Chilean general election, 2013

Chilean presidential election, 2013
Runoff

15 December 2013

Candidate Michelle Bachelet Evelyn Matthei Party Socialist UDI Alliance New Majority Alliance Popular vote 3,470,379 2,111,891 Percentage 62.16% 37.83%

Second round result per commune

President before election Sebastián Piñera National Renewal Elected President Michelle Bachelet Socialist

Chilean parliamentary election, 2013

17 November 2013

All of the 120 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 20 out of 38 seats in the Senate 61 deputies and 20 senators seats needed for a majority Turnout 49.35   First party Second party   Party New Majority Alliance Last election 57 D & 20 S, 44.35% 58 D & 17 S, 43.45% Seats won 67 D / 21 S 49 D / 15 S Seat change 10 D / 1 S 9 D / 2 S Popular vote 2,966,624 2,248,045 Percentage 47.74% 38.00% Swing 3,35% 7,21%

General elections were held in Chile on 17 November 2013, including presidential, parliamentary and regional elections. Voters went to the polls to elect:

• A President of the Republic to serve a four-year term starting 11 March 2014.
• Twenty out of 38 members of the Senate to serve an eight-year term in the National Congress starting 11 March 2014.
• The full 120 members of the Chamber of Deputies to serve a four-year term in the National Congress starting 11 March 2014.
• The full 278 members of the regional boards to serve a four-year term starting 11 March 2014.

In the presidential election, former president Michelle Bachelet fell short of the absolute majority needed for an outright win. In the runoff election, held on 15 December, she beat former senator and Minister of Labor Evelyn Matthei with over 62% of the vote, yet turnout was significantly lower than in the first round.

In the parliamentary elections, the New Majority coalition (backing Bachelet's candidacy) won back control of both chambers of Congress, winning 12 of the 20 contested seats in the Senate, for a total of 21 out of 38 total seats, and 67 of the 120 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.

These were the first presidential and parliamentary elections in which all eligible voters were automatically enrolled, and where voting was no longer mandatory. Members of the regional boards were directly elected for the first time.

Timeline

Notable events and dates.^[1][2]

• June 30, 2013: Primaries held simultaneously nationwide. Michelle Bachelet and Pablo Longueira win their respective primaries for president.
• July 17, 2013: Longueira quits the race.
• July 20, 2013: UDI picks Evelyn Matthei to replace Longueira.
• August 19, 2013: Deadline to register candidacies.
• October 9, 2013: First debate. Bachelet does not participate.
• October 18, 2013: Campaign advertising starts.
• October 25, 2013: Radio debate.
• October 29–30, 2013: Two-day television debate.
• November 14, 2013: Campaign advertising ends.
• November 17, 2013: Election takes place.
• November 22, 2013: The Electoral Service publishes on its website a revised count made by polling officers the day after the election.
• December 1, 2013: Runoff campaign advertising starts.
• December 3, 2013: The Election Court (Tricel) publishes the final results of the first round election in the Official Gazette and calls for a runoff election between the top two candidates.
• December 6, 2013: Radio debate.
• December 10, 2013: Television debate.
• December 12, 2013: Runoff campaign advertising ends.
• December 15, 2013: Runoff election.
  • Polls close at 6 PM nationwide.
  • At about 7 PM, Matthei concedes defeat, telling reporters outside her home: "It is clear, she has won".^[3]
  • At about 7:20 PM Matthei gives her concession speech.^[3]
• December 17, 2013: The Electoral Service publishes on its website a revised count made by polling officers the day after the election.
• January 10, 2014: The Tricel officially proclaims Bachelet as President-Elect during a ceremony in Santiago, and publishes the final results of the second round election on its website.
• March 11, 2014: The President-elect takes office in a ceremony at the National Congress in Valparaíso.

Presidential primaries

In December 2012 a law was published allowing political parties or coalitions to define their candidates for president in government-run primary elections. The two main political groups agreed to choose their candidates this way. Former president Michelle Bachelet won the New Majority primary with 73% of the vote, while former senator and minister Pablo Longueira won the Alliance primary with 51%. Longueira subsequently quit the race and was replaced with Evelyn Matthei. Sitting president Sebastián Piñera did not stand for re-election due to term limits.

