Estates in the Religious Pacifications of Graz, and 1578 and the Libellum of Bruck. In practice, this resulted in tolerance towards Protestantism.

As the Inner Austrian line had to bear the major burden of the wars against the Turks, the fortress of Karlstadt/Karlovac in Croatia was founded in 1579 and named after him. Charles is also remembered as a benefactor of the arts and sciences. In particular, the composer Orlando di Lasso was one of his protégés, as was the music theorist Lodovico Zacconi.

In 1573, Charles founded the Akademisches Gymnasium in Graz, the oldest secondary school in Styria. In 1580, Charles founded a stud for horses of Andalusian origin in Lipica, Slovenia, thereby playing a leading role in the creation of the Lipizzan breed. In 1585, Charles founded the University of Graz, which is named Karl-Franzens-Universität after him.

He died at Graz in 1590.

Charles' mausoleum in Seckau Abbey, in which other members of the Habsburg family are also buried, is one of the most important edifices of the early Baroque in the South-Eastern Alps. It was built from 1587 onwards by Alessandro de Verda and completed by Sebastiano Carlone by 1612.

Marriage and children

In Vienna on 26 August 1571 Charles married his niece Maria Anna of Bavaria. They had fifteen children:

• Ferdinand (b. Judenburg, 15 July 1572 – d. Judenburg, 3 August 1572).
• Anne (b. Graz, 16 August 1573 – d. Warsaw, 10 February 1598), married on 31 May 1592 to Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Sweden.
• Maria Christina (b. Graz, 10 November 1574 – d. Hall in Tirol, 6 April 1621), married on 6 August 1595 to Sigismund Bathory, Prince of Transylvania; they divorced in 1599.
• Catherine Renata (b. Graz, 4 January 1576 – d. Graz, 29 June 1599).
• Elisabeth (b. Graz, 13 March 1577 – d. Graz, 29 January 1586).
• Ferdinand (b. Graz, 9 July 1578 – d. Vienna, 15 February 1637), Holy Roman Emperor as Ferdinand II in 1619.
• Charles (b. Graz, 17 July 1579 – d. Graz, 17 May 1580).
• Gregoria Maximiliana (b. Graz, 22 March 1581 – d. Graz, 20 September 1597).
• Eleanor (b. Graz, 25 September 1582 – d. Hall in Tirol, 28 January 1620), a nun.
• Maximilian Ernest (b. Graz, 17 November 1583 – d. Graz, 18 February 1616), Teutonic Knight.
• Margaret (b. Graz, 25 December 1584 – d. El Escorial 3 October 1611), married on 18 April 1599 to Philip III, King of Spain.
• Leopold (b. Graz, 9 October 1586 – d. Schwaz, 13 September 1632), Archduke of Further Austria and Count of Tirol.
• Constance (b. Graz, 24 December 1588 – d. Warsaw, 10 July 1631), married on 11 December 1605 to Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Sweden (widower of her older sister).
• Maria Magdalena (b. Graz, 7 October 1589 – d. Padua, 1 November 1631), married on 19 October 1608 Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
• Charles, the Posthumous (b. Graz, 7 August 1590 – d. Madrid, 28 December 1624), Bishop of Wroclaw and Brixen (1608–24), Grand Master of the Teutonic Order (1618–24).

Ancestors

Arms of Charles II of Austria-Styria.^[2]

Ancestors of Charles II, Archduke of Austria

16. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor               8. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor                       17. Eleanor of Portugal               4. Philip I of Castile                             18. Charles, Duke of Burgundy               9. Mary of Burgundy                       19. Isabella of Bourbon               2. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor                                   20. John II of Aragon               10. Ferdinand II of Aragon                       21. Juana Enríquez               5. Joanna of Castile                             22. John II of Castile               11. Isabella I of Castile                       23. Isabella of Portugal               1. Charles II, Archduke of Austria                                         24. Władysław II Jagiełło               12. Casimir IV Jagiellon                       25. Sophia of Halshany               6. Vladislas II of Bohemia and Hungary                             26. Albert II of Germany               13. Elisabeth of Austria                       27. Elisabeth of Bohemia               3. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary                                   28. John de Foix, 1st Earl of Kendal               14. Gaston de Foix, Count of Candale                       29. Margaret de la Pole, Countess of Candale)               7. Anna of Foix-Candale                             30. Gaston IV, Count of Foix               15. Catherine of Foix                       31. Eleanor of Navarre

Notes

1. Doran pp.73–98
2. (French) Héraldique Européenne, Toison d'Or, Philippe II, 3.

References

• Doran, Susan (1996). Monarchy and Matrimony: The Courtships of Elizabeth I. Routledge.