Chink

For other uses, see Chink (disambiguation).
Look up Chink in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Chink (also chinki, chinky, chinkie, or chinka) is an English-language ethnic slur usually referring to a person of Chinese ethnicity or of Mongoloid race.[1] Use of the term is often considered offensive and has garnered a great deal of media attention.[2][3]

Etymology

A number of dictionaries have provided different suggestions as to the origin of chink. Some of these suggestions are that it originated from the Chinese courtesy ching-ching,[4] or that it evolved from the word China,[5] or that it was an alteration of Qing (Ch'ing), as in the Qing Dynasty.[6]

Another possible etymology is that chink evolved from the Indo-Iranian word for China, that word now having similar pronunciations in various Indo-European languages, such as Persian.[7]

History

The Iron Chink, a machine that guts and cleans salmon for canning,[8] alongside a Chinese fishplant worker, was marketed as a replacement for fish-butchers, who were primarily Chinese immigrants

Chink's first usage is recorded from about 1874[9] but chinky had first appeared in print, as far as can be ascertained, in 1878.[10] Chinky is still used in Britain as a nickname for Chinese food.[11]

Around the turn of the 20th century, Chinese immigration was perceived as a threat to the living standards of whites in North America and other similar nations. However, a persistent labor shortage on the west coast meant that Chinese workers were still needed there. Alaskan fish canneries were so short of workers, too, that appeals were submitted to Congress to amend the Exclusion Act. Chinese butcher crews were held in such high esteem that when Edmund A. Smith patented his mechanized fish-butchering machine in 1905, he named it the Iron Chink,[12][13] which is seen by some as symbolic of anti-Chinese racism during the era.[14][15] Usage of the word continued, such as with the story "The Chink and the Child" by Thomas Burke, later adapted to film by D.W. Griffith. Griffith altered the story to be more racially sensitive and renamed it to Broken Blossoms.

Although chink refers to those appearing to be of Chinese descent, the term has also been directed towards people of other East Asian ethnicities. During the Korean War and Vietnam War, the word was frequently used to refer to Korean and Vietnamese soldiers, with numerous examples of news reports attesting to this. In addition, literature and film about the Vietnam war, also contain examples of this usage of chink, including the 1986 film Platoon and the 1970s play (and later film) Sticks and Bones.[16][17]

Offensiveness and reappropriation

Chink has been compared in degree of offensiveness to terms such as nigger and kike.[18] As with other ethnic slurs, it is often used in conjuncture with violence and discrimination, which may amount to hate crimes.[19]

The 2001 murder of Kenneth Chiu in Laguna Hills, California has been used as an example of the seriousness of the slur, suspected of being a race-related hate crime. The word chink was also scratched onto his father's car, with a number of other racial incidents against their family previously occurring in their neighbourhood.[20]

Similar to the controversial reappropriation of the word nigger, the word chink has sometimes been used in a positive manner.[18] For example, Leehom Wang, a Taiwanese American musician, named his Asian hip-hop fusion genre chinked-out in order to neutralize the term. Eventually Wang hopes the term will become "cool".[21]

Controversy

Australia

As in other English-speaking countries, Chinese people are sometimes belittled in Australia. The terms Chinaman and chink became intertwined with one another, as some Australians used both of them with hostile intent when referring to members of the country's Chinese population—which had swelled significantly during the Gold Rush era of the 1850s and 1860s.

Assaults on Chinese miners and racially motivated riots and public disturbances were not infrequent occurrences in Australia's mining districts in the second half of the 19th century. There was some resentment, too, of the fact that Chinese miners and laborers tended to send their earnings back home to their families in China rather than spending them then and there, and supporting the local economy.

In the popular Sydney Bulletin magazine in 1887, one author wrote: "No nigger, no chink, no lascar, no kanaka [laborer from the South Sea Islands], no purveyor of cheap labour, is an Australian."[9] Eventually, since-repealed federal government legislation was passed to restrict non-white immigration and thus protect the jobs of Anglo-Celtic Australian workers from "undesirable" competition.