Presidential candidates

List of candidates who officially registered their candidacies at the Electoral Service. All candidacies were accepted on 28 August 2013.^[4] Bachelet's candidacy was automatically accepted after she was proclaimed the winner of her primary by the Election Court.

Ballot no.	Candidate	Endorsement	Remarks
1	Franco Parisi Independent	Independent electors	Economist and television commentator.[5] On 7 August 2013, Parisi officially registered his independent candidacy at the Electoral Service. He presented over 52 thousand signatures, many more than the required minimum.[6]
2	Marcel Claude Humanist Party	Everyone to La Moneda: Humanist Party United Left	The leftist economist and university professor launched his candidacy on 26 January 2013.[7] On 12 March 2013 he was proclaimed by the Humanist Party as their candidate.[8] He officially registered his candidacy at the Electoral Service on 12 August 2013.[9]
3	Ricardo Israel Regionalist Party of the Independents	Regionalist Party of the Independents	The political scientist was proclaimed by the Regionalist Party of the Independents (PRI) on 20 July 2013.[10] He officially registered his candidacy at the Electoral Service on 14 August 2013.[11]
4	Marco Enríquez-Ominami Progressive Party	If You Want It, Chile Changes: Progressive Party Liberal Party Allendist Socialism (movement)	The 2009 candidate launched his candidacy on 4 October 2012 at a theater in Santiago.[12] On 5 May 2013, he was proclaimed as candidate by the Allendist Socialism movement.[13] On 15 June 2013, he was proclaimed as candidate by the Liberal Party (formerly known as Chilefirst)[14] and on 13 July 2013 by the Progressive Party.[15] He officially registered his candidacy at the Electoral Service on 17 August 2013.[16]
5	Roxana Miranda Equality Party	Equality Party	The leader of ANDHA Chile (a group representing mortgage borrowers) was proclaimed on 21 January 2013 as the Equality Party's candidate for president.[17] She officially registered her candidacy at the Electoral Service on 19 August 2013.[18]
6	Michelle Bachelet Socialist Party	New Majority: Socialist Party Party for Democracy Broad Social Movement Communist Party Citizen Left Christian Democratic Party Social Democrat Radical Party	The former President from 2006 to 2010 became the New Majority candidate after beating three other candidates in a coalition primary held on 30 June 2013.[19] For further details, see Chilean presidential primaries, 2013.
7	Evelyn Matthei Independent Democratic Union	Alliance: Independent Democratic Union National Renewal	The former senator and Labor minister was picked as candidate by her party's political commission on 20 July 2013, replacing Pablo Longueira who had quit the race three days earlier.[20] She was formally proclaimed as candidate by both UDI and National Renewal on 10 August 2013.[21][22] She officially registered her candidacy at the Electoral Service on 18 August 2013.[23] For further details, see Chilean presidential primaries, 2013.
8	Alfredo Sfeir Green Ecologist Party	Green Ecologist Party	The economist and spiritual leader was proclaimed as candidate by the Green Ecologist Party on 13 April 2013,[24] after beating Félix González in a party primary.[25] He officially registered his candidacy at the Electoral Service on 19 August 2013.[26]
9	Tomás Jocelyn-Holt Independent	Independent electors	Former Christian Democrat deputy[27] and former member of the Liberal Party (PL). On 9 December 2012, the PL decided to withdraw their support for his candidacy.[28] He officially registered his independent candidacy at the Electoral Service on 19 August 2013.[29]

Declined candidacies

• Eduardo Díaz (Ind.): The former mayor of Toltén and founder of the Southern Party (now defunct) is supported by the Alianza Independiente Regionalista (AIRE) movement.^[30] By July 2013 he said he had collected around 28 thousand signatures.^[31] However, he did not officially register his candidacy before the legal deadline of 19 August 2013.
• Pablo Longueira (UDI): The former Minister of Economy and senator became the Alliance candidate for president after he beat Andrés Allamand from the National Renewal party in a two-party primary held on 30 June 2013.^[19] However, on 17 July 2013 he unexpectedly quit the race after being diagnosed with depression.^[32]
• Gustavo Ruz (Ind.): Sociologist and founder of the Movement for a Constituent Assembly was selected by said group as their candidate on 14 May 2013.^[33] On 19 August 2013 he stepped out of the race, having collected only 27 thousand signatures out of the necessary 36 thousand.^[34]

Opinion polls for presidential race

Legend
—	Not in the list
	Wins election
	May win election
	Runoff
	May go to a runoff

