Charlestown, Boston

Charlestown
Neighborhood of Boston

Charlestown's former City Hall

Seal
Motto: Liberty A Trust To Be Transmitted To Posterity
Coordinates: 42°22′31″N 71°03′52″W / 42.37528°N 71.06444°W / 42.37528; -71.06444Coordinates: 42°22′31″N 71°03′52″W / 42.37528°N 71.06444°W / 42.37528; -71.06444
Country United States
State Massachusetts
City Boston
Settled 1628
Incorporated (Town) 1628
Incorporated (City) 1847
Annexed by Boston 1874
Time zone Eastern (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) Eastern (UTC-4)
Zip Code 02129
Area code(s) 617/857

Charlestown is the oldest neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts, United States.[1] Originally called Mishawum by the Massachusett, it is located on a peninsula north of the Charles River, across from downtown Boston, and also adjoins the Mystic River and Boston Harbor. Charlestown was laid out in 1629 by engineer Thomas Graves, one of its early settlers, in the reign of Charles I of England. It was originally a separate town and the first capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Charlestown became a city in 1848 and was annexed by Boston on January 5, 1874. With that, it also switched from Middlesex County, to which it had belonged since 1643, to Suffolk County. It has had a substantial Irish American population since the migration of Irish people during the Great Irish Famine of the 1840s. Since the late 1980s the neighborhood has changed dramatically because of its proximity to downtown and its colonial architecture. A mix of Yuppie and Upper-middle class gentrification has enhanced much of the area, as it has in many of Boston's neighborhoods, but Charlestown still maintains a strong Irish American population and "Townie" identity.

In the 21st century, Charlestown's diversity has expanded dramatically, along with growing rates of the very poor and very wealthy. Today Charlestown is a residential neighborhood that contains many housing near the waterfront which overlooks the Boston skyline. Charlestown is home to many historic sites, hospitals, and organizations. With easy access from the Orange line Community College stop or 93 expressway, Charlestown is a historic place to visit.

History

The Bunker Hill Monument and William Prescott Statue
Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18104,959—
18206,59132.9%
18308,78333.3%
184011,48430.8%
185017,21649.9%
186025,06545.6%
187028,32313.0%

Thomas and Jane Walford[2] were the original English settlers of Mishawaum (later Charlestown); they settled there in 1624. They were given a grant by Sir Robert Gorges, with whom they had settled at Wessagusset (Weymouth) in September 1623. John Endicott, first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, had sent William, Richard and Ralph Sprague to Mishawaum to lay out a settlement. Thomas Walford, acting as an interpreter with the Massachusetts Indians, negotiated with the local sachem Wonohaquaham for Endicott and his people to settle there. Although Walford had a virtual monopoly on the region's available furs, he welcomed the newcomers and helped them in any way he could, unaware that his Episcopalian religious beliefs would cause him to be banished from Massachusetts to Portsmouth, New Hampshire within three years.

Originally a Puritan English city during the Colonial era (a time to which many of the neighborhood's structures date), Charlestown was founded in 1628, and settled July 4, 1629, by Thomas Graves,[3] Increase Nowell, Simon Hoyt, Rev. Francis Bright, Ralph, Richard and William Sprague and about 100 others who preceded the Great Migration. John Winthrop's company stopped here for some time in 1630, before deciding to settle across the Charles River at Boston.

1629 site of Puritan leader John Winthrop's "Great House" in City Square, uncovered during the Big Dig
Birdseye view of Boston, Charlestown, and Bunker Hill, between 1890 and 1910

The territory of Charlestown originally included what is now Melrose and Malden (both until 1649),[4] Stoneham (until 1725),[5] Somerville (until 1842), Medford, Everett, Woburn, Burlington, and parts of Arlington and Cambridge.[6]

On June 17, 1775 the Charlestown Peninsula was the site of the Battle of Bunker Hill. Much of the battle took place on Breed's Hill, which overlooked the harbor and the town and was only about 400 yards from the southern end of the peninsula; Bunker Hill is near the northwest end of the peninsula, close to Charlestown Neck and about a mile from the Charles River. The town, including its wharves and dockyards, was destroyed by fire during the battle.