India

In India, chinki (or chinky) is an ethnic slur for people with Mongoloid features in general, including people from North-East India and Nepal,[22] who are often mistaken as Chinese.[23]

In 2012, the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs recognized use of the term "chinki" to refer to a member of the Scheduled Tribes (especially in the North-East) as a criminal offense under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act with a penalty of up to five years in jail. The Ministry further warned that they would very seriously review any failure of the police to enforce this interpretation of the Act.[24]

United Kingdom

The 1969 top 3 UK hit single for Blue Mink, "Melting Pot", has the lyric: "take a pinch of white man/Wrap him up in black skin. [...] Mixed with yellow Chinkees. You know you lump it all together/And you got a recipe for a get-along scene/Oh what a beautiful dream/If It could only come true". Whilst at the time expressing racial harmony, a modern audience may find the use of the word insensitive, undercutting the song's intent. The cover by Culture Club, a bonus track on the 2003 reissue of their 1983 album Colour by Numbers, included the full lyrics, while Boyzone's version on 1994's A Different Beat rewrote them to avoid offense.

In 1999, an exam given to students in Scotland was criticized for containing a passage that students were told to interpret containing the word chinky. This exam was taken by students all over Scotland, and Chinese groups expressed offence at the use of this passage. The examinations body apologized, calling the passage's inclusion "an error of judgement."[25]

The musical Cats originally contained the lyric, "with a frightful burst of fireworks, the Chinks, they swarmed aboard!", but in recent times, all productions of the show have voluntarily censored the lyrics to, "with a frightful burst of fireworks, the Siamese swarmed aboard!"

United States

The Pekin, Illinois High School teams were officially known as the "Pekin Chinks" until 1981, when the school administration changed the name to the "Pekin Dragons". The team mascot was a student dressed as a "Chinese" man wearing a coolie hat, who struck a gong when the team scored. There was also a "Chinese" woman who, along with the "Chinese" man, would greet opposing teams' cheerleaders before sporting events. There was even a roller skating facility called the "Chink Rink" on the Route 98 at the edge of Pekin, which had no affiliation with the school. An earlier attempt had been made by a delegation of Chinese-American groups to change the name from "Chinks" during the 1981 school year; this was voted down by the student body. The event received national attention.[26][27]

New York City radio station, Hot 97, came under criticism for airing the Tsunami Song. Referring to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, in which over an estimated 200,000 people died, the song used the phrase "screaming chinks" along with other offensive lyrics. The radio station fired a co-host and producer, and indefinitely suspended radio personality Miss Jones, who was later reinstated. Members of the Asian American community said Miss Jones' reinstatement condoned hate speech.[28]

Sarah Silverman appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien in 2001, stirring up controversy when the word chink was used without the usual bleep appearing over ethnic slurs on network television. The controversy led Asian activist and community leader Guy Aoki to appear on the talk show Politically Incorrect along with Sarah Silverman. Guy Aoki alleged that Silverman did not believe the term offensive.[29]

A Philadelphia eatery, Chink's Steaks, created controversy, appearing in Philadelphia Daily News and other newspapers. The restaurant was asked by Asian community groups[30] to change the name. The restaurant was named after the original white owner's nickname, "Chink", derived from the ethnic slur due to his "slanty eyes".[31] The restaurant was renamed Joe's in 2013.[32][33][34][35][36][37]

During early 2000, University of California, Davis experienced a string of racial incidents and crimes between Asian and white students, mostly among fraternities. Several incidents included chink and other racial epithets being shouted among groups, including the slurs being used during a robbery and assault on an Asian fraternity by 15 white males. The incidents motivated a school-wide review and protest to get professional conflict resolution and "culturally sensitive" mediators.[38]

In February 2012, ESPN fired one employee and suspended another for using the headline "Chink in the Armor" in reference to Jeremy Lin, an American basketball player of Taiwanese and Chinese descent.[39][40] While the word chink also refers to a crack or fissure and chink in the armor is an idiom and common sports cliche, referring to a vulnerability,[41] the "apparently intentional" double entendre of its use in reference to an Asian athlete was viewed as offensive.[42]