First-round scenarios

Publisher	Field date	Date published	Bachelet	Claude	MEO	Israel	TJH	Matthei	Miranda	Parisi	Sfeir	Other	DK/NR	Error	Comments
CERC	June 10–22, 2013	July 18, 2013	51	3	5	—	—	—	—	4	—	24	14	3.0	Source
La Segunda-UDD	July 9–10, 2013	July 12, 2013	39	2	7	—	—	—	—	6	—	25	21	3	Source
CEP	July 13-August 18, 2013	August 29, 2013	45	2	4	—	—	11	—	4	—	14	20	3.0	Open question. (Source)
IPSOS	August 17-September 9, 2013	September 16, 2013	31	7	9	1	2	20	1	13	2	—	15	3.3	Will go to vote (75%). (Source)
IPSOS	August 17-September 9, 2013	September 16, 2013	33	8	11	1	1	22	1	11	1	—	11	3.3	Likely voters (53%). (Source)
Conecta	August 30-September 7, 2013	September 13, 2013	39.8	3.2	8.8	0.2	—	17.7	0.8	9.9	0.5	4.1	15.0	3.9	Source
Ichem (U. Autónoma)	August 23-September 27, 2013	October 9, 2013	44.4	3.5	8.4	0.2	0.2	17.3	0.0	7.6	0.8	—	17.7	2.35	Will "surely" go to vote (55%). (Source)
La Segunda-UDD	September 10–12, 2013	September 13, 2013	38	4	7	0	0	27	0	8	1	—	15	3.1	Source
ICSO (UDP)	September 2-October 10, 2013	October 17, 2013	45.2	4.6	7.3	<1.0	<1.0	15.9	<1.0	12.0	<1.0	4.9	9.6	2.72	Likely voters (51.4%). (Source)
CEP	September 13-October 14, 2013	October 29, 2013	47	3	7	0	0	14	0	10	0	16	3	3.0	Ballot-box vote. (Source)
CEP	September 13-October 14, 2013	October 29, 2013	54	3	8	0	0	19	0	7	0	—	9	3.0	Will "surely" go to vote (50%). Questionnaire. (Source)
CEP	September 13-October 14, 2013	October 29, 2013	53.6	4.1	7.2	0.0	0.1	17.1	0.5	7.8	0.4	9.3	—	3.0	Will "surely" go to vote (50%). Ballot-box vote. (Source)
IPSOS	September 24-October 4, 2013	October 7, 2013	34	6	7	2	2	19	2	15	1	—	12	3.3	Will go to vote (72%). (Source)
IPSOS	September 24-October 4, 2013	October 7, 2013	33	5	7	2	2	23	2	15	1	—	10	3.3	Likely voters (49%). (Source)
IPSOS	October 8–18, 2013	October 22, 2013	30	6	8	2	2	19	3	15	2	—	13	2.6	Will go to vote (75%). (Source)
IPSOS	October 8–18, 2013	October 22, 2013	32	6	7	2	3	20	3	14	2	—	11	2.6	Likely voters (51%). (Source)
La Segunda-UDD	October 16–17, 2013	October 18, 2013	40	3	7	0	0	26	0	10	0	—	14	3.4	Source
El Mercurio-Opina	October 19/20 and 26/27, 2013	November 2, 2013	46.2	1.7	7.2	0.2	0.1	21.7	1.1	7.9	0.3	13.6	—	3.1	Likely voters (56.1%). Ballot-box vote. (Source)
IPSOS	October 19-November 5, 2013	November 7, 2013	30	5	12	2	0	20	3	13	2	—	13	2.2	Will go to vote (76%). (Source)
IPSOS	October 19-November 5, 2013	November 7, 2013	32	6	11	2	0	20	3	14	3	—	9	2.2	Likely voters (54%). (Source)

Second-round scenarios

Bachelet vs. Matthei

Publisher	Field date	Date published	Bachelet	Matthei	Other	DK/NR	Error	Comments
Conecta	August 30-September 7, 2013	September 13, 2013	57.6	23.1	9.3	10.0	3.9	Source
ICSO (UDP)	September 2-October 10, 2013	October 17, 2013	47.4	17.2	22.0	13.4	2.72	Source
Ipsos-Usach	November 21-December 2, 2013	December 11, 2013	65.2	34.9	—	—	4.3	Voted in first round and will go to vote. (Source)

Presidential campaign

Debates

First round

All nine candidates during the Anatel debate.