Around the 1860s an influx of Irish immigrants arrived in Charlestown. The neighborhood remained an Irish stronghold in the cultural, economic, and Catholic traditions of neighborhoods like South Boston, Somerville, and Dorchester. The city developed a water supply from the Mystic Lakes.[7] On October 7, 1873, a vote was held to determine whether Charlestown should leave Middlesex County and join Boston as part of Suffolk County; Boston residents approved the question, 5960–1868, and Charlestown residents also approved, 2240-1947.[8]

During the early 1960s, the city initiated plans to demolish and redevelop sixty percent of the housing in Charlestown.[9] In 1963, the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) held a town meeting to discuss their development plans with the community. The BRA's dealings with Boston's West End had created an atmosphere of distrust towards urban renewal in Boston, and Charlestown residents opposed the plan by an overwhelming majority. By 1965, the plan had been reduced to tearing down only eleven percent of the neighborhood, as well as the removal of the elevated rail tracks.[10]

Throughout the 1960s until the middle 1990s, Charlestown was infamous for its Irish Mob presence. Charlestown's McLaughlin Brothers were involved in a gang war with neighboring Somerville's Winter Hill Gang, during the Irish Mob Wars of the 1960s. In the late 1980s, however, Charlestown underwent a massive Yuppie gentrification process similar to that of the South End. Drawn to its proximity to downtown and its colonial, red-brick, row-house housing stock, similar to that of Beacon Hill, many Yuppie and upper-middle class professionals moved to the neighborhood. In the late 1990s, additional gentrification took place, similar to that in neighboring Somerville. Today the neighborhood is a mix of Yuppies, upper-middle and middle-class residences, housing projects, and a large working class Irish-American demographic and culture that is still predominant..

Charlestown is one of the oldest neighborhoods which was founded in 1629. According to Boston Redevelopment Authority, Charlestown situated just across the harbor and to the north of Downtown, Charlestown is home to the Bunker Hill Monument and historical Charlestown Navy Yard.[11] Looking at Charlestown today it is an attractive residential neighborhood which is made up of brick and wood row house and public housing. In previous years, waterfront condominiums and apartments have been added to the housing mix. The Navy Yard is now a popular national park which makes the southern edge of the neighborhood. The residents and visitors can enjoy stunning views of the Boston skyline from the Navy Yard's green spaces and piers.[12]

During the year of 1895, there were several business that were created like Stickney and Poor Spice company that was at the corner of Cambridge and spices. this Stickney and Poor Spice company was the leading manufacturer of spices and a Gold Medals winner. In the early 1830s, the Diamond Match Company was a place making wood and inexpensively at a cost of a 1 cent for 300 matches, but by the bunch they would be 104 matches for 25. The biggest thing that happened in Charlestown was the creation of Ale which at Bunker Hill Breweries. It is the only malt liquor that was used in Massachusetts General and the Boston City Hospital. In the 20th century there was a candy company that was called Schrafft's.

Old Charlestown

In the nineteenth Century, a company called J.O. Chase and Company which would horse-drawn cabs that would be hired to get from on place to another.Carriages and wagon were available during this time in the Century. Gas Company was one of the biggest output of a hundred million feet of gas that was the turn of the century. The Company that would make Jellies, preserves, canned goods,pickles, and sauces in their factory on Charles River Avenue in the City Square.

Before the 20th century, Harvey Hood had founded his milk empire in Derry, New Hampshire which was named Henry E. Wright and Son. They would collect the milk from dairy farms in the area, which would be shipped to Boston dealers daily. Later in the year, it was found out that the raw milk would transmit disease; he changed his ways to pasteurization of milk which eliminated the threat of disease.

Charlestown, you can have a night out with restaurants and shops thrive alongside the oldest tavern in Massachusetts which is Warren Tavern. This area has a very unique flavor.[13] The waterfront is kept busy with two marinas, Constitution Marina and Shipyard Quarters Marina. Charlestown Chamber of Commerces supports the local business owners. Major tenants of the area include Bunker Hill Community College, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, and a Branch of Massachusetts General Hospital.