In a review of Richard Greenberg's stage adaptation of Breakfast at Tiffany's, theater critic Hilton Als wrote in The New Yorker "There isn’t a chink in Greenberg’s professional script,...." [43] This word choice is notable given the history of controversy around the Asian character I.Y. Yunioshi. The New Yorker has not acknowledged the gaffe or issued a public apology for the alleged racial insensitivity.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Chink | Definition of chink by Merriam-Webster
  2. ↑ Hsu, Huan. "No More Chinks in the Armor". Slate. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  3. ↑ McNeal, Greg (2012-02-18). "ESPN Uses "Chink in the Armor" Line Twice UPDATE- ESPN Fires One Employee Suspends Another". Forbes. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  4. ↑ Cassell's Dictionary of Slang. Orion Publishing Group. November 2005. ISBN 0304366366.
  5. ↑ The Oxford Dictionary of Slang. Oxford University Press. December 2003. ISBN 0198607636.
  6. ↑ 21st Century Dictionary of Slang. Random House, Inc. 1994-01-01. ISBN 978-0-440-21551-6.
  7. ↑ The Oxford Dictionary of Slang. Oxford University Press. December 2003. ISBN 0-19-860763-6.
  8. ↑ "Automated salmon cleaning machine developed in Seattle in 1903". HistoryLink.org. 2000-01-01. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
  9. 1 2 Hughes, Geoffrey. An Encyclopedia of Swearing. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2006.
  10. ↑ Tom Dalzell, Terry Victor, ed. (2005-05-12). New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21258-8.
  11. ↑ "Chink (chingk)". Interactive Dictionary of Racial Language. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
  12. ↑ Jo Scott B, "Smith's Iron Chink - One Hundred Years of the Mechanical Fish Butcher", British Columbia History 38 (2): 21–22, archived from the original on October 23, 2007
  13. ↑ Philip B. C. Jones. "Revolution on a Dare; Edmund A. Smith and His Famous Fish-butchering Machine" (PDF). The myth arose that Edmund Smith had designed the machine specifically to fire Chinese workers
  14. ↑ Wing, Avra (2005-01-14). "Acts of Exclusion". AsianWeek. Archived from the original on October 21, 2006.
  15. ↑ HistoryLink.org- the Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History
  16. ↑ http://www.imsdb.com/scripts/Platoon.html Accessed March 31, 2007.
  17. ↑ New York Times, April 26th, 1971, pg. 10.
  18. 1 2 Croom, Adam M. (May 2011). "Slurs". Language Sciences (Elsevier) 33 (3): 343–358. doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2010.11.005.
  19. ↑ Guillermo, Emil (2004-08-24). "Is SF Soft On Hate Crime?". Hearst Communications Inc. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
  20. ↑ "A Knife Honed by Hate?". Los Angeles Times. 2001-08-01. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
  21. ↑ "Pop Stop". Taipei Times. 2006-01-13. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
  22. ↑ "Northeast students question 'racism' in India". CNN-IBN. June 6, 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
  23. ↑ "Indians Protest, Saying a Death Was Tied to Bias". New York Times. 2014-02-01.
  24. ↑ Sharma, Aman (3 June 2012). "North-East racial slur could get you jailed for five years". indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
  25. ↑ "Chinese 'slur' wins apology". BBC News. June 29, 1999. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
  26. ↑ "1981: The Pekin Chinks high school team becomes the Pekin Dragons". Chinese-American Museum of Chicago. Chinese-American Museum of Chicago. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  27. ↑ Stainbrook, Michael (September 26, 2014). "The hunt for 'Red' alternatives". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  28. ↑ Fang, Jennifer, James Fujikawa (2005-02-16). ""Tsunami Song" Host Miss Jones Returns". Yellowworld.org. Archived from the original on July 18, 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
  29. ↑ "ABC's Politically Incorrect Tackles Comedian's 'Chink' Joke". AsianWeek. 2000-08-24. Archived from the original on May 27, 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
  30. ↑ "The OCA approves Chink's Steaks resolution". Organization of Chinese Americans - Greater Philadelphia Chapter. January 2004. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
  31. ↑ "Only 21, she's leading steak-shop fight". The Asian American Journalists Association - Philadelphia. 2004-04-01. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
  32. ↑ Chink's Steaks changing its name
  33. ↑ Chink’s Steaks Sign No Longer Hanging In Northeast Philadelphia « CBS Philly
  34. ↑ Joe's Steaks + Soda Shop
  35. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/JoesSteaksSodaShop
  36. ↑ Take that, racists: Eat at Joe's (formerly Chink's Steaks)
  37. ↑ Chink's Steaks Is Now Joe's Steaks + Soda Shop - Foobooz
  38. ↑ Banerjee, Neela (2001-02-16). "Hate Crimes Galvanize U.C. Davis Students". Asianweek.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
  39. ↑ Boren, Cindy (February 19, 2012). "ESPN fires employee for offensive Jeremy Lin headline; "SNL" weighs in". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
  40. ↑ Collins, Scott (February 19, 2012). "Jeremy Lin and ESPN: Network rushes to quell furor over 'chink' comments". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
  41. ↑ "chink in one's armor". Dictionary.com. Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
  42. ↑ Dwyer, Kelly (February 18, 2012). "Apparently intentional, ESPN’s since-deleted headline about Jeremy Lin was distressing". sports.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
  43. ↑ Als, Hilton (2013-04-01). "The Theatre "Single White Female"". The New Yorker. p. 82.

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, May 04, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.