The first debate was organized by ANP (National Press Association) and CNN Chile and took place in Coquimbo's Enjoy Casino on 9 October. It ran from 20:00-22:00 with all candidates —except Bachelet, citing a prior commitment— participating.^[35] It was moderated by CNN Chile anchor Daniel Matamala. There were four other journalists from regional media present who asked the candidates two randomly selected questions. Matamala also asked two questions, which were the same to all eight candidates.^[36]

A radio debate organized by the Radio Broadcasters Association of Chile (Archi), took place on 25 October 2013 at the Gabriela Mistral Cultural Centre (GAM) in Santiago. The debate, which featured all nine candidates for the first time, was broadcast by over 600 radio stations across the country. It started at 8 AM and lasted for about 140 minutes. It was moderated by Archi president Luis Pardo and included four radio journalists: Sergio Campos (Cooperativa), Cony Stipicic (Duna), Mauricio Bustamente (Infinita) and Alejandro de la Carrera (Agricultura).^[37][38]

A series of two consecutive televised debates were organized by the National Television Association (Anatel) and broadcast by all national terrestrial television stations. All nine candidates participated, as well. The first part of the debate aired on 29 October 2013, with a second part transmitted the next day. Both shows took place at TVN's studios in Santiago, beginning at 10 PM and running for over two hours. Former Anatel president Bernardo Donoso served as moderator. The journalists for the first day were Constanza Santa María (Canal 13), Soledad Onetto (Mega) and Claudio Elórtegui (UCV-TV); while the journalists for the second day were Beatriz Sánchez (La Red), Iván Núñez (Chilevisión) and Mauricio Bustamante (TVN).^[39][40]

Runoff

A radio debate on 6 December 2013 was organized by Archi.^[41] A television debate organized by Anatel was held 10 December 2013.^[42]

Results

President

Ballot used in the first round

Ballot used in the runoff

Candidate	Party/coalition	First round		Second round
		Votes	%	Votes	%
Michelle Bachelet	PS/New Majority	3,075,839	46.70	3,470,379	62.16
Evelyn Matthei	UDI/Alliance	1,648,481	25.03	2,111,891	37.83
Marco Enríquez-Ominami	PRO/If You Want It, Chile Changes	723,542	10.98
Franco Parisi	Independent	666,015	10.11
Marcel Claude	PH/Everyone to La Moneda	185,072	2.81
Alfredo Sfeir	Green Ecologist Party	154,648	2.34
Roxana Miranda	Equality Party	81,873	1.24
Ricardo Israel	Regionalist Party of the Independents	37,744	0.57
Tomás Jocelyn-Holt	Independent	12,594	0.19
Valid votes		6,585,808	100.00	5,582,270	100.00
Null votes		66,935	0.99	82,916	1.45
Blank votes		46,268	0.69	32,565	0.57
Total votes		6,699,011	100.00	5,697,751	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		13,573,143	49.35	13,573,143	41.97
Voting age population/turnout		13,232,940	50.62	13,232,940	43.05
Sources: First round: Tricel via Diario Oficial; Tricel via LeyChile. Second round: Tricel.

Senate

Ballot used in the Senate election in Coquimbo region.

Senators are elected for eight-year mandates, and roughly half of the Senate is renewed every four years. On this election, ten out of 19 senatorial constituencies were contested. As each constituency elects two representatives, this results in 20 new senators.

Electoral pact/party	Votes	%	Candidates	Seats	Total seats	% seats
New Majority	2,282,754	50.63	20	12	21	55.26
Christian Democratic Party	744,261	16.51	7	2	6	15.78
Socialist Party	728,455	16.16	6	4	6	15.78
Party for Democracy	556,131	12.33	3	3	6	15.78
Broad Social Movement	156,372	3.47	1	1	1	2.63
Communist Party	6,423	0.14	1	0	0	0.00
Independents	91,112	2.02	2	2	2	5.26
Alliance	1,715,701	38.05	19	7	16	42.10
National Renewal	733,726	16.27	7	2	8	21.05
Independent Democratic Union	662,477	14.69	8	5	8	21.05
Independents	319,528	7.09	4	0	0	0.00
New Constitution for Chile	175,915	3.90	9	0	0	0.00
Equality Party	70,692	1.57	3	0	0	0.00
Green Ecologist Party	9,895	0.22	1	0	0	0.00
Independents	95,328	2.11	5	0	0	0.00
Humanist Party	156,336	3.47	9	0	0	0.00
If You Want It, Chile Changes	109,702	2.43	4	0	0	0.00
Independents	109,702	2.43	4	0	0	0.00
Independents	68,706	1.52	6	1	1	2.63
Valid votes	4,509,114	100.00	67	20	38	100.00
Null votes	166,402	3.43
Blank votes	176,649	3.64
Total votes	4,852,165	100.00
Source: Servel

Chamber of Deputies

Ballot used in the deputies election.

Electoral pact/party	Votes	%	Candidates	Seats	% seats
New Majority	2,967,896	47.71	118	67	55.83
Christian Democratic Party	967,003	15.56	38	21	17.50
Socialist Party	691,713	11.13	24	15	12.50
Party for Democracy	685,504	11.03	25	15	12.50
Communist Party	255,914	4.11	8	6	5.00
Social Democrat Radical Party	225,955	3.63	12	6	5.00
Citizen Left	39,281	0.63	1	1	0.83
Broad Social Movement	6,387	0.10	1	0	0.00
Independents	95,839	1.54	10	3	2.50
Alliance	2,253,781	36.23	120	49	40.83
Independent Democratic Union	1,179,342	18.96	56	29	24.16
National Renewal	928,037	14.92	50	19	15.83
Independents	146,402	2.35	14	1	0.83
If You Want It, Chile Changes	337,823	5.43	75	1	0.83
Progressive Party	235,722	3.79	51	0	0.00
Liberal Party	16,664	0.27	2	1	0.83
Independents	85,437	1.37	22	0	0.00
Humanist Party	208,879	3.36	67	0	0.00
New Constitution for Chile	172,903	2.78	47	0	0.00
Equality Party	67,094	1.08	19	0	0.00
Green Ecologist Party	32,762	0.53	5	0	0.00
Independents	73,047	1.17	23	0	0.00
Regionalist Party of the Independents	72,306	1.16	26	0	0.00
Independents	206,634	3.32	17	3	2.50
Valid votes	6,220,222	100.00	470	120	100.00
Null votes	220,868	3.30
Blank votes	257,434	3.84
Total votes	6,698,524	100.00
Source: Servel

Vote share
UDI			18.93%
PDC			15.56%
RN			14.90%
PS			11.13%
PPD			11.03%
PCCh			4.11%
PRO			3.80%
PRSD			3.63%
PH			3.37%
PRI			1.16%
PI			1.08%
Others			9.02%

Regional boards

Ballot used in the regional board election in Magallanes province

Provisional results including 99.92% of ballot boxes.

Electoral pact/party	Votes	%	Candidates	Seats
Alliance	1,879,311	32.27	276	102
Independent Democratic Union	822,819	14.13	102	47
National Renewal	809,988	13.91	124	42
Independents	246,504	4.23	50	13
New Majority for Chile^a	1,452,049	24.93	273	89
Christian Democratic Party	718,188	12.33	117	45
Socialist Party	614,178	10.54	126	33
Independents	119,683	2.05	30	11
New Majority for Chile^a	1,269,913	21.81	263	69
Party for Democracy	569,217	9.77	82	32
Communist Party	286,422	4.91	58	12
Social Democrat Radical Party	173,002	2.97	59	12
Broad Social Movement	6,602	0.11	3	0
Independents	234,670	4.03	61	13
If You Want It, Chile Changes	363,405	6.24	142	3
Progressive Party	227,889	3.91	63	2
Liberal Party	1,402	0.02	8	0
Independents	134,114	2.30	71	1
PRI Regionalist Movement	346,103	5.94	207	8
Regionalist Party of the Independents	179,146	3.07	105	2
Independents	166,957	2.86	102	6
Everyone to La Moneda	262,998	4.51	118	1
Humanist Party	99,615	1.71	34	0
Independents	163,383	2.80	84	1
New Constitution for Chile	200,997	3.45	77	1
Equality Party	39,367	0.67	20	0
Green Ecologist Party	34,572	0.59	10	1
Green Ecologist Party of the North	3,930	0.06	5	0
Independents	123,128	2.11	42	0
For the Development of the North	22,849	0.39	15	4
Northern Force	4,198	0.07	3	0
Independents	18,651	0.32	12	4
Independents	24,576	0.42	11	1
Valid votes	5,822,201	100.00	1,382	278
Null votes	322,578	4.83
Blank votes	529,132	7.92
Total votes	6,673,911	100.00
Source: Servel Note: There were 41,349 ballot boxes for the regional boards election. The results above are a revised count made by the polling officers the following day. ^a The New Majority coalition split into two lists for this election. The names in Spanish are similar and both translate as "New Majority for Chile". The list obtaining the most votes is called Nueva Mayoría para Chile, while the other list is called Nueva Mayoría por Chile.

Reactions

Following the result of the first round election, Bachelet said: "We knew that it would be tough to win on the first round, we worked really hard, and we almost did it. We did win tonight, and we are going to work hard to win comfortably in December."^[43] Following the first round, both candidates offered no change in aggressive campaigning for the second round except to include young MPs elected in their campaign. Matthei did however compare her politices that of German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Bachelet's to that of the former East Germany. While Green Ecologist Party's candidate Alfredo Sfeir was the only losing first-round candidate to back one of the two second-round candidates, in his case Michelle Bachelet,^[44] independent candidate Franco Parisi said "Bachelet will be a great President, (...) Matthei would do bad for Chile, she is not to be trusted."^[45]

U.S. President Barack Obama spoke with Bachelet, while the White House issued a statement that read: "The President expressed his desire to continue strengthening the relationship between the United States and Chile, building on the close partnership he enjoyed with President-elect...The President looks forward to working closely with President-elect Bachelet to advance our shared interests in the years ahead."^[46]

Analysis

Though Bachelet's New Majority gained a majority of seats in the legislature, it failed to gain a four-sevenths majority required to pass legislation for her cornerstone education reform, which was the reason for mass mobilisation amidst the ongoing 2011–13 Chilean student protests. They also failed to get a two-thirds majority to restructure the 1981 constitution of Chile enacted during the Augusto Pinochet regime. Wake Forest political science Professor Peter Siavelis suggested: "The [congressional elections] result will surely be disappointing for Bachelet. Social movements that have spilled onto the streets are demanding reform, yet the limits of the institutional structure of Chile are going to limit her capacity to engage in reform. Even though Bachelet may be the winner tonight she is not in an enviable position."^[43] The Washington Post said that Bachelet's "legacy now rides on her ability to craft a coalition for far-reaching structural and particularly political reform." It also questioned what a low turnout could mean for her mandate, which it said was not clear enough as she had to go to a second round.^[44] The Huffington Post drew the 40th anniversary of the 11 September coup as a more than subtle backdrop to the election while saying the election was a referendum on Pinochet.^[47]

References

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3. "Minuto a minuto: Piñera visitó a Matthei tras su derrota en 2ª vuelta (fin)". Emol.com. 2013-12-15. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
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5. "Franco Parisi, precandidato presidencial: ''La política chilena está como las farmacias, coludida'' -20120201". Adnradio.cl. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
6. "Con 52 mil firmas, Franco Parisi inscribe candidatura presidencial independiente | Política". La Tercera. 2013-08-07. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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8. "Partido Humanista proclama a economista Marcel Claude como candidato presidencial - Nacional - BioBioChile". Nacional.biobiochile.cl. Retrieved 2013-04-04.
9. "Marcel Claude inscribe oficialmente su candidatura presidencial en el Servel | Política". La Tercera. 1990-01-01. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
10. "PRI proclama a Ricardo Israel como candidato presidencial | Política". La Tercera. 1990-01-01. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
11. "Ricardo Israel inscribe su candidatura presidencial por el PRI". Emol.com. 2013-08-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
12. "Marco Enríquez-Ominami lanzó oficialmente su candidatura presidencial | Política". La Tercera. 1990-01-01. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
13. Puntos Multimedia (2013-05-05). "Socialistas-Allendistas proclaman a ex diputado Marco Enríquez Ominami como candidato ...[+". Cambio21.cl. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
14. BioBioChile. "Partido Liberal proclamó oficialmente a Marco Enríquez- Ominami como su abanderado presidencial - BioBioChile". Biobiochile.cl. Retrieved 2013-07-03.
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External links

• Election results from 1989 to 2012 (Servel)