Geography

Sailboats moored on the Charlestown side of the Charles River with Bunker Hill Monument in the distance

Charlestown is located north of downtown Boston on a peninsula extending southeastward between the Charles River and the Mystic River. The geographic extent of the neighborhood has changed dramatically from its colonial ancestor. Landfill operations have expanded much of Boston, lowering hills, and have expanded Charlestown, eliminating the narrow Charlestown Neck that connected the northwest end of the Charlestown Peninsula to the mainland. The original territory also included present-day Somerville, which was incorporated as a separate town in 1842, and the northern part of Arlington. At the time, the Charlestown Peninsula was urbanizing, while Somerville was still largely rural.

City Square in the southern part of Charlestown is the location of the historic city hall. It is also the terminus of the Charlestown Bridge and the former Warren Bridge, and was formerly a stop on the Charlestown Elevated. The Central Artery was built between 1951 and 1954, routing elevated ramps through City Square. The Central Artery North Area (CANA) project moved these underground, into the City Square Tunnel, making way for a revitalized surface park.

In Charlestown, there are parks called The Bunker Hill Industrial Park that is between Bunker. The Navy Yard is knowing of the most popular National Park, which forms the southern edge of the neighborhood. People can enjoy stunning views of the Boston Skyline from the Navy Yard's green spaces and piers .

Charlestown Chamber of Commerce is one of the most major tenants of the areas that includes Bunker Hill Community College.

The Commandant's House was at the Navy Yard the structure of the house was impressive double-swell bay facade on red brick. The Middle of Boston Neighborhood Census told that the citywide trends have a great prevalence of single-female household with children that are in poverty. The biggest population growth fueled by the elderly, young adults and foreign-born people. The number of elderly is between 65 and over was only in 11 percent of the population also has 1,947 residents in Charlestown. Residential developers have seized up buildings like larger apartment buildings. Hotels developments that are more close to the city's center and close to public transportation. Luxury residential developer that spend over 15 million for a vacant warehouse building in the Industrial Park.

Thompson Square is located at the confluence of Main Street, Dexter Row, Green Street, and Austin Street. It was also formerly a stop on the Charlestown Elevated.

Demographics

The population of the oldest neighborhood in Boston has gone through a lot of changes today according to U.S Census Bureau from the 2007-2011 report the population of Charlestown was 16,685 people. Charlestown population includes 7,843 male and 8,842 female. The majority of population consists of White 12,587 (75.4%), Black or African 1,227 (7.4%), Asian 1,253 (7.5%), Two or More Race 371 (2.2%), Hispanic or Latino 1,227 (7.4%). The largest age group in Charlestown is 25 to 29 years old (14.6%), the second largest age group is 30 to 34 years (12.3%) and the third largest age group is 35 to 39 years (9.7%). The median household income is $89,017 and the median income of families is $100,725.Despite this median income 17% percent of the population and 37% of the children live below the Federal Poverty Line . The total population consist of 15.9% Foreign Born, 48.5% in Naturalized Citizen and 51.5% are not U.S Citizen. There is also a rise in the minority population from 4.9% in 1990 to 23.5% in 2010 . The median income for Whites is $103,652, Black or African American is $12,143, Hispanic or Latino $30,833, Asian Alone $61,875 and other $16,876. For married-couple's family 32.4% are living in poverty for families. For male householder with no wife present 3.4% live in poverty and for female householder with no husband 64.2% live in poverty for families.

Urban policy

Transportation policy

City Councilor Sal La Mattina "is fighting to keep MBTA late night service running because is a section of population here that work in Boston's top restaurants and hotels as cooks, waiters, and bartenders that need the service to get back to Charlestown". The MBTA Fiscal and Management Control Board is going to raise fare charges for the whole MBTA service with an increase of approximately 9.3 percent which will start in the beginning of July 2016. "The Cost of a subway using a Charlie Card will increase from $ 2.10 to $ 2.25 , and bus rides paid with a Charlie Card will rise from $ 1.60 to $ 1.70. The monthly passes for bus and subway rides will go from $ 75 to $ 84.50. Commuter rail monthly passes will jump by 10 percent , and the increase for individual commuter rail rides will range from 7.1 to 10 percent depending on distance traveled according to MBTA".

Housing policy

Charlestown diversity has expanded dramatically, along with growing rates of both the very poor and very wealthy. Charlestown's minority population in 2010 was 23.5%, up significantly from 4.9% in 1990. Charlestown median income is 76,898 is the highest in the City of Boston, however 17% of the entire Charlestown population and 37% of Charlestown's children live below the Federal Poverty Level, well above Boston's child poverty rate of 28% [14]

Transportation

According to the Census from 2010-2014 53.7% of the population will drive to work and 30.0% will take a some form of public transportation to get to their jobs. Charlestown MA is accessible by several forms of public transportation such as the train, bus and also ferry transportation. The transportation that is available is the subway MBTA Orange Line. The major stop is Community College located near Bunker Hill Community College . The buses that are available is 93 which goes from Sullivan Station-Downtown Via Bunker Hill Street and Hay Market Station. Another bus is the 92 which runs from Assembly Square Mall- Downtown via Sullivan Square Station Main Street and Haymarket Station. Charlestown is also accessible by the Charlestown Navy Yard Ferry Terminal. The cost to ride the Boat is $3.25 for Inner Harbor Ferry, $8.50 for Commuter Boat, $17.00 for Hingham or Hull to Logan Airport. The cost of the bus is $1.60 CharleCard, $2.10 CharlieTicket/Cash on Board. The cost to ride the subway is $2.10 with a CharlieCard with the Charle-Ticket/Cash-on-board cost $2.65 as of April, 2016.

Highways

The Leonard P.Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge is 1,42 feet long and crosses the river to make connections with I-93 and Route 1. The bridge is able to hold northbound traffic that goes from the Sumner Tunnel and the North End. These bridge was also built to accomdote the Orange Line and the MBTA building. The Lenoard P. Zakim Bridge is the first hybrid bridge that was built in the United States.

Hospitals and healthcare

Government and infrastructure

The Massachusetts Department of Correction operated the Charlestown State Prison until its closure in 1955. The former prison site is occupied by Bunker Hill Community College.[15]

The Boston Navy Yard was located in Charlestown from 1801 until it was closed in 1974.

The United States Postal Service operates the Charlestown Post Office.[16]

Charlestown is well served by public transportation. On the MBTA Orange Line, the Community College station serves the center of the town and the Sullivan Square station serves the area near the Charlestown Neck. Two bus lines serve Charlestown. Both routes start at Sullivan Square and travel to the Financial District. The 93 bus travels along Bunker Hill Street,[17] and the 92 bus travels along Main Street.[18] The MBTA also operates a ferry between the Charlestown Navy Yard Ferry Terminal and Long Wharf (near the New England Aquarium),[19] making this a popular choice among both commuters and tourists.[20]

Places of interest

Interior of St. Mary's Church (1887–1893)
Bunker Hill Monument. Bunker Hill Day, Boston, and Charlestown, between 1890 and 1901
Winthrop Square
Soldiers Monument

Charlestown contains several places of historical interest, many of which are marked by the northern end of Boston's Freedom Trail. The Freedom Trail ends at the Bunker Hill Monument commemorating the famous Battle of Bunker Hill. The USS Constitution, the oldest commissioned vessel in the US Navy, is docked in the Charlestown Navy Yard. Charlestown was also the location from which Paul Revere began his famous "midnight ride" before the Battles of Lexington and Concord. A restaurant opened in 1780 and still in operation, Warren Tavern, claims to have been one of Revere's favorite taverns. Of Charlestown's churches, St. Mary's (1887–1893) is considered one of the masterpieces of Patrick Keely. In St. John's Episcopal Church, on Devens St, the central stained glass above the altar is a notable work of William James McPherson, a Boston designer who later designed the stained glass for the Connecticut State Capitol.[21]

Education

Charlestown is home to many schools, public and private institutions. Charlestown public school system is run by the Boston Public Schools system.

Early Childhood Education

Primary and secondary schools

Colleges and universities

Public libraries

Boston Public Library operates the Charlestown Branch. The library first opened in the Warren Institution for Savings building on January 7, 1862. The library moved to a larger space in the new Charlestown City Hall in 1869. In 1913 the branch moved to the intersection of Monument Avenue and Monument Square, in proximity to the Bunker Hill Monument. The branch moved to its current location in 1970.[26]

Organizations

Charlestown is home to several organizations and non-profits, including

Leisure activities

Bunker Hill Monument

The Bunker Hill Monument located at Monument Square, Charlestown. The height of the Monument is 221 feet and is the place of the first major battle of the American Revolution on July 17, 1775. Visitors who visit the Monument can climb the 294 steps to get to the top of the monument Bunker Hill Monument. Across the Bunker Hill Monument visitors can also go to visit the Battle of the Bunker Hill Monument Museum. Visitors that go to visit the museum can see a lot of artifacts and murals. Visitors who want to get more information can call 617-242-5641 and for group tours visitors can call 617-242-5689. Visitors that also want to go on more tours can join the Freedom Trail foundation tours which also features the Bunker Hill Monument as a site. Visitors who want to go on the Freedom Trail Tours can call 617-357-8300 for more information.

USS Constitution and the Charlestown Navy Yard

The USS Constitution is the oldest warship boat that is still floating in the world. The boat was launched in 1797 and was one of six boats that was asked by President Washington to built to help to protect the interest of maritime. The location of the USS Constitution and Charlestown Navy Yard is located at 1 Constitution Road, Charlestown. As of today the Navy Yard is under the National Park Service that is an organization that helps to preserve history USS Constitution.

Warren Tavern

The Warren Tavern was first opened in 1780. The Tavern is located on 2 Pleasant Street in Charlestown. The building was one of the first buildings to be built in the 1780 after the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775.The Tavern got their name from Joseph Warren who was born in Roxbury Massachusetts on June 14, 1711 even through he studied to become a physician but he became a part of the separatist movement and vociferously against the British Rule. Warren was the one that directed Paul Revere and William Dawes to help to send the message to Samuel Adams and John Hancock that the British was coming in 1775. Warren spent then next few weeks getting the army ready for the battles that would be coming and he got elected to become the second general that would command the Massachusetts in June 14, 1775. But three days later he was killed at Bunker Hill. Warren friend Captain Eliphelet Newell decided to build a tavern named after his friend Warren. Many as knew that George Washington also went to the tavern when he came to Massachusetts to visit his friend Benjamin Frothingham. Since the Tavern was set to close in 1813 the building then was used to serve different purposes and was saved in the 1970s.But the efforts of Alan and Ann Cunha and Neil and Ed Grennan helped to reopen the Tavern in 1972 the two pairs of entrepreneurial families helped save the historial establishment. Even today the Tavern is still a hit with both tourists and locals. According Harnett nett he told the Charlestown Patriot Bridge that "people came from all over the country and are amazed that they are having a drink in the same building that George Washington and Paul Revere had a drink" Warren Tavern .

Constitution Yacht Charter

The Constitution Yacht Charter is located on Boston Harbor. There is many planners to help choose a boat for different events such as weddings, sunset cruise, and even a cruise around Boston. To make a reservation the Constitution Yacht Charter can be reached at 617-241-9640 and by email at charters@ bostport.com. The location of the Constitution Yacht Charter is located at 28 Constitution Rd. Boston, MA 02129 and they can also be reached by fax at 617-242-3013. Customers are also allowed to choose different boats that would fit their needs from the different boats.

In popular culture

The 1998 Independent drama "Monument Ave." directed by Ted Demme stars Denis Leary as Bobby O'Grady; an Irish-American criminal who becomes conflicted when the code of silence puts his loyalty and sense of self-preservation to the test after his two young and close cousins, also fellow criminals, are brutally gunned down by their boss.

Charlestown was also the setting for the 2010 action-thriller The Town, directed by and starring Ben Affleck, which follows the lives of a group of Boston bank robbers and the law enforcement personnel attempting to stop them.[35]

The Bunker Hill housing development, an area known for its crime and drug use, is featured on the front cover of Blood for Blood's album "Serenity".

Other movies that were set in or filmed in Charlestown include:[36]

But the jury they found me guilty,
And the judge he wrote it down,
"For breaking of the Union Bank,
You are sent to Charlestown."

Notable residents

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Boston's Neighborhoods: Charlestown". Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA). 2010. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
  2. ↑ "Walford Family Line". Retrieved 2009-05-04.
  3. ↑ Thomas Graves the engineer was from Gravesend, County of Kent, England and signed a contract with the Massachusetts Bay Company in March 1629, arriving in New England in July 1629 where he laid out Charlestown. He is not to be confused with Rear Admiral Thomas Graves (1605-1653) who also settled in Charlestown in 1636 or ’37. Also see Descendents of Thomas Graves, Engineer...
  4. ↑ "A Condensed History of Melrose". City of Melrose. Retrieved 2010-07-15
  5. ↑ R. H. Howard and Henry E. Crocker, ed. (1880). A History of New England. Volume 1. Boston: Crocker & Co. p. 202.
  6. ↑ History of the Town of Medford, p. 2
  7. ↑ http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/04water/html/hist1.htm
  8. ↑ "The Result in Figures", The Boston Globe, p. 5, October 8, 1873.
  9. ↑ "Charlestown District Study #5", Boston City Planning Department, Comprehensive Planning Section, March 14, 1960, p. 1; "Charlestown Preliminary Sketch Plan", Boston Redevelopment Authority, December 15, 1961, p. II-2.
  10. ↑ Jones, Michael, The Slaughter of Cities: Urban Renewal and Ethnic Cleansing pp. 528-29, St. Augustine's Press, South end Indiana, 2004. ISBN 1-58731-775-3
  11. ↑ Interactive, Boston. "At a Glance | Boston Redevelopment Authority". www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
  12. ↑ Sammarco, Anthony (1996). Images of America Charlestown. South Carolina.
  13. ↑ "Warren Tavern | A Historic Tavern in Charlestown". www.warrentavern.com. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
  14. ↑ "Community Health Assessments - Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA". www.massgeneral.org. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
  15. 1 2 Barbo, Theresa Mitchell. The Cape Cod Murder of 1899: Edwin Ray Snow's Punishment and Redemption. The History Press, 2007. 29. Retrieved from Google Books on May 23, 2010. ISBN 1-59629-227-X, 9781596292277.
  16. ↑ "Post Office Location - CHARLESTOWN." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on May 23, 2010.
  17. ↑ MBTA, Bus 93 Schedule
  18. ↑ MBTA, Bus 92 Schedule
  19. ↑ MBTA, Ferry F4 Schedule[Long Wharf (Boston)]
  20. ↑ Celebrate Boston
  21. ↑ "Connecticut State Capitol Facts". Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  22. ↑ "Harvard/Kent Elementary School." Boston Public Schools. Retrieved on May 23, 2010.
  23. ↑ "Clarence R. Edwards Middle School." Boston Public Schools. Retrieved on May 23, 2010.
  24. ↑ "Warren/Prescott K-8 School." Boston Public Schools. Retrieved on May 23, 2010.
  25. ↑ "Charlestown High School." Boston Public Schools. Retrieved on May 23, 2010.
  26. ↑ "Charlestown Branch Library." Boston Public Library. Retrieved on May 23, 2010.
  27. ↑ "Charlestown Neighborhood Council". Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  28. ↑ "Nonprofit (Charlestown): Life Focus Center of Charlestown, Inc.". idealist.org. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
  29. ↑ "Charlestown Club - bgcb.org". bgcb.org. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
  30. ↑ "BCYF Charlestown Community Center | City of Boston". www.cityofboston.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
  31. ↑ "Charlestown Lacrosse and Learning Center". charlestownlacrosse.com. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
  32. ↑ "Heading Home Inc. Ending Homelessness for Good in Massachusetts". www.headinghomeinc.org. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
  33. ↑ "Kennedy Center - Charlestown, MA". John F. Kennedy Family Service Center. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
  34. ↑ "Welcome | Visiting Nurse Association of Boston & Affiliates". www.bostonvna.org. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
  35. ↑ Boston Globe
  36. ↑ "Charlestown's Movie Roles". Boston Globe. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  37. ↑ Oxy-Morons at IMDb.com Retrieved 2014-03-27
  38. ↑ http://www.wtv-zone.com/phyrst/audio/nfld/21/burglar.htm
  39. 1 2 3 Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607–1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963.
  40. ↑ A Sedgwick Genealogy, Descendants of Deacon Benjamin Sedgwick. New Haven: New Haven Colony Historical Society. 1961.
  41. ↑ Daniel C. Stillson 1830-1899

Further reading